7-7*

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.,

SPECIAL CURATOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

VOL. XX.

C^ECILIOIDES, GLESSULA AND PARTULIDJE.

INDEX TO VOLS. XVI-XX.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Conchologieal Department,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF I'H ILADHLPH JA.

1909-1910.

The description of Orthurethrous snails is continued in this
volume, the remaining groups of Ferussacidcs and the Partu-
lidcs being described. In treating of the latter family, the
author has had the advantage of studying the types and other
specimens of the late Dr. W. D. Hartman, now forming part
of the collection of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh. The
conclusions reached in the monograph now published have
thus been based upon the material of two large collections.
The liberality and courtesy of the Trustees of the Museum
and of the Director, Dr. William J. Holland, are here grate-
fully acknowledged.

H. A. P.

(iii)

DATES OF ISSUE OP THE PARTS OP VOL. XX.

Part 77, pp. 1-64, plates 1-10, November 19, 1908.
Part 78, pp. 65-154, plates 11-21, May 18, 1909.
Part 79, pp. 155-314, plates 22-36, September 29, 1909.
Part 80, pp. 315-336, plates 37-43, February, 1910.
Title-page, Contents and Introduction, February, 1910.

(iv)

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction : The Orthurethra vii

Family FERUSSACID^E Bourguignat (continued) 1

Genus C^CILIOIDES Herrmannsen 1

GLESSULA von Martens 50, 320

Appendices to Oleacinidce, Acliatinida, Ferussacida,
Bulimulida :

Genus SPIRAXIS Ad Ill,

VARICELLA HI

STREPTOSTYLA HI

EUGLANDINA Crosse & Fischer Ill

POIRETIA 112

ACHATINA Lamarck 113

ARCHACHATINA Albers 113

LEPTINARIA 114

BOCAGEIA 114

RUMINA Risso 114

FERUSSACIA Risso 114

HOHENWARTIANA BoUFg 114

HEMIBULIMUS von Martens 114

Index to Achatinidce, Oleacinida and Ferussacida 119

Family PARTULID^E Pilsbry 155

Genus PARTULA Ferussac 155

Index to Partulida 322

Explanation of plates 325

(v)

IB

.
INTRODUCTION.

About ten years ago the writer pointed out the existence
of three great groups in the monotremate land snails, based
upon the structure of the pallial organs: SIGMURETHRA,
HETERURETHRA and ORTHURETHRA. The first group includes
a very large majority of the land snails now existing, which
have been described in volumes I to XVIII of this work.
The Heterurethra are chiefly represented by the genus Suc-
cinea. Finally the group Orthurethra is made up of a series
of families which retain primitive pallial structures like the
Basommatophora. They are the scattered descendants of
snails of long ago of the first land-snail fauna. With the
rise of the Sigmurethra, these primitive snails declined. On
the continents they take a minor role, and seem to exist by
grace of their insignificance (Pupillidce, Valloniidce, Ferus-
sacidce), though one family, the Enidce, contains snails of
moderate size. On the Pacific islands, where the Sigmurethra
are represented by only a few low forms, Orthurethra are
still dominant. In this island world the Partulidce, Amastrida,
Achatinellidce and Tornatellinidtf comprise the most con-
spicuous elements of the snail-fauna.

The following families are now comprised in the group
Orthurethra :

Valloniidaj (See Vol. VIII, p. 247, and IX, p. 282).
Holarctic.

Enidae (Buliminidcz of authors). Palaearctic, Oriental,
African.

Pupillidae (Pupida of authors). World-wide.

Partulidse (this volume, p. 155). Polynesia, Melanesia,
Micronesia.

(vii)

Vlll INTRODUCTION.

Ferussacidae (Vol. XVIII, p. 211; this volume, p. 1). Hoi-
arctic, Oriental, African, Neotropical.

Amastridae (Vol. XXI). Hawaiian Is.; Juan Fernandez.
Achatinellidoa (Vol. XXI). Hawaiian Islands.
Tornatellinidae (Vol. XXII). Pacific Islands.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Family FERUSSACID^ Bgt. (Continued).

Genus (LECILIOIDES Herrmannsen.

Acicula Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. M6rid. iv, p. 81, for A. eburnea
Risso. Not Acicula Hartmann, 1821. Cecilioide, BLAINVILLE,
Diet. Sci. Nat. vii, 1817, p. 332, and " ceclionides de M. de
Ferussac," I. c. v, Suppl., p. 129, under Bulimus acicula. 1817
(no Latin name given). Caecilloides Fer. HERRMANNSEN, Indicis
Generem Malac., i, p. 150, 1846, as equivalent to Acicula Risso.
-E. A. SMITH, Journ. of Conch, vi, April, 1891, p. 342.-
Cecilioides Fer. pater., BECK, Verzeichniss einer Sammlung
von Landconchylien aus den Da'nischen Staaten in Europa, in
Amtlicher Bericht ueber die 24ste. Versamrnlung Deutscher
Naturforscher und Aerzte in Kiel, 1847, p. 122, for C. acicula
Mull. Csecilianella BOURGUIGNAT, Revue et Mag. de Zoologie,
viii, 1856, p. 378, type C. acicula Mull. P. FAGOT, Historique
du genre Csecilianella, in Bull, de la Soc. Malac. de France, iv,
1887, p, 49. BERTHIER, a quel auteur attribuer la paternite du
genre Csecilianella? t. c. p. 59. Aciculina WESTERLUND, Fauna
der in der Palaarktischen Region Lebenden Binnenconchylien,
iii, 1887, p. 175, first species C. acicula. ? Belonis HARTMANN,
Erd- und Siisswasser Gastropoden der Schweitz, 1841, p. 48
(for " Belonis acicula," mentioned without s} T nonym}r, descrip-
tion, or other means of identification.)

The shell is imperforate, very small and slender, very
narrowly lanceolate, with obtuse, rounded, smooth apex;
smooth, fragile, transparent (weathering to opaque white);
aperture usually less than half the total length, piriform; outer
lip arching forward in the middle, acute; columella concave,
more or less distinctly truncate at base, usually somewhat

2 C/ECILIOIDE.S.

calloused. Animal blind, or at least without pigmented eyes.
Jaw composed of many narrow plaits. Radula with 11, 1, 11
teeth in C. acicula, 18, 1, 18 in C. gundlachi, the central tooth
much smaller than the laterals, with a tricuspid reflection.
Laterals symmetrical, tricuspid. Marginal teeth low, wide,
with two low, denticulate cusps. The genitalia, as figured by
Lehmann for C. acicula (pi. 15, fig. 1) have the duct of the
spermatheca very short. An appendix, enlarged at the end, is
terminal on the penis. There is also a short accessory organ
anteriorly on the penis.

Type C. acicula Miill. Distribution, Europe and most tropi-
cal and subtropical countries.

An excellent account of Csecilioides acicula has been given by
Mr. L. E. Adams, as follows: " Methods of Progression. Usually
the shell is dragged along the ground after the animal, though
more rarely it is lifted to a horizontal position (pi. 1, fig. 6).
On two occasions I observed the animal protrude its head under
the shell towards the spire and progress in that direction, forc-
ing the shell along the ground in front of it, apex first, and then
lift the shell over its head at an angle of about 45 degrees, and
continue its march in that position (fig. 5). The progressk n
is always by slow jerks, and not a continuous glide. I have
not observed the shell carried in the position of Jeffrey's figure
(British Conchology, Vol. I, pi. 7, fig. 18), though Nilsson
says ' the animal sometimes carries its shell erect, but generally
drags it along depressed.'

" Texture and Form of the Animal. I was much struck with
the extremely flexible and elastic nature of the animal. I have
observed one emerge from the shell as it lay flat, on a hori-
zontal surface, and make a complete circle with its head and
tail, without moving the shell. It is also remarkable how far
the animal will protrude from the shell, and how slender an
attachment connects the head and foot with the part within the
shell. The end of the tail is often curled up. Along the neck
and down the front of the head are two mucus sulcations on
cither side of the dorsal line (pi. 1, fig. 8). The tail is pointed
and sharply carinated; from the dorsal ridge mucus sulcations
descend to the lower edge (fig. 7).

C^CILIOIDES. 3

" Eyes and Tentacles. Jeffreys' enlarged figure (Brit. Conch.,
Vol. I, pi. 7, fig. 19) is not quite accurate. He seems to have
taken his description from Nilsson, and it may be doubted
whether Jeffreys himself examined the animal with sufficient
care. Nilsson had evidently studied the animal, but he was
not correct in describing the upper tentacles as ' not thickened.'
In all the specimens that I have observed the upper tentacles
are certainly slightly bulbous when fully or nearly fully ex-
tended, though this does not appear when they are only slightly
protruded. Nilsson, however, correctly remarks that the apices
of the upper tentacles are not 'marked with a black spot.'
Now Lamarck (to whom Nilsson refers) seems to have been the
only one to observe the colorless eyeball, and he did not recog-
nize them as such. Nilsson says (quoting Lamarck) "In this
species no eyes indeed are exposed, unless they are white, like
the tentacles themselves. These, indeed, are terminated by a
convex surface, very smooth, very shiny, surrounded by a
slightly impressed ring; which surface doubtless answers to the
eye of other terrestrial mollusks. But this animal, probably
because it lives underground, where it cannot use eyes, appears
to us plainly to lack eyes.' Now I have noticed that these
peculiar convex endings with a constricting ring are in fact eye-
balls, and also that they are retractile, but whether they have
retained the power of sight in spite of their loss of pigment, I
am not prepared to say (see fig. 8>. As far as my observation
goes, the animal is insensible to light, though it will crawl
straight away to a heap of moss; the direction, however, may
be determined by scent alone. If it is deficient in sight it cer-
tainly uses its tentacles to all appearance in the same manner as
its more favored brethren. I may mention in this connection
that an albino specimen of Limax maximus, whose eyeballs were
also destitute of pigment, seems to act in a perfectly normal
manner. Though my observations on this point (Journal of
Conch. , Vol. 9, p. 24) tend to show that this species is lacking
in sight, I am not aware to what degree of perfection the vision
of terrestrial mollusks attains, but I have noticed that Cydostoma
elegans and Helix pomatia seem sensitive to the approach of a
large object." (Lionel E. Adams in The Journal of Conchol-
Vol. 9, p. 207.)

4 (LECILIOIDES.

Caecilioides is well known to inhabit graves. Gaudry found
them in lacrymatories unearthed from Grecian tumuli. Rev.
H. Housman records that near Chichester in "an early British
burying-ground many skeletons were found. The bones, which
lay about three feet below the surface were infested with A.
odeida" (Journ. of Conch, iii, 1882, p. 317). In North-
amptonshire Messrs. Wright and Adams found C<zcilioi,des
abundant to a depth of 4^ ft. , in a place where skeletons of men
and horses have occasionally been discovered (J. of C. viii,
1897, p. 395). J. W. Horsley reports them similarly from a
Saxon cemetery near Witney (J. of C. ix, 164); and in Germany
Professor von Martens has recorded the presence of a great num-
ber of large fresh specimens in a human skull dug up at Bern-
burg (Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges. 1883, p. 60).

Definite information upon the food of Caecilioides is wanting,
but they probably feed upon vegetable matter, such as subter-
ranean fungi or possibly fine rootlets.

The European species of Ceedlioides have no doubt been multi-
plied beyond reason, yet without a critical study of the types
it is impossible to say how many recognizable races exist. M.
Bourguignat and his friends had an agreeable custom of describ-
ing "species" from single selected specimens, ignoring connect-
ing forms. Published figures of shells they had never seen
occasionally served as a basis for supposed new species; so that
in the identification of real shells there is some excuse for pass-
ing over much work of these authors with a light heart and
careless eye. I have neither the time nor type-material to at-
tempt a critical revision of these forms. It is a work which
properly belongs to some European student who will make a
study of the local races, of the significance of variations, whether
individual or racial, and finally he must study Bourguignat's
types. This work demands great application and large series
of the shells, unprejudiced by selection or determination. I
have been able to do little more than give an account as full as
the original sources admit. The American forms are treated
more fully, my material being ample, and the literature less
overloaded.

The generic name has been variously spelled, but the earliest

C-iKCILIOIDKS. O

valid form is undoubtedly Csecilioides, in reference to the blind-
ness of these tiny subterranean snails. Aciculina of Wester-
lund is an absolute synonym of Cxcifioides, having for type the
same species, C. acicula.

Csecilioides occurs in typical species in the Miocene and Plio-
cene, the following species being known. All were described
under the name Csecilianella.

Csecilianella grateloupi Bgt. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p.
431, based upon Bulimus acicula Grateloup, Actes Soc. Linn.
Bord. x, 1838, p. 31, pi. 4, f. 23, 24. St. Paul near Dax.

Cisecilianella aciculella Sandberger, Land und Siisswasser Conch,
der Vorwelt, p. 595, pi. 29, f. 15. Upper Miocene, Morsingen.

Csecilianella polonica Lomnicki, Verh. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst.
Wien, 1885, p. 422. Wycolki.

C. acicula and C. a. irregidaris Sacco have been found in the
Pliocene, Villafranchian stage, at Fossano (see Sacco, I Mol-
luschi dei terreni Terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 22,
1897, p. 76).

0. a. irregidaris Sacco 1885 (t. c., pi. 6, f. 26) is a form with
very rapidly descending last whorl, requiring comparison with
recent forms.

Sections of Csecilioides.

a. Columella distinctly truncate at the base; spire slender.
Chiefly Palaaarctic species.

b. Columella and parietal wall without conspicuous cal-
lus, a low parietal nodule sometimes developed.

Section Csecilioides, species 1 to 5, 9 to 36.
6 1 . Columella with one or two nodules below the middle.

Section Terebrella, species 7, 8.

a 1 . Columella varying from truncate to indistinctly subtruncate
at base; spire thick, short; shell very small. Tropical
America. Section Csecilianopsis, species 37 to 39.

a*. Columella not truncate or very indistinctly so.

b. Columella simple, not conspicuously calloused. Trop-
ical in both hemispheres.

Section Geostilbia, species 40 to 47.
b\ Columella strongly sigmoid, not truncate at base; a

CvKCILIOIDES, ATLANTIC ISLANDS.

dentiform callus in the middle of the parietal margin.

Portugal, Madeira ? Section Rhaphidiella, species 2, 6.
For convenience the species are grouped geographically,
under the following heads:

Atlantic Islands, species 1 to 3.

Central Europe, species 4 to 5.

Spain and Portugal, species 4, 6 to 8.

Northern Africa, species 9 to 12.

Italy, Sicily and Malta, species 13 to 21.

Greece, Western Asia, species 22 to 31.

Africa and Arabia, species 32 to 36, 46.

Tropical Asia, East and West Indies, etc., species 37 to 49.

Section Cuecilio-ides s. str.
Species of the Atlantic Islaii.dx.

1. C. SPICULUM (Benson).

Shell imperforate, subulate-cylindric. very slender, hyaline,
polished; spire lengthened, the apex obtuse; suture impressed,
margined. Whorls less than 6, slightly convex, the last one-
third the length of the shell. Aperture vertical, tapering-piri-
form, rounded basally; lip slightly obtuse and a little arcuate.
Columella deeply, obliquely truncate at base, and calloused at
the parietal margin. Length 4, diam. 1, aperture 1.33 mm.
(Bens.).

Cape Verde Is.: S. Antao (Dohrn), and S. Vicente, near the
Duke's Head Mountains (E. L. Layard).

Achat'ina spiculum BENS., Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii, 1856, p.
435. p FR . 5 Monogr. viii, p. 289. - - WOLLASTON, Testacea
Atlantica, p. 517. Caecilianella amcenitatum DOHRN, Malak. Bl.
xvi, 1869, p. 10. MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 1873, p. 242.

According to Wollaston, this species differs from C. acicula
by being smaller, narrower, thinner, paler, more highly polished
and more transparent; its spire, which has a volution less, is
shorter and a little more obtuse at the apex, its suture is less
oblique, its columella is relatively somewhat longer and
etraighter, and more flexuous, and its entire outline is both
narrower and more fusiform.

CjECILlOIDES, ATLANTIC ISLANDS. 7

2. C. EULIMA (Lowe).

Shell linear, very narrowly cylindric, very slender, generally
very indistinctly curved; spire long subconic-cylindric, the apex
obtuse; suture very oblique, distinctly margined. Whorls 6,
flat, the middle ones long. Aperture ehort-obovate, acuminate
above, entire and arcuately rounded below, much shorter than
the spire; parietal wall uniplicate in the middle, the fold trans-
verse, entering; peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by
a somewhat thick callus, the right margin rounded, continued
in a regular curve into the basal and columellar margins. Col-
umella curved and slightly twisted, not abruptly truncate, but
gradually and easily passing into the basal margin. Length
2.5 to 3, diam. 0.75 lines (Woll.).

Madeira: probably in the Funchal district, recent; Porto
Santo, very rare, fossil (Wollaston').

Achatina eulima LOWE, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 201. WOLLASTON,
Testacea Atlantica 1878, p. 244.

"The most important feature which separates the A. eulima
from the acicula consists in the presence of a conspicuous medial
plait on its ventral paries ; but it has other characteristics also
which combine to separate it from that species. Thus it is not
only longer, more cylindric, and proportionately still slenderer,
with a tendency to be obsoletely bent (as in the marine genus
Eulima'), but its whorls (particularly the intermediate ones)
are altogether more lengthened-out and flattened, and its aper-
ture is relatively a little shorter, as well as broader (and more
rounded) posteriorly, the basal margin being more obtusely
arcuate, and merging almost without an intervening angle into
the columella, which is narrower gradually (and is not abruptly
truncate) behind. The suture is exceedingly oblique, and its
surface is of a hyaline white." (Wollaston).

This species apparently belongs to the section Rhaphidiella of
Maltzan. See species No. 6.

T

3. C. NYCTELIA Bourguignat. PL 2, tigs. 32, 33.

This shell has the usual acicular shape, clear corneous texture
and smooth surface. Whorls 5, very slightly convex, the
penultimate and preceding whorls widening more rapidly than

8 OECILIOIDES, ATLANTIC ISLANDS.

those above on account of the more rapid descent of the last two
turns of the suture. The suture is distinctly marginate. The
outer lip is strongly convex in profile view, the greatest con-
vexity being below the middle. Columella strongly concave,
not heavily calloused, narrowly, subvertically truncate at base.
Parietal callus hardly perceptible. Length 4.1, diam. 1.3 mm.

Madeira: Under stones in dry places (Albers); Punta Sao
Lourenco. (M. Grabham).

Glandina acicula Mull. , ALBERS, Malac. Maderensis, 1854, p.
59, pi. 15, f. 17, 18; renamed Caecilianella nyctelia BOURGUIGNAT,
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 430, pi. 12, f. 21, 22 (copy from
Albers). Achatinan., PFR., Monogr. iv, 626.

This species is distinguished from C. acicula by the irregular
increase of its whorls, the antepenultimate or penultimate sud-
denly widening more rapidly than those before, and by the
narrow, subvertical truncation of the columella, that of acicula
being wider and more approaching horizontal. The species of
Bourguignat was based solely upon Albers' account; and the
latter, in my opinion, applies to this form rather than to the
real C. acicula. Bourguignat had not actually seen the
Madeiran shell.

The Sicilian C. actoniana, rizzeana and petitiana are apparently
identical specifically with nyctelia, or at all events, there seems
to be no difference in the shells. How many other of the
"species " are really the same I do not know. Fig. 32 repre-
sents an adult shell from Punta Sao Lourengo; fig. 33 a young
shell from another locality, length 3.6, diam. 1.1 mm.

Var. maderensis n. v. PI. 2, figs. 34, 35. The shell is com-
posed of 5 nearly flat whorls, the last turn of the suture de-
scending more rapidly. Aperture more than half the total length,
lanceolate; columella slightly concave, rather lightly calloused,
and somewhat widely truncate at the base. Length 4, diam.
1.25 mm.

Madeira: Suburbs of Funchal, 400 ft. elevation (M. Grab-
ham). Type in coll. A. N. S. P.

CJECILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

Central European Species.

4. C. ACICULA (Miiller). PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 5-8.

"Shell turreted and slender, transparent, very thin, highly
polished and iridescent, ivory-white, with a yellowish tinge on
the upper part in fresh specimens (owing to the color of the
liver), perfectly smooth and polished when examined with a
lens of ordinary power, except a few faint and irregular wrinkles
in the lines of growth, but under a microscope exhibiting deli-
cate and close-set spiral stride. Periphery rounded. Epidermis
exceedingly thin and forming a mere film. Whorls 5^, not
convex, but compressed and drawn out, rapidly increasing in
size; the last occupying about one-half of the shell. Spire very
obtuse and rounded at the point. Suture moderately deep and
oblique, apparently margined on the under side by reason of
the upper part of the succeeding whorl being seen through the
pellucid shell; mouth oblong, contracted by the penultimate
whorl, narrowing above into an acute angle, slightly widened
and rounded below, but interrupted by a deep notch at the base
of the pillar lip." Outer lip thin and flexuous. Pillar lip
thick and curved. Inner lip consisting of a slight deposit of
shelly matter, which is spread on the pillar. Length 0.175,
breadth 0.04 inch (Jeffreys').

Europe, chiefly in Germany, France and England; Ireland,
Spain, Italy. America: introduced in Florida (W. G. Bin-
ney); Bermuda, iiear Frascati Hotel (A. Gulick); Barbados
(Brown). S. Africa: Cradock, "introduced, apparently not
indigenous" (Melvill & Ponsonby. )

Bucchmm acicula MULLER, Hist. Verm, ii, 1774, p. 150.-
Oionella acicula JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi, 1830, p. 347.
Westerlund, Fauna iii, p. 176. Achatina acicula Ross-
MAESSLER Iconogr. pt. x, p. 35, f. 658. PFR., Monogr. ii, 274;
iii, 506; iv, 623; vi, 240; viii, 294. JEFFREYS, British Conchol-
ogy i, p. 297, pi. 7, fig. 18-21. WOLLASTON, Testae. Atlantica
1878, p. 243. Styloides acicula FITZ., 1833. Cecilioides acicula
BECK, Amtl. Ber. Deutscher Nat. etc., 1847, p. 122. Caecilianella
acicula BOURQ., Revue et mag. de zool. 1856, p. 382, pi. 18, f.
1-3 (Amen. Mai. i, p. 215). LEHMANN, Lebenden Schnecken,

10 CyECILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

etc., p. 128, pi. 13, f. 43 (teeth and genitalia). MELVILL and
PONSONBY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Land, iii, 184 (in S. Africa).
BINNEY, Manual of American Land Shells, p. 429. SORDELLI,
Atti Soc. Ital. de. Sci. nat. xiii, Milan, 1870, p. 48, pi. 1, f.
22-26 (otocysts, jaw, radula). Bucdnum terrestre MONTAGU,
Test, Brit. p. 248, pi. 8. f. 3. Helix octona GMELIN, Syst. Nat.
13, p. 3653. Achatina alba BROWN, Illustr. Land and Fresh-
water Conchology of G. B. and I., 1845, p. 32 (erroneously
quoted as of Turton). Achatina, pmilla SCACCHI, Catal. Conch.
Reg. Neapolitan!, 1836, p. 16. Columna miliaris de CHRISTOFORI
et JAN, "Shell fusiform-ovate, imperforate, smooth, glossy,
slender, whitish, the last whorl ventricose (1^ lines long, \
wide), aperture oval, 1 line long, ^ wide)." Catalogus etc.,
Mantissa, p. 2, 1832. Acicula kyalina Bielz, PAULTJCCI, Bull.
Soc. Malac. Ital. xii, 1886, p. 45 (Italy). Stenogyra octona var.
danica SCHLESCH Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. et Malac. Belgique xli,
1906, p. 184.

Gwyn Jeffreys' description of this common species is given.
It seems to be a rather variable form, but the limits of variation
in this group are little understood. A large proportion of the
specimens in collections are from drift debris of rivers, hence
forms from various colonies and diverse stations are mingled in
unwonted company. Such lots are misleading in the study of
variation.

Var. elongata Locard. Of a slimmer, more lengthened form.

Var. ventricosa Locard. Of the same size (not over 4.5 mm.
long), but the shape is a little more ventricose, more swollen at
the base (Locard, Conchyliologie Portugaise, in Archives du
Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Lyon, vii, 1899, p. 141).

Var. festuca Porro. Whorls only 4; size smaller, alt. 2, diam.
0.5 mm. Como and Varese, Italy. (Achatina acicula var. fes-
tuca Porro, Malacologia terr. e fluv. della Prov. Comasca, Milan,
1838, p. 52.)

Var. eburnea (Risso). PI. 1, fig. 9. Shell very long fusi-
form, very fragile, glossj', pellucid, ivory-white; spire long, the
apex obtuse; whorls 7, regularly increasing, flattened or slightly
convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, the last one-
third the total length. Aperture piriform, dilated below; colu-

C^CILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 11

rnella twisted, strongly truncate, not reaching the base; right
margin arching forward; margins joined by a callus. Length
6, diam. 1.25 mm. (Byt. ).

Southern France: Nice, type loc. (Risso); Italy: Arno river;
Pisa (Issel); Po river at Turin (Pollonera).

Acicula eburnea Risso, Hist. Nat, Eur. Merid., 1826, iv, p.
81. Csecilianella c., BGT., Etude synon. sur les Mollusques des
Alpes Maritimes publies par A. Risso, p. 43, pi. 1, f. 20-22
(1861), description and figures of the type specimen. LOCARD,
Catal. Gen. des Moll. viv. de France, 1882, p. 136.

Var. enhalia Bgt. PI. 1, fig. 10. Very minute, composed of
5 flattened, irregularly increasing whorls, the last over one-
third the total length. Right margin of the lip not arching
forward; margins of aperture joined by a thin callus which has
a more or less obsolete tubercular prominence at the insertion of
the outer lip. Length 3.5, diam. 1 mm. Brittany: Around
Cancale (Cotes-du-nord), along the cliffs almost at the high tide
line. (Bgt., Malac. terr. et fluv. de la Bretagne, 1860, p. 158,
pi. 2, f. 14-16.)

Var. anglica Bgt. According to Bourguignat, this is dis-
tinguished from acicula by the larger size, length 8, diam. 1.5
mm. the whorls of the spire more convex, the suture deeper,
not margined, the aperture rounded, and the columella strongly
truncate. England. (C. anglica BGT., Rev. et Mag. de Zool.
1856, p. 384, pi. 12, f. 4, 5.)

This "species" is a good example of Bourguignat at his
worst. There really was no type specimen of anglica; nothing
but Reeve's figure in the Conchologia Iconicav, pi. 20, f. Ill,
which Bourguignat described in formal phrase, while his artist
redrew it enlarged for his plate. The citation of Reeve is curi-
ously falsified in name of the work, number of the figure and
date, almost concealing the real source of all of the information
extant upon " C. anglica.'" Whether the English form has any
racial characters or not must be left for English students to
decide. I have never seen English examples so large as anglica
is claimed to be; but the size was probably not carefully meas-
ured from the shell, but merely estimated by the eye. Reeve's
Iconica is very unreliable in all relating to minute shells, though
the figures of large species are admirable.

12 (LECILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

Var. nodosaria Boettger. PI. 1, fig. 16. May be near var.
anglica, but differs by its far .smaller size. With 5 volutions
the Caucasus form has relatively wider and distinctly more
convex whorls, so that the aperture appears more widely ob-
long. Length 3.5, diam. 1.12 mm. (Bttg., Jahrb. D. M. Ges.
vi, 1879, p. 398, pi. 10, f. 10).

Caucasus: flotsam of the Kura at Borshom.

Var. merimeana Bourguignat. Shell lengthened oblong with
obtuse apex. Whorls 6, somewhat convex, irregularly increas-
ing, the upper slowly; the rest very rapidly; last two whorls
very large, the last almost half the total length, descending at
the aperture, rounded at base; suture impressed; outer margin
arching forward. Columella short, curved, strongly retracted
below, nearly reaching the base. Length 5, diam. 1.5 mm.
(Westerl. ).

France: Cannes.

Csecilianella m. , BGT. , Descript. Moll. Alpes Maritimes,
1870, p. 54. WESTERLUND, Fauna, p. 179. LOCARD, Ann.
Soc. d'Agricult., Lyon, 1895, p. 145.

Var. mauriana Bourguignat. Shell long pyramidal-lanceolate,
slender, with long, produced, acuminate spire with obtuse apex
Whorls 8, scarcely convex, slightly irregularly increasing, the
upper slowly, the rest more rapidly; last whorl somewhat more
than one-fourth the total length, rounded at the base. Aperture
oblique, piriform, acutely angular above, broadly rounded
below; outer lip strongly arching forward; columella short, a
little truncate, nearly reaching the base. Length 7, diam. 1.75
mm. ( Westerl. )

France: Cannes, type loc. ; Istres, Bouches-du-Rhone (Locard).

Cfecilianella m. , BGT., Descript. Moll. Alpes Maritimes, in
Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. de Cannes, i, 1870, p. 54. WESTERL.,
Fauna iii, p. 180. LOCARD, Ann. Soc. d'Agricult. Lyon, 1895,
p. 145.

Var. lactea Moitessier. Shell lengthened-oblong, glossy, very
fragile, glassy, milk-white, smooth; spire long; apex stout, ob-
tuse, as though mamillate. Whorls 6 to 7, slightly convex,
very rapidly increasing, the first whorls regularly, the last
irregularly; separated by a linear, duplicated suture. Last

C^ECILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 13

whorl large, dilated, not equal to half the length; aperture
coarctate, long-piriform, very acute above, rounded below;
peristome unexpanded, acute, simple; outer lip arched forward;
columella short, strongly curved, abruptly truncate, not reach-
ing the base of the aperture. Length 4 to 5, diam. 1.5mm.
(Moit.).

France: drift debris of the Lez and Mosson near Montpellier
(Moit.).

Ccecilianella lactea MOIT., Revue et Mag. de Zool., xix, 1867,
p. 871,Ackatina L, PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 295. C. lactoea
LOCARD, Ann. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), iii, 1895, p. 145.

5. C. LIEBVILLEI (Bgt.). PI. 1, figs. 11, 12, 15.

Shell minute, turrite-oblong, slender, polished, diaphanous,
whitish, the apex obtuse; whorls 6, a little flattened, separated
by a superficial, duplicated suture, the last whorl over one-third
the total length. Aperture piriform-oblong; peristome acute,
simple, unexpanded, the right margin slightly arching forward;
columella straight, slightly truncate, margins joined by a thin
callus which bears an obsolete tubercular projection on the con-
vexity of the penult, whorl. Length 4 to 5, diam. 1.5 mm.

(Bgt.).

France: Commonly distributed, especially northward (Bgt,).
Sarus river debris at Adana, S.-E. Asia Minor.

Csecilianella liesvillei BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1856, p. 385,
pi. 12, f. 6-8; Amen. Malac., i, p. 217, pi. 18, f. 6-8. PFR,,
Monogr., iv, 624. NEVILL, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 135. C. a.
liesvillei HESSE, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 332. BTTG.,
Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., vol. 37, 1905, p. 110.

This form is probably distinct from C. acicula. It is more
slender with smaller aperture, and a rather heavy callus, which
forms an entering ridge or nodule below the middle of the par-
ietal margin. While this structure is conspicuous in typical
liesvillei, yet it varies in development, and is traceable in occa-
sional specimens of C. acicula. Dr. Boettger has identified
liesvillei from debris of the Kura at Borshom, Caucasus. The
specimens (pi. 1, fig. 15) differ from typical acicula by the ob-
solete parietal fold in the middle of the base of the last whorl,

14 C^CILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

and the less curved columella, which is only very obliquely and
weakly truncate at the base. Length 5.25, diani. 1.62 mm.
(Jahrb. D. M. Ges., vi ; 1879, p. 398, pi. 10, f. 9.)

Var. gemmellariana (Benoit). PI. 2, fig. 28, 31. Shell
elongate-cylindric, slender, polished, glossy, hyaline, whitish;
spire turrited, slightly tapering, the apex mamillate; suture im-
pressed, widely margined, whorls 6, subplanulate, not rapidly
increasing, the last cylindric, as long as the spire. Columella
subarcuate, at base narrowly and obsoletely truncate. Aperture
narrow, oblong-acuminate ; peristome simple, unexpanded,
acute, the margins joined by a very thin callus, right margin
arching forward. Length 4.4, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.66 x 0.75
mm. (Ben.)

Sicily: Palermo.

Achatina g., BENOIT, Illustr. Test, estramar. Sicilia, 1862, p.
248, pi. 8, f. 9. PFR., Monogr. vi, 242. -CW/7. g., BGT.. Rev.
et mag. zool. xvi, 212.

Benoit' s original figure is copied, fig. 31. I have also illus-
trated one of several specimens before me, received from Benoit.
This shows a form probably not distinguishable from liesvillei
Bgt., having a slightly contracted-attenuate spire, the whorls
distinctly convex, the convexity chiefly close below the suture.
There is a conspicuous, spirally entering callous ridge on the
parietal wall close to its junction with the columella, but other-
wise the parietal and columellar margins form nearly a straight
line. As usual, the first whorl increases very fast, the next
whorl scarcely widens, and the last 2 whorls increase regularly.
Length 4.4, diam. 1.3 mm.; whorls 5.

Younger shells agree better with Benoit' s description, yet
even these show the trace of a callous lamella. I am disposed
to place the form in the synonymy of liesvillei.

Var. tiberiana (Benoit). Vol. xix, pi. 51, fig. 5. Close to
C. gemmellariana but distinct by the greater size, the upper
whorls more slender and delicate, the last whorl much more
swollen, and by the greater number of whorls, 6, and the piri-
form aperture. (Ben.)

Sicily: Palermo.

Caecilianella tiberiana BEN., Nuovo Catalogo delle Conch, terr.

C^GCILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 15

e (luv. della Sicilia, 1881, p. 89; figured in Illustr., etc., pi. 8,
f. 7.

Var. cristallina (Benoit). Shell turrite, whitish, smooth,
translucent, the apex obtuse, spire composed of 5 slightly convex
whorls separated by a well-marked suture. Last two whorls
forming two-thirds the total length. Lip simple, acute, the
margins joined by a callus. Aperture piriform; truncation of
the coluniella strongly marked. Length 5, diam. 2 mm.
Sicily : Spadafora, near Messina. (Csf-ril. cristnUind BEN.,
Catalogo, 1881, p. 90). Related to C. gemmelhtriami.

Var. hyalina (E. A. Bielz) PI. 1, tigs. 3, 4. The shell is
very long and narrow, composed of fully 6 very slightly convex
whorls, the last 4 rapidly increasing, the suture very oblique,
but descending much less rapidly near the aperture. Aperture
small, piriform. Columellar callus rather thin, but in certain
positions its upper edge is barely visible as a slight prominence
on the parietal wall. Length 5, diam. 1.25, aperture 1.7 mm.

Transsylvania: Hermannstadt, in a garden; Mediasch;
Schlossberge von Vajda Hunyad (Bielz).

Acicula hyalina BIELZ, Fauna der Land und Susswasser-Mol-
lusken Siebenburgens, 1863, p. 84; Second edit., 1867, p. 89
(exclusive of synonymy).

Bielz intended his name to replace that of acicula, but he
gave a description of the Transsylvanian form, which proves to
be distinct from ancula by its greater elongation. It stands
close to Uesvillel, but is possibly separable by the more delicate
columellar callus and the absence of a distinct callus on the
parietal wall. The specimen figured was received from Bielz.

Var. uni.plimta Bourguignat. PI. 1, figs. 13, 14. Shell
minute, turrite-oblong, slender, very fragile, diaphanous-
whitish, crystalline, smooth; apex obtuse, mamillate, composed
of 6 nearly flat or slightly convex whorls, which increase
rapidly and unevenly, and are parted by an impressed, not
duplicated, suture; the last whorl half the total length or more.
Aperture piriform-oblong; columella uniplicate above, a little
twisted, truncate at the base; peristome acute, unexpanded,
simple, the right margin arching forward, columellar margin
somewhat calloused. Spreading, the margins joined by a thin
whitish callus. Length 4, diam. 1.25 mm. (Brit.).

16 CVECILIOIDES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

France: on rocks below the village of Bordeau, near Aix-les-
Bains.

Cacilianella uniplicataEG-r., Malacologie d'Aix-les-Bains 1864,
p. 55, pi. 2. f. 3-5.

The columella "a little concave, ornamented in the upper
part with a lamelliform fold, and having a distinct truncation
at the base " seems to be the chief characteristic of this form.

Var. aglena Bgt. PI. 1, fig. 18. Shell approaching espe-
cially the C. liesvittei, but is distinguished by the mamillate
summit, non-nnrgined suture, 7 whorls, and especially by the
aperture, in which the penultimate whorl has scarcely any con-
vexity, but forms nearly a straight line with the columella.
Length 5, diam. 2 mm. Ville-au-Bois-les-Vendeuvre, Aube,
France (Bgt., C. aglena, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1857, p. 15, pi. 1,
f. 3, 4; Amen. Malac., ii, p. 31, pi. 1, f. 3, 4).

Var. boettgeri Hesse. PI. 1, fig. 17. Differs from the type
by the smaller size, more slender shape, angulate columella,
whorls more rapidly increasing, the penultimate as high as the
upper ones. Length 3, diam. scarcely 1 mm. Tinos, Grecian
Archipelago, in flotsam of a small brook. Differs from liesvittei
by its slimness and the shape of the columella, which has an
angle in the place where there is an obsolete fold in liesvittei.
(Hesse, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 332, pi. 12, fig. 8.)

Forms of Spain and Portugal.

The Iberian forms have not been figured. In a group where
with the closest comparisons of specimens, species are difficult
to distinguish, mere descriptions are barely worth the paper
they are written on. The student will find all published in-
formation below. C. acicula and C. nanodea are also recorded
from the Iberian peninsula.

C. vandalitia Servain. The whorls increase regularly and
rapidly; the suture does not descend much. The last whorl
has a regular, median convexity, not inferior, as in belonidsea.
The spire tapers gradually. The outer lip, instead of descend-
ing a little below the columellar extremity, forming an angular
part at the base of the aperture as in belonidsea, is on the con-
trary convex and rounded to the columellar border, which is

CJECILIOIDES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 17

shorter and more strongly truncate. As the increase of the
whorls is regular and the convexity about equal in all there is
not the contraction at the left side between the penultimate and
last whorls, noticed in C. bdonidcea. The simple peristome is
not thickened within, and is not patulous at the base of the
aperture. Length 6, diam. 1.75, aperture 2x1 mm. ; whorls 7.

Spain: drift debris of the Guadalquivir at Seville.

CaciUanella v. , SERVAIN, Etude ser les Moll. Esp. et Port. ,
1880, p. 130. Locard, Ann. Soc. Agricult. Lyon, 1895, p.
146 (drift of the Besangon at Saint- Armour, Jura).

C. castroiana Locard. Shell of relatively great size, of a fusi-
form, long-conic shape; spire very narrow, acuminate, com-
posed of 6 slightly convex whorls, the first three increasing
slowly and regularly, the following two much larger, the last
whorl greatly developed, rounded at the base, three-sevenths
the total length. Suture impressed, with a bordering line
below. Summit small, obtuse, rounded. Aperture small,
piriform, slightly over two-sevenths the total length, contracted
above, well rounded at the base. Peristome simple, unex-
panded and acute; right margin arching a little forward, the
profile broadly arcuate; columellar border slightly sinuous,
truncate, not reaching the base of the shell; the margins joined
by a visible callus. Shell thin, quite solid, diaphanous,
smooth, whitish. Length 7, diam. 2mm. (Loc.*).

Portugal: Faro, Algarve.

Cxcilianclla c. , LOCARD, Conchyliologie Portugaise, in Archives
du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon, vii, 1899, p. 141.

Said to be larger, more slender, longer and more conic than
C. acicula, with less regularly coiled and less convex whorls,
duplicated suture, smaller and narrower aperture, etc.

C. ribeiroi Servain. This epecies is remarkable for the oblong-
acuminate shape of the spire as far as the two upper whorls,
which are cylindric; for the progressively accelerated increase
of the whorls, the suture also more and more steeply descending.
The last whorl is regularly long-convex. The aperture is quite
excised by the convexity of the penult whorl; columellar mar-
gin short, strongly projecting, strongly truncate at the base,
obliquely arcuate from left to right, giving the aperture in the

18 CjKCILIOIDES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

upper part a very distinctly concave contour. Length o,
diam. 1.5, aperture 1.5 x 0.75 mm.; whorls 6.

Spain: drift debris of the Ebre at Saragosse.

Caecilinnella r. , SERV. , Etude sur les Moll. Esp. et Port. 1880,
p. 131.

C. poupillieri ' Bgt. ' Servain. Shell long, quite oblong-
acuminate, of irregular spiral increase: two first whorls minute
with nearly horizontal suture, the rest of the whorls well de-
veloped, increasing rapidly, and separated by a progressively
more and more rapidly descending suture. Whorls 6, slightly
convex, lightly flattened, notable the fourth. Outer lip convex.
Columellar margin very short, quite projecting, strongly trun-
cate. Peristome simple, acute. Length 6, diam. 2 mm.
(Servain).

Spain: Grenada and Cordova. Algeria: Algiers, Orleansville;
everywhere in drift debris.

Gffcilio'neUa p., Bourg, in sched., SERVAIN, Etude sur les
Moll. Espagne et Portugal, 1880, p. 132. LOCARD, Ann. Soc.
d'Agricult. Lyon, 1895, p. 146 (Istres, Boucbes-du-Rhone).

C. belonidcea Servain. The upper whorls in this species are
regularly elongate-convex, with a suture which does not descend
much until the beginning of the last whorl, where the descent
rapidly increases, the suture descending very obliquely. The
last whorl is not rcgularh- convex, but is flattened in the upper
part and inflated below. The long-piriform aperture is narrow
above, dilated at the base; the outer margin is straight, arcuate
in front. The apertural convexity of the penult whorl descends
in nearly a straight line to the columella, which is short,
straight, indistinctly truncate below. Length 5.5, diam. 1.25,
aperture 1.75 x 1 mm.; whorls 5.

Spain: banks of the Rivillas at Badajos.

Csecilianella belonidsea SERV., Etude sur les Mollusques rec.
!n Espagne et en Portugal, 1880, p. 1'JO.

Section Rhaphidiella Maltzan.

Differs from the genus Ccecilia-itella Bgt. [Csecttioides] by the
club-shaped shell, whorls slowly increasing, columella strongly
sigmoid, excised, twisted, the upper margin of the excision with

CA:CILIOIDES OK SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 1'J

a dentiform process in the middle of the parietal margin; colu-
mella not truncate at the base, passing gradually into the right
margin. (Maltzan').

The Madeiran 0. eulima Lowe probably belongs to this group,
which seems to be closely related to C. liesmllei and its allies.

6. C. BARBOZ^E Maltzan.

Shell very minute, long-club-shaped, the spire cylindric-
turrite, apex rather acute. Whorls 6, slowly increasing,
separated by a subimpressed, submarginate suture, the last
scarcely one-third the total length. Aperture long-piriform,
almost biangular at the base; columella concave, with one
tooth above, at the base passing into the right margin almost in
a right angle. Length 3, diam. 0.75 mm.; aperture 1 x 0.5
mm. {Maltzan}.

Portugal: Portimao, Algarve.

Or. barhozcc MALTZAN, Nachrichtsblatt d. D. Malak. Ces.
xviii, Feb., 1886. p. 26.

Section Terebrella Maltzan.

Differs from the genus Caeciliandla Bgt, by having the colu-
mella nodulose-calloused or one- or two-nodulose below the
middle, the upper nodule dentiform, the lower obliquely elon-
gate, distinctly separated from the truncation of the columella
by a sinus, disappearing within. Type C. dessini. (Maltzan).

7. C. CLESSINI Maltzan.

Shell elongate-turrite, the spire turrite, apex rather acute,
whorls 8, slowly increasing, separated by a margined suture,
the last one-third the total length of the shell. Aperture com-
pressed, lanceolate. Columella with one cultriform callus
below the middle; at base obliquely and acutely truncate.
Length 7, diam. 2.125, aperture 2.5 x 1 mm. (Maltzan).

Portugal: Portimao and Tavira, Algarve.

Gac. dessini MALTZ., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutschen Malak.
Ges. xviii, Feb. 1886, p. 27.

8. C. BINODOSA Maltzan.

Shell oblong-fusiform, widest in the middle, almost bieonic;
spire long-conic, the apex obtuse, whorls 5, slowly increasing,
separated by a margined suture, the Inst ]<>na>T than the snire.

20 CVECILIOIDES OF NORTH AFRICA.

Aperture long-lanceolate, the margins nearly parallel. Colu-
mella binodose, the upper nodule dentiform, nearly horizontal,
the lower nodule large, obtuse. Truncation of the columella
distinct, horizontal. Length 2.62 to 2.75, diam. 1 mm.;
aperture 1.62 x 0.5 mm. (Maltzan).

Portugal: Portimao, Algarve.

Cac. binodosa MALTZAN, Nachrbl. Feb. 1886, p. 27.

A single larger specimen was taken, of the same shape and
formation of the columella, but having only one callus, the
lower one. Length 3.5 mm. (Maltzan*).

Section Ccedliodes s. str.
North African Species, Tunis to Morocco.

9. C. BRONDELI (Bourguignat). PI. 3, rigs. 37, 38.

Shell fusiform-cylindric, acicular, hyaline, very fragile, whit-
ish-corneous, very smooth, apex tapering, obtuse. Whorls 6,
flattened, separated by an impressed suture, the last two-fifths
the total length. Aperture narrow, lanceolate, rounded at the
base; columella arcuate, calloused, narrowly and abruptly trun-
cate at the base, and in the upper part one-lamellate; peristome
simple, margins joined by a callus. Length 4, diam. scarcely
1 mm. (Bgt.^).

Algeria: Mostaganem, under stones.

Glandina brondeM BGT , Rev. et Mag. Zool., viii, 1856, p. 17,
pi. 1, f. 12-14; Amen. Malac., i, p. 144, pi. 10, f. 12-14.-
Achatina brondeli PFR. , Monogr. , iv, 625. Gacilianella &., BGT.,
Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1856, p. 426.

The columella is very thick, arcuate, and has a quite consid-
erable swelling at the upper part, referred to in the description,
somewhat inexactly, as " unilamellate. " It is smaller than
C. acicula, and distinguished from it by the stronger columellar
callus, and the small tooth at its upper part, referred to above.

10. C. RAPHIDIA Bourguignat. PI. 3, figs. 39, 40.

Shell pyramidal-oblong, slender, diaphanous, polished, whit-
ish, the apex a little obtuse; whorls 6, slightly convex, separated
by a duplicated suture, the last less than one-third the total
length. Aperture oblong-rounded, peristome acute, simple,
unexpanded; right margin arching forward; columella a little

C.KCIL1OIDES OF NORTH AFRICA. 21

arcuate, truncate, scarcely reaching to the base, the margins
joined by a thin callus, bearing a small projecting tubercle on
the convexity of the penult, whorl. Length 4.5, diam. 1.5
mm. (Bgt.~).

Algeria: Mostaganem, type loc. ; also Bone, Philippeville,
Algiers, Orleansville, etc., etc.; Tunis in the debris of the Oued
Sidi-Aich and of the Medjerda near Ghardimaou.

C&ciliane.lla raphidia BGT. , Rev. et Mag. Zoo!., viii, 1856, p.
386, pi. 12, f. 9-11; Amen. Mai., i, p. 218, pi. 18, f. 9-11;
Malac. del'Algerie, ii, p. 115, pi. 8, f. 7-9; Prodr. Mai. Tunisie,
p. 127. PFR., Monogr., iv, 624.

11. C. NANODEA Bourguignat. PI. 3, fig. 36.

Shell dwarfed, obese-fusiform, very slender, polished, whitish;
apex obtuse; whorls 5, subplanulate, separated by a distinct
suture, the last whorl half the total length. Aperture narrow,
oblong-elongate; peristome unexpanded, acute, simple; right
margin slightly arched forward ; columella rather straight, trun-
cate, not reaching to the base of the aperture; margins joined
by a thin callus. Length 2.5, diam. 0.33 mm.

Algeria: Around Bone, type loc. ; Tunis in debris of the Med-
jerda at the bridge of Fondouck.

Cacilianella n. , BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool., viii, 1856, p. 427,
pi. 12, f. 12-14; Amen. Malac., i, p. 221, pi. 18, f. 12-14;
Malac. Algerie, ii, p. Ill, pi. 8, f. 4-6; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie,
p. 128. SERVAIN, Conch. Portugaise, 1899, p. 142.

Distinguished from C. subsaxana by the less truncate colu-
mella without a callosity, the non-marginate suture, and less
forwardly arched outer lip. It has been reported from Faro
Algarve, Portugal, by Servain.

12. C. LETOURNEUXI Bourguignat, PL 3, figs. 43, 44.

Shell minute, elongate-subfusiform, very slender, smooth,
hyaline-whitish; spire long lanceolate, obtuse above, the apex
very obtuse. Whorls 7, subplanulate, regularly and rapidly
increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl
one-third the total length. Aperture minute, oblong, acutely
angular above; peristome unexpanded, acute. Columella short,

22 CjECILIOIDES OF ITALY, SICILY, MALTA.

arcuate, strongly truncate, reaching nearly to the base; outer
margin slightly arching forward; margins joined by a thin
callus. Length 4.5, diam. 1.25 mm. (Bgt.~).

Algeria: Vicinity of Algiers in the debris of the Frais-Vallon
at the Bab-el-Oued gate, and along the Harrach. Tunis, debris
of the Medjerda near Ghardimaou.

Ccecilianella 1., BGT., Malacologie de 1'Algerie ii, 1864, p. 112,
pi. 8, f. 10-12; Prodr. Make. Tunisie. p. 128.

Species of Italy, Sirily and Malta.
13. C. JANI (de Betta).

Shell conic-ovate with the upper half acutely conic; apex
very minute, with rounded summit, whorls 6, scarcely convex,
regularly increasing, the last long, convex, very rapidly con-
tracting below, more than double the length of the penultimate,
half the total length of the shell. Suture strongly margined.
Aperture narrow, long piriform, very narrow above, narrowed
at the base, with strongly shortly arcuate basal margin. Outer
lip strongly arching forward in the middle. Columella curved,
somewhat oblique, strongly excised above, not reaching the
base. Length 6 to 6.5, diam. 2 to 2^ mm., aperture 2.5 mm.
long. ( Westerlund).

Northern Italy; southern Tirol; Dalmatia; Greece at Hy-
mettos; Malta; Corfu; Sarus river at Adana, in southeastern
Asia Minor.

Achatina jani de BETTA et MARTIN ATI, Catal. Moll. Prov.
Venete, 1855, p. 59 DE BETTA, Esame Critico a tre molluschi
del genere Glandina, p. 23, pi. 1, f. 4-6. (Venezia, 1864).-
Ferussacia jani PFEIFFER, Monogr. iv, 622; vi, 252; viii, 307.
Oionella ( Ca>cil. ) jani WESTERLUND, Fauna iii, p. 178. Glandina
veneta Charpentier in coll.; Achatina veneta Charp. . KUESTER,
Neunter Bericht. naturforsch. Ges. Bamberg, 1870, p. 93.-
Cionellajani HESSE, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 331 (Hy-
rnettos, Greece). -- C'&cilianella (Aciculina*) jani BOETTGER,
Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges. vol. 37, 1905, p. Ill (distribution).

The identity of this species, and its synonymy, have been the
subjects of considerable variance. Unfortunately I have not
access to de Betta's "Esame Critico" in which he figures the

(MBCILIOIDES OF ITALY. 2.')

specie;?. Westerlund's account, which I have used above,
seems to have been taken mainly from Kuester's article of 1870,
which was the first critical discussion of the species.

Var. gredleri Ku ester. Shell ovate-fusiform, slender, thin,
polished, whitish, the spire rather acute, whorls a little convex,
joined by a margined suture, the last more than half the total
length. Aperture narrow, lanceolate ; peristome unexpanded
acute, arching forward. Columella short, slightly arcuate,
obliquely truncate, margins joined by a callus. Length 5.5,
diam. scarcely 2 mm. (Acicula gredleri Kuester, Neunter Ber.
Nat. Ges. Bamberg, 1870, p. 94).

" One might say that this species represents a shortened,
widened aciculoldes, just as veneta seems to be a derivative of
adciila. The slender shell is fusiform, but the greatest width is
below the middle." The types were found at Trient with A.
veneta by Professor Gredler. One example was found by Dr.
Kuester at Triest.

14. C. ACICULOIDES ('Jan' de Betta). PI. 2, fig. 25.

Shell minute, fusiform-cylindric, acicular, the apex attenuate,
obtuse, hyaline, glossy, white or gray. Whorls nearly fiat;
suture very narrowly margined; columella arcuate, the base
narrowly truncate. Aperture ovate-oblong, lanceolate, very
narrow; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute. Length 3.5 to
4, diam. 1 to 1.25 mm.; whorls 6 (dc Betta, 1852).

Northern Italy: valle}^ of the Non; near Fondo and in the
valley of S. Romedio, in crevices of the earth and limestone
(de Betta); Triest (Kuester).

Columna aciculoldes CRISTOFORI et JAN. Catalogue, Mantissa
p. 2 (1832). Achatina arindoides Jan, DE BETTA, Malacologia
terr. e fluv. della Valle di Non, nel Tirolo Italiano (Verona,
1852), p. 75, fig. Ill a, b; Catalogo del Moll. terr. e fluv.
viventi nelle prov. Venete (Verona 1855), p. 57. KUESTER,
Neunter Bericht der naturforschenden Ges. zu Bamberg, 1869-
70, p. 91. (-'ionella (CteciL} a., WESTERLUND, Fauna, p. 177.

From the notably higher, almost awl-shaped fio'nda this
species differs by the entirely different, rather fusiform, cylin-
dric shape, the much higher last whorl, half the total alt., and

24 C^ECILIOIDES OF ITALY.

the longer aperture, not so much receding below and less
widened. The moderately increasing whorls are somewhat
convex, the upper margin noticeably thickened, narrowly bor-
dered. The base of the last whorl is very lightly arcuately
tapering. The bend of the columella is indistinct, the trunca-
tion at its base oblique. The ends of the peristome are joined
by a distinct deposit. Length 5, diam. 1.33 to 1.5 mm.
(Kuester, 1870).

This species was quite unrecognizably described by Jan, but
it was redescribed in 1852 by Edoardo de Betta, from specimens
received from Jan. I have translated de Betta' s description
and reproduced his very poor figure. Kuester ably discussed
the form in 1870, having specimens received from de Betta, and
others collected by himself at Triest.

15. C. PEDEMONTANA Pollonera.

Differs from aciculoides by the less swollen shell, slightly
smaller size, spire a little more acute and higher, aperture
narrower and the columellar margin less arcuate. Length 6,
diam. 1.75 mm. (Poll}.

Italy: drift debris of the Po at Turin; of the Scrivia at
Carbonara.

CtfciUanella p. POLL., Atti R. Accad. Sci. di Torino, xx, 1885,
p. 693.

16. C. LAUTA (Paulucci). PI. 3, fig. 41, 42.

Shell slender, elongate-lanceolate, glassy- hyaline, whitish,
polished, glossy. Spire produced, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6,
irregularly and rapidly increasing, the first 4 only a trifle convex,
the rest a little convex, separated by a duplicated, impressed
suture; last whorl larger, slightly more than one-third the total
length, not descending. Aperture oblong, angular above;
columella curved, truncate, not reaching the base of the aper-
ture. Peristome unexparided, the outer margin arching for-
ward, margins joined by a thin callus. Length 4.5, diam. 1.5
mm. (Paul.).

Italy: peak of Ronconali.

Acicula lauta PAULUCCI, Bull. Soc. Malac. Italiana, xii, 1886,
p. 46, pi. 2, f. 4.

C^ECILIOIDES OF SICILY. 25

17. C. ACTONIANA (Benoit). PI. 2, figs. 20, 21, 22.

Shell oblong- fusiform, slightly swollen, very thin, very
glossy, hyaline, corneous-yellowish. Spire turrite-conic, the
apex obtuse, suture deep, indistinctly margined. Whorls 5,
convex, very rapidly increasing, the last nearly longer than the
spire. Columella a little arcuate, very narrowly truncate at the
base. Aperture ovate-oblong; peristome simple, unexpanded,
acute; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 4, diam. 1.5,
aperture 1.5 x 1 mm. (Ben.).

Sicily: Around Palermo (Benoit).

Achatina adoniana BEN., Illustr. Test, estramar. Sicilia,
1862, p. 244 ("pi. 10, f. 8," unpublished). PFR., Monogr.,
vi, p. 242. Ccedliatiella a., BENOIT, Catalogo, p. 87. Cwnella
,, WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, p. 172.

Figured from specimens received from Benoit, fig. 20 repre-
senting the adult, 4.3 x 1.3mm., figs. 21, 22 the immature
form, 3.7 x 1.2 mm. It is very similar to 0. petitiana, from
which it differs in little but the smaller size, in specimens of
apparently equal age. It is practically identical with C. rizzeana,
though the mouth may be a thought narrower, in the specimens
compared. The Madeiran C. nyctelia is conchologically not
distinguishable.

Var. rizzeana (Benoit). PI. 2, figs. 26, 27. Shell long-fusi-
form, thin, polished, glossy, hyaline, whitish-buff. Spire
tapering-turrite, the apex mamillate; suture impressed, very
narrowly margined. Whorls 6, a trifle convex, the first 4
regularly increasing, the last 2 very rapidly descending, the last
two shorter than the spire, two-fifths the total length. Colum-
ella subarcuate, abruptly and broadly truncate, not reaching to
the base. Aperture oblong- acuminate, rather narrow; peristome
simple, unexpanded, acute, the margins joined by a rather thick
white callus. Length 4.5, diam. 1.75, aperture 2x0.75 mm.
(Ben.).

Sicily : vicinity of Palermo, type loc. ; banks of the Simeto,
Plain of Catania (Benoit) ; Province of Syracuse, in debris of
of the Anapo (Cafici).

Achatina rizzeana BEN., Illustr. Test, estramar. Sicilia, 1862,
p. 245, pi. 8, f. 10. Feritssacia r., BGT., Rev. et Mag. de Zool.

26 C.V.CILIOIDES OF SICILY.

xvi, 1864, p. 211, no. 48. PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 253. (.'sec
ella r. BENOIT, Catalogo, p. 87. ( y ochlicopa ?-., CAFICI, II. Nat.
Sicil. i, p. 204.

From specimens before me from Benoit. this does not seem
to differ materially from G. petitiana except in being smaller.
I have figured a Benoit shell measuring 4.4x 1.3 mm. There
is no noticeable parietal callus nodule or ridge; the outer lip is
very strongly, evenly arched forward; and the last whorl
descends very obliquely in the middle of its length.

Var. petitiana (Benoit). PI. 2, tigs. 23, 24. Shell elongate-
fusiform, thin, polished, glossy, h} T aline, whitish. Spire conic-
turrite, the apex a little obtuse; suture impressed, narrowly
margined. Whorls 6, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the
last nearly flat, longer than the spire. Columella subarcuate,
abruptly truncate at the base. Aperture lanceolate, narrow.
Peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the margins joined by a
very thin callus. Length 5, diam. 1.66, aperture 2x0.75 mm.
(Ben.).

Sicily: Mt. Bellocampo and Billiemi near Palermo.

Achatina petitiana BEN., Illustr. Test. Estramar. Sicilia 1862,
p. 247, pi. 8, f. 8. PFR., Monogr. vi, 242. Carcttianetta p.,
BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi, 1864, p. 212. Benoit, Catalogo,
p. 88.

Several lots, all from Benoit, are before me. The extremely
thin hyaline shell has a conspicuously margined suture. The
upper part of the spire is slightly contracted. The first whorl
increases in width very rapidly, the next H increase but little;
then the width increases rapidly again, the suture descending
more obliquely. Its descent is most oblique in the middle of
the last whorl, somewhat less so towards its end. The outer
lip arches very strongly forward, the greatest convexity being
below the middle. The parietal wall has only a thin callous
film. The columella is concave, has a callous edge, and is
obliquely but quite distinctly truncate at the base. Length
4.3, diam. 1.3mm.; whorls 5.

17. C. STEPHANIANA (Benoit). PI. 2, figs. 29, 30.

Shell elongate-fusiform, rather solid, polished, milk-white.

CJKCILIOIDES OF ITALY, SICILY, MALTA. 27

Spire conic-turrite, the apex rather obtuse. Suture somewhat
impressed, margined. Whorls 6, convex, the last subovate,
tapering at the base, longer than the spire. Columella sub-
vertical, calloused, obliquely truncate, not reaching to the base.
Aperture ovate-lanceolate; peristome simple, unexpanded, the
margins joined by a rather thick callus, right margin arching
forward. Length 6, diam. 2, aperture 2.6 x 1 mm. (Ben.~)

Sicily: Palermo, type loc. Malta, in Mr. H. Vassallo's gar-
den at C. Attard (Caruana-Gatto). Also in Italy, Monte Ar-
gentaro (Paulucci).

Achatina s., BENOIT, Illustr. Test, estramar. Sicilia, 1802, p.
246, pi. 8, f. 11. PFR., Monogr. vi, 241. Cadlianella s., BEN.,
Catalogo, p. 88. GATTO, The Mediterranean Naturalist, ii, p.
227, 1892 (Malta). Acicula stcphatriana PAULUCCI, Bull. Soc.
Malac. Italiana xii, 1886, p. 45.

I have not seen this form, which may differ from petition a by
its "calloused" columella.

18. C. INNOVATA Gregorio.

Shell very small, thin, translucent, fusiform-submitriform,
narrow. Spire short, composed of 3 whorls; last whorl rela-
tively very large, the aperture equal to the spire in length, in
this respect differing from C. tiberiana Ben. {Gregorio}.

Sicily: Scorcia Denaro, at the Pagliarelli, near Palermo.

CteaHanella innovata de GREGORIO, II Naturalista Siciliano,
xiv, July-Sept., 1895, p. 206.

Numerous Sicilian forms have also been "described," as
follows.

C. spada/orensis (Benoit). Shell somewhat solid, fusiform,
lucid, smooth, whitish; spire of 6 slightly convex whorls, sep-
arated by a superficial suture, which with strong magnification
is seen to be encircled with a band; apex very obtuse. Last
two whorls more than two-thirds the total length. Columella
twisted, but hardly truncate. Aperture narrow, long, acutely
angular above; peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by
a weak callus. Length 7.5, diam. 3 mm. Spadafora, near
Messina, Sicily (Cacil. s., BENOIT. Catalogo, 1881, p. 91).

C. maretima (Benoit). Shell somewhat oylindric, lucid,

28 (LECILIOIDES OF ITALY, SICILY, MALTA.

whitish. Spire of 5 nearly flat whorls separated by a moderate
suture, the apex obtuse; last whorl nearly half the total length;
columella strongly twisted but scarcely truncate; aperture nar-
row, acuminate above: peristome simple, acute, the margins
joined by a scarcely visible callus. Length 6, diam. 3 mm.
Island of Maretimo, near Sicily. (Ben).

Cceciliandla maretima BEN., Catalogo etc., 1881, p. 91.

(7. splendens (Benoit). A fragile little snail, vitreous, smooth
and transparent. Spire composed of 5 slightly swollen whorls
separated by a superficial suture, the last a little less than half
the total length; apex very obtuse; truncation clear-cut and
precise, a little above the base. Aperture piriform, lip acute,
the margins joined by a callus. Length 5, diam. 2 mm. Sicily:
Mt. S. Martlno. (Cacil. s., BENOIT, Catalogo etc., 1881, p. 91).

0. montana (Benoit). Shell elongate-cylindric, very fragile,
glassy, transparent, clear, rather obtuse at the apex. Spire of
5 rather flat whorls, the last forming about half the length of
the shell. Suture superficial, encircled by a narrow whitish
band. Columella truncate at about the level of the base.
Aperture narrow, long, most acutely angular above; perietome
simple, acute; margins joined by an inconspicuous callu?.
Length 5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Ben.).

Sicilv: Mt. Petroso. not far from Palermo.

' '

Cadi, montana BEN., Catalogo, 1881, p. 92.

C. degans( Benoit). Shell minute, slenderly fusiform, bright,
transparent, whitish. 5 whorls at the spire regularly increasing,
little convex, and separated by a moderately impressed suture,
the last half the total length. Right margin very straight, the
left very arcuate and truncate above the base. Peristome acute,
the margins joined by a scarcely visible callus. Length 5,
diam. 2.5 mm. (Ben.).

Sicily: country around Palermo.

C. elegans BEN., Catalogo etc., 1881, p. 92.

19. C. GATTOI (Westerlund;.

Shell cylindric-turrite, glossy, diaphanous, white, rather dis-
tantly costulate-striate. Spire slowly tapering from the middle
of the shell, turrite-conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 6, a little

C^KCILIOIDES OF MALTA. 29

convex, the upper three rather narrow, last three rather wide,
the penultimate slightly larger than the preceding, half as long
as the last at aperture; last whorl long, tapering below. Suture
slightly impressed, broadly margined, slightly oblique, sub-
horizontal at the aperture. Aperture long, narrow, slowly
tapering upward, rounded at base, parietal wall and columella
short, at the base truncate, lying nearly in a straight line, outer
margin vertical, produced in the middle. Length, 6.5, diam.
2, aperture 3 mm. (Westerl.).

Malta: Cape Attard, under stones in Died Encita.

Cacilianella gattoi WESTERL. in GATTO, The Mediterranean
Naturalist, ii, p. 227, Aug. 1, 1892. Cionella (C.} gattoi
WESTERL., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutchen Malak. Ges. , Dec.,
1892, p. 195.

20. C. MELITENSIS Gatto.

Shell sub-subulate, slowly tapering almost to the base, rather
obtuse, hyaline, striatulate. Whorls 6, scarcely convex, rather
slowly increasing, the penultimate slightly longer than the pre-
ceding whorl, and about equal to the last, Suture oblique,
margined. Aperture about a third the total length, narrowly
ovate, rounded at base, shortly acuminate upward; parietal
wall almost straightly descending; columella rather more strongly
arcuate, truncate below, not reaching to the base. Outer lip
strongly arched forward. Length 3.66 to 4, diam. 1.25 mm.
(WesterL).

Malta: in flower-pots, gardens, house yards, etc.

Ccedliandla melitensis GATTO, The Mediterranean Naturalist,
ii, p. 227, Aug., 1892. Cionella (Ctecilianella^ melitensis Gatto,
insc., WESTERL., Nachrbl., Dec., 1892, p. 196.

21. C. POLLONERJE Gatto.

Shell subulate, slowly oblong-tapering to the base, slightly
obtuse, hyaline, densely striate. Whorls 7, a trifle convex,
the upper two minute, the rest elongate, the penultimate and
last equal, a little larger than the antepenultimate whorl.
Suture very oblique, margined. Aperture one-fourth the total
length, outwardly subvertical, strongly sinuate between the
slightly convex parietal wall and the thin, short columella

30 (LECILIOIDES OK GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA.

which is slightly truncate at base; the whole outer lip strongly
arched forward. Length 4.25, diara. 1 mm. (Westcrl.)

Malta: in flower-pots on Dr. Ed. Calleja's terrace; also a
house yard in Valletta.

Cacilianella pollonerce GATTO, The Medit, Naturalist, ii, p.
227, Aug. 1892. Cionella ( Cacilianella') pollonertz Gatto in Sc. ,
WESTEEL., Nachrbl. Dec. 1892, p. 196.

"These three Caecilianellas of the group Aciculina, sent for
determination by the Count Caruana-Gatto, stand nearest to O.
petitiana ' ' ( Westerlund).

Species of Greece and Western Asia.

Besides the following, C. I. boettgeri and C. janl have been
recorded.

22. C. TUMULOBUM Bourguignat, PI. 3, fig. 45.

Shell minute, conic-fusiform, slender, diaphanous, polished,
whitish, the apex tapering, obtuse; whorls 6, flattened, parted
by a duplicated superficial suture, the last over one-third the
total length. Aperture piriform-dilated-oblong; peristome
acute, simple, unexpanded, the right margin arching forward;
columella a little twisted and arcuate, abruptly truncate and not
reaching the base of the aperture; margins joined by a strong
callus which bears an almost obsolete tooth-like callosity on the
convexity of the penult, whorl. Length 6 to 6.5, diam. 2 mm.
(Bgt.}.

Greece: Megara, in lacrymatories from ancient tombs (type
loc. ); Pirffius, Athens, Syra, etc. (Hesse); Crete, Nauplia,
Corfu (Boettger). Asia Minor: Samsun; Adalia, in Lycia;
Adana, in debris of the Sarus river (Boettger).

Cacilianella t., BGT., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., viii, 1856, p. 424,
pi. 12, f. 15-17; Amen. Malac., i, p. 219, pi. 18, f. 15-17.
PFR., Monogr., iv, 625. HESSE, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., ix, 1882,
331. NAEGELE, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 1902, p. 8; 1903, p.
176 (Adana, Cilicise, in debris of the Sarus river). BOETTGER,
Nachrbl., vol. 37, 1905, p. 111.

"Distinguished easily from liesvillei by its more pyramidal
shell, larger size, more truncate suture and flatter whorls"
(Bgt.).

C/KCILIOinES OK GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA. ol

28. C. SUBSAXANA (Bourguignat). PI. 3, fig. 50.

Shell very minute, obese-fusiform, very slender, hyaline,
polished, whitish; apex very obtuse, whorls 4 to 5, subplanu-
late, parted by a double suture, the last more than half the
total length. Aperture narrow, long; peristome acute, simple,
unexpanded; right margin somewhat dilated in the middle;
columella arcuate, with a callous deposit, and strongly abruptly
truncate, not reaching to the base; margins joined by a callus.
Length 2.5, diam. 1 mm. (B</t.).

Greece: Megara, in lacrymatories from ancient tombs (A.
Gaudry).

C. subsaxcnta BGT. , Rev. et Mag. Zool. viii, 1856, p. 426, pi.
12, f. 18-20; Amen. Malac. i, 220, pi. 18, f. 18-20. Achatina
s. , Pfr. , Monogr. iv, 625.

24. C. OBTUSATA (Westerlund).

Shell with the lower half fusiform, the upper cylindric.
Whorls 5, the first small, depressed, the second large, strongly
convex, globose, wider and slightly shorter than the weakly convex
lli i rd ichoii. which is scarcely shorter than the fourth; the last
whorl lengthened, narrowed below, half the total length; suture
slightly oblique, simple; aperture narrow; outer margin scarcely
produced forward; columella somewhat curved, truncate.
Length 3.66, diam. 1 mm. {Wester!..}.

Caucasus: Poti.

Oionelld (CsecilianeUa) obtuaata W ESTER L. , Fauna iii, p. 181
(1887).

Two specimens were found with C". liesvillei. Even if they
are not full-grown, the form is distinguishable from all others
by its apex.

25. C. RADDEI (Boettger). PI. 3, figs. 46, 47.

Shell suboblong-fusiform, whitish glassy; spire turrited, the
apex obtuse. Whorls 5, here and there substriate, very little
convex, the penultimate nearly equal to the height of those
above; last whorl not distinctly more swollen than the rest,
more convex towards the base, three-sevenths the total length.
Aperture drop-shaped; columella arcuate, very obliquely,

32 C^ECILIOIDES OF GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA.

abruptly truncate at the base; peristome a little arching forward
below the middle. Length 4 to 5, diam. 1.5, aperture 2.12 to
2.25 mm. long. (Bttg.}

Caucasus: Mamutli, type loc. ; Borshom, in flotsam of the
Kura. Asia Minor: Sarus river drift at Adana; Samsun (Bttg.)

Cochlicopa (Hohenwartiana^) raddei BTTG., Jahrbiicher. d. D.
Malak. Ges. vi, 1879, p. 25, pi. 1, f. 8; p. 397. Ca:cilianella
acicula Miill.? MOUSSON, Coq. Schlaefli, Vierteljahrsschr. Nat.
Ges. Zurich viii, 1863, p. 404. Ccecilianella (Aciculina') raddei
BTTG., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. vol. 37, 1905, p. 112.

This species is comparable to C. jani, de B. , having the
sharply truncate columella of that, but it does not reach nearly
the size 5.5 to 6.75 mm. long, 2.25 to 2.5 wide. C. jani has
also a much more ventricose last whorl and distinctly more
acute apex. (Bttg. )

26. C. TORTA (Mousson).

Aperture at the base a little compressed; columella incurved,
terminating in a twisted thread. This species resembles that of
Lombardy in general appearance, so that for the time being it
may be regarded as a variety of it, characterized by having the
aperture slightly contracted towards the base, and the columella
abruptly truncate. The single example, taken at Sa}'da, is not
sufficient to establish well these differences. (Mousson}.

Syria: Say da (Prof. Bellardi).

Glandina (?) aciculoides Jan., var. torta Mouss. Mittheilungen
der Naturforsch. Ges. in Zurich, iii, No. 103, 1854, p. 395, No.
15. Ctfcilianella syriaca BOURGUIGNAT, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1856, p. 429, based solely upon Mousson' s description.

A form of doubtful status. It was quite unnecessarily re-
named by Bourguignat.

27. C. MICHONIANA Bourguignat. PI. 3, figs. 48, 49.

Shell minute, oblong, fragile, glossy, transparent, glassy,
smooth. Spire short, tapering-acuminate, the apex a little
obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, irregularly increasing, the
first minute, last large, separated by a somewhat impressed,
duplicated suture; last whorl slightly convex, more than half

CvBCILIOIDES OF GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA. 33

the total length. Aperture oblong, acutely angular above,
somewhat dilated below; columella straight, truncate at the base,
the outer lip strongly arched forward, margins joined by a
callus. Length 5.5, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.*).

Around Jerusalem, under stones, type loc. ; Adana Cilicia,
in S.-E. Asia Minor.

Ferussacia michoniana BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi, 1864,
p. 197, pi. 18, f. 17-20; Moll, nouv., litig., etc., p. 115, pi. 19,
f. 17-20. Pfr. , Monogr. vi. 197. Ccscilianella (Aciculina)
michoniana Bgt., BTTG. Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. vol. 37,
1905, p. 113.

Boettger remarks that this species is an Aciculina (= Ccecili-
oides), not a Hohenworthia, and is distinguished by its especially
regular fusiform shape. Two specimens from Adana measure,
alt. 6, diam. 2 mm. and alt. 4, diam. 1.37 mm.

28. C. JUDAICA Mousson.

A little larger [than tumulorurri] ; whorls slightly convex; the
the parietal wall not calloused, but the columella slightly
thread-margined at the end. Length 7 mm. (Mousson, 1861).

Glandina tumulorum Bourg. var. judaica Mouss. , Coq. terr. et
fluv. rec. par Mr. le Prof. J. R. Roth dans son dernier voyage
en Palestine, 1861, p. 53. Ferussacia judaica BGT., Malac. de
1'Algerie ii, p. 33; Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1864, p. 211. Acicula
(CcEcilianella'} judaica Bgt., MOUSSON, Journ. de Conchyl. xxii,
1874, p. 15.

Differs from tumulorum Roth by the feebly convex whorls
separated by a margined suture, the last whorl comprising two-
fifths of the total length; by the parietal wall being without any
callus, the outer margin not divergent, finally by the columella
which is obliquely truncate a little way above the base, and
bordered with a thread. The largest individuals are 7 mm.
long (Mousson, 1874).

29. C. MINUTA (Mousson). PI. 3, figs. 54, 55, 56.

Shell small, cylindric-subfusiform, fragile, smooth, glossy,
subhy aline. Spire accelerate, a little convexly conic, the apex
stout, obtuse; suture slightly impressed, simple; whorls 4, more

34 CjECILIOIDES OF GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA.

and more descending, convexly flattened, the last half the total
length, elongate, cylindric in the middle, shortly tapering below.
Aperture vertical, very narrow; outer margin straightly descend-
ing, slightly arching forward, curving into the columella below.
Columella long, slightly excavated, abruptly, obliquely trun-
cate below, slightly margined with a delicate thread. Length
4, diam. 1.2 mm.

Mesopotamia: drift debris of the Euphrates (type loc. ), and
of the Sams river near Adana, S.-E. Asia Minor.

Acicula ( Cteciliandla) minuta Mouss. , Journ. de Conchy 1.
1874, p. 39. Ccecilianella (Aciculina) minuta BOKTTGER, Nach-
richtsblatt D. Malak. Ges. 1905, p. 112, pi. 2 A, f. 4 a-d.

According to Mousson, there are fewer whorls than in C.
acicula ; the apex is larger and more obtuse, the last whorl is
more cylindric, and the remarkably narrow aperture has the
free margin descending in a straight line curving towards the
end of the columella and without surpassing it. The columella
is but slightly concave and is obliquely truncate at the base.

The figures are copied from Boettger, and represent specimens
from the drift of the Sarus river, where this species is common.
He remarks that the examples vary quite noticeably in size but
normally it is 4 to 4.5 mm. long, 1.12 to 1.25 mm. wide. A
relative is C. subsaxano Bgt. . which perhaps may be a young
form of the same species.

30. C. PR^ECLARA Westerlund.

Shell long-cylindric, very slender, very glossy, very smooth,
hyaline, glassy, the spire much produced, a little obtuse.
Whorls 6 to 7, a little convex, the antepenultimate scarcely
twice the length of the preceding, the penultimate one- third the
total length, flattened dorsally, slowly tapering downwards;
suture a little impressed, conspicuously arid narrowly margined,
deeply descending in the middle and below. Aperture long
piriform, acutely angular above, retuse below, parietal margin
long, straightish; columella short, a little arcuate, abruptly
truncate at the base. Peristome unexpanded, acute, simple,
the outer margin strongly arching forward in the middle,
receding at base. Length 5 to 5.5, diam. 1 mm. (Westerl. )

C.ttCILIOIDES OK AFRICA AND AKABIA. 35

Turkestan: Totkaul ( Kasnakow, in Zool. Mus. St. Peters-
burg).

Cadlianella (Acicutina) pr&dara WESTERL. , Annuaire Mus.
Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, iii, 1898, p. 176.

31. C. RETTERI Rosen.

Shell fusiform, slender, whitish-glassy, pellucid, the apex
obtuse; whorls 5, very slightly convex, the penultimate nearly
as long as those above it; aperture drop-shaped; columella
arcuate; peristome a little protracted below the middle. Length
4.5 to 4.75, diam. 1.25, alt. aperture 1.75 mm. (Rosen).

Central Asia: Aman-Kutan.

CacilianeUa retteri ROSEN, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. vol. 35,
Dec. 1903, p. 181. ROSEN Moskva Izv. Obsc. liub. jest. Dnevn.
Zool. iii, 3, 1901.

Species of South and X.-E. Africa and Arabia.

32. C. ADVENA Ancey.

Shell slender, imperforate, tapering-subfusiforru, diaphanous,
polished, whitish-hyaline. Spire long-subconic, the apex ob-
tuse. Whorls a little more than 5, subconvex, separated by a
well impressed and delicately margined suture, flattened in the
middle, the first two regularly, lower whorls more rapidly in-
creasing, the suture there being more oblique; last whorl more
than one-third the total length of the shell; the sides convex
beyond the middle, tapering at the base. Aperture long, piri-
form, subvertical, in the middle of the parietal Avail distinctly
angularly thickened within. Columella below the angle broadly
arcuate, obliquely truncate at base. Peristome simple, unex-
panded, acute, the outer margin arcuately produced forward,
basal margin receding; margins remote, joined by a distinct
callus. Length 4.33, diam. 1.25, aperture 1.5 x 0.66 mm.
( Anc. )

S.-W. Africa: Disappointment Key, Ovampoland ( " Luder-
itzland," or Damara).

Cacilianella advena AXCEY, Le Naturaliste x, 1888, p. 215.
"This Cecilianelle resembles some of those known as inhabitants
of temperate Europe and North Africa, without being assign-
able to any of then)."

36 C.ECILIO1DES OK AFRICA AND ARABIA.

33. C. OVAMPOENSIS (Melvill & Ponsonby). PL 3, fig. 52.

Shell small, acicular, white, very thin, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 4, the last produced; columella truncate at the base.
Aperture oblong, the lip simple. Length 3, width 1 mm.
(M. & P. ).

South Africa: Ovampoland (E. L. Layard).

Oionella ovampoensis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 6th
Ser., ix, p. 91, pi. 6, f. 1 (January, 1892). A very elegant,
pure white, four-whorled shell, with very obtuse apex, a little
recalling the Cacilianella acicula (Mull.) of Europe and the
British Isles. (Mel. & Pons.).

31. C. MUNZINGERI (Jickeli). PL 3, fig. 53.

Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, glossy, hyaline, whitish,
longitudinally striated under the lens. Whorls 8, subinflated,
separated by a rather deep oblique suture, the last whorl
descending, one-fourth the total length. Aperture oblique,
vertically piriform; columella arcuate, very obliquely truncate;
lip acute, thin. Length 9.5, diam. 1.75, aperture 2 x 1.33 mm.
(Jick. ).

Abyssinia: Beniamer, banks of the Falkat and in Habab,
descending from Nakfa; in the earth at roots of plants. (Jickeli).
Mt. Abouna Yousef, at 4000 meters elevation (Raff ray).

Stenogyra munzingeri JICK., Malak. Blatter xx, 1872, p. 103.
Acicula munzingeri JICK., Fauna der Land und Susswasser-
Mollusken N.-O.-Afrika's, in Nova Acta Acad. Ca3s. Leop. -
Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur. xxxvii, Dresden 1875, p. 133, pi. 2,
f. 3 (teeth and jaw), pi. 5, f. 21 a, b, (shell). Subulina m.,
BGT. Malacologie de 1'Abyssinie p. 82, pi. 9, f. 65-67.

Bourguignat has referred this species to Subulina, whether
correctly or not I do not know. His figures of the form taken
by Raffray show the sutures much less oblique than in Jickeli' s
figures.

35. C. SOLEILLETI Bourguignat. PL 3, fig. 51.

Shell lanceolate-elongate, needle-like, diaphanous, very
fragile, whitish, polished; spire very long, a little obtuse at the
summit, whorls 6, regularly and rather rapidly increasing, the

C^CILIOIDES OF AFRICA AND ARABIA. 37

first two are scarcely convex, not increasing in diameter, but
cylindric like a pillar; the rest are convex; separated by an im-
pressed suture, last whorl ovate-convex, less than one-third the
total length. Aperture very oblique, ovate, angular above, peris-
tome unexpanded, acute; columella short, truncate. Length,
7, diam. 2, aperture 2x1 mm. (Bgt. )

East Africa: wooded valley of Bidaro, Choa, southern
Ethiopia (Soleillet}.

Ccecilianella s., BGT., Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles
recueillis par M. Paul Soleillet dans son Voyage au Choa
(Ethiopie meridionale), Sept. 1885, p. 22, pi. (1), f. 10.

Remarkable for its cylindric two upper whorls.

36. C. ISSELI (Paladilhe). PI. 3, fig. 57.

Shell imperforate, subconic-cylindric, glossy, nearly smooth,
subpellucid, ivory white (in dead shells) ; spire tapering up-
ward, the apex rather obtuse; whorls 6, slightly convex as
though twisted, rapidly increasing, parted by a narrow, im-
pressed suture, the penultimate whorl large in front, the last
whorl a little larger, scarcely one-third the total length, some-
what ascending at the aperture, the free margin a little arcuate.
Aperture subpiriform, a little oblique, angular above at the
insertion of the lip; peristome unexpanded, fragile, acute;
columella short, slightly arcuate, broadly and distinctly trun-
cate at the base; outer margin broad, nearly straight, basal
slightly arcuate; margins subparallel, joined by a thin callus.
Length 5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Palad.}.

Aden.

Cadlianella isseli PALAD. , Annali Mus. Civ. Geneva iii, 1872,
p. 22 (probably not the figures).

"By its slim shape, approaching the cylindric, its more
twisted whorls, deeper suture and the appearance of the aper-
ture, C. isseli is distinguished from all of ite congeners of the
Alpic center."

Paladilhe probably had two species mixed in his lot of C.
isseli. The description is that of a Ctzcilioides, possibly identical
with Nevill's second species (Handlist Ind. Mus. p. 162),
and with A. balanus of Hanley and Theobald (Conchologin,

38 OX'ILIOIDEK OF TROPICAL AMERICA.

Indica, p. 41, pi. 102, f. 10, copied in my fig. 61 of plate 4);
while the figure given by Paladilhe, which I have copied, seems
to belong to C. (Geostilbio.') balanus. Further investigation of
the Csecilioides of Aden and India is much needed. Whether
the observed differences in the columella indicate several species,
or are extreme aspects of variation in a single stock, are ques-
tions I can throw no light upon.

Species of tropical Asia, Went Indies, etc.

Tropical countries have a few species of Csecilioides of two
groups: (1) the group of C. iota, comprising very minute species
1.6 to 2.5 mm. long, markedly cylindric, with the whorls nearly
flat. All are American. (2) the group of C. gundlachi, with
the shell larger, usually 3 to 5 mm., composed of convex, very
obliquely coiled whorls. The columella is only quite obsoletely
truncate. These groups are known as Caecilianopsis and
Geostilbia.

Section C^ECILIANOPSIS Pilsbry.

Cacilianopsis PILS., Nautilus xxi, July, 1907, p. 28, for
(,'. jod = C. consobrina veracruzensis.

Minute (1.6 to 2.5 mm. long), cylindric-oblong, the spire
short, wider than in Cacilioides. Columella varying from
abruptly truncate to very obsoletely so. Tropical American.
Type C. consobrina veracruzensis.

37. C. IOTA (C. B. Adams). PI. 4, figs. 67, 71, 72.

Shell minute, slender, corneous; whorls 4, very wide, smooth;
aperture long, very acute above; columella arcuate. Divergence
12 degrees; length of spire .08, total length .135, width .045
inch. (Ad. ).

Jamaica (C. B. Adams): Bellevue, (Gloyne, in Swift Coll.);
Yallahs (Gloyne).

Achatina iota C. B. AD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1845, p. 13.-
PFR., Monogr. ii, 295; iii, 506; iv, 626; vi, 241; viii, 297;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 355, pi. 29, f. 18, 19 (bad). GLOYNE, Journ.
de Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 32.

The type lot at Amherst consists of three specimens. It is a

C.ECILIOIDES OF TROPICAL AMERICA. 39

Bubcylindric shell, obtuse at both ends, of scarcely four whorls
in most examples, 4-| in the longest. The shell is clear corneous
when fresh, showing the internal walls through, but it weathers
to milky white. The whorls are only slightly convex, and are
separated by a moderately impressed suture, margined below.
The suture is at first nearly horizontal, but at the last 1 or
2 whorls it descends rapidly, the width of the whorl progres-
sively increasing. The aperture is acuminate above. Outer lip
arches very strongly forward. The columella is more or less
concave below, and is rather abruptly truncate above the base.
Columellar callus usually moderate, but variable in thickness.
Under a high power, an extremely minute spiral striation may
be seen near the base. Measurements are as follows:

Cotype, Adams coll.: length 1.75, diam. .5 mm.

Bellevue; fig. 72: length 2, length aperture 0.8 mm.

Fig. 71: length 2, diam. 0.6, aperture 0.75 mm.

Fig. 67: length 1.65, diam. 0.5, aperture 0.75 mm.

C. iota has been found only in Jamaica. It is readily dis-
tinguished from other tropical-American species by its much
narrower contour. Exact measurements which I have made of
a large number of specimens from several localities show the
difference in shape to be constant.

Pfeiffer's figure of this species in the Gonchylien Cabinet is very
poor. It shows no columellar truncation, and hence C. iota
was classed by Crosse and others in Geostilbia. Adams's type
specimens, as well as numerous examples before me, have a
distinctly truncate columella.

38. C. CONSOBRINA (Orbigny). PI. 5, figs. 81, 82.

Shell oblong-fusiform, subcylindric, pellucid, glossy, white;
spire of nearly equal diameter to the end, very obtuse. Whorls
5, very slightly convex, the last oblong. Aperture ovate-oblong;
columella twisted, truncate. Length 2, diam. f mm. (Orbigny).

Cuba: in the interior (Sagra); coffee plantation Fundador
near Matanzas among dead leaves (Gundlach, type loc. of A.
pygmaa}.

Achatina consobrtna ORBIGNY, Historia fisica, politica y natural
de la isla de Cuba, v, Moluscos, p. 89, pi. xi 6?X f. 10, 11, 12,

40 (LECILIOIDES OF TROPICAL AMERICA.

erroneously lettered A michaudiana on plate (1845); French
edit, i, p. 170. Achatina pygmcea PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847,
p. 148; Monogr. ii, 275; iii, 506; iv, 627; vi, 241; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 356, pi. 29, f. 22, 23. Ccecilianella pygmcea Pfr. ARANGO,
Fauna Malac. Cubana, p. 99.

This species is closely related to C. iota, from which it differs
by the stouter, more robust figure, specimens of the same length
being invariably wider than iota. The general shape is slightly
tapering cylindric, very obtuse at the ends. The whorls in-
crease a little more regularly than in iota, the last turn of the
suture being less oblique, though descending faster than the
preceding one. This acceleration of the rate of descent changes
the appearance of the shell and the proportionate size of aperture
to total length with age, so that the addition of a whorl or even
less alters the contour remarkably. The surface is lightly
marked with growth-wrinkles and minute engraved spiral lines,
visible only under a compound microscope. The columellar
truncation is distinct, but rather weak in some examples. Two
specimens from a lot taken by Gundlach are figured.

PI. 5, fig. 82: length 2.4, diam. 0.8 mm.

PI. 5, fig. 81: length 1.9, diam. 0.7 mm.

The former of these examples corresponds to the type of
A. pygmcea Pfr. ; the latter, a younger shell, agrees with Orbigny's
type of A. consobrina. In my opinion these two names apply
to one and the same species, in slightly different stages of
growth. Pfeiffer's description of A. pygmcea follows.

"A. pygmcea Ph. Shell cylindric, smooth, pellucid hyaline,
the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5, rather flattened, separated
by an oblique, lightly impressed suture, the last \ the total
length. Columella nearly straight, forming an angle with the
belly of the preceding whorl, subtruncate at the base of the
oval-elliptical aperture; peristome acute, the right margin
dilated forward. Length 2.25, diam. f mm.; aperture f mm.
long." (P/r.)

Var. veracruzensis (Crosse & Fisher). PI. 5, figs. 76, 77, 78,
79. In this form the microscopic spiral striation is more dis-
tinctly developed than in consobrina, visible from the suture to
the base, the strise appearing crimped or waved (fig. 79).
There is no other difference. Specimens measure:

C^CILIOIDES OF TROPICAL AMERICA. 41

PI. 5, fig. 76: length 2.1, diam. 0.75, aperture 0.95 mm.
( Vera Cruz. )

PI. 5, fig. 77: length 1.9, diam. 0.75, aperture 0.9 mm.
( Vera Cruz. )

PI. 5, fig. 78: length 2.35 mm. (Tampico}.

Eastern Mexico: on the strand, among debris drifted out of
the Antigua river after heavy rains (Strebel) ; drift debris along
the Panuco river, Tampico (A. A. Hinkley).

Achatina iota Adams, STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land u. Siiss-
wasser Conch, ii, 1875, p. 53, pi. 13, f. 50. Not of C. B.
Adams. Ctfcilianella veracruzensis C. et F. , Journ de Conchyl.
xxv, 1877, p. 273; Moll. terr. et fluv. Mex., p. 591, pi. 26, f.
4. MARTENS, Biologia, Moll., p. 324. - - Cecilioides (Cacilia-
nopsis) jod PILS. Nautilus xxi, p. 28, July, 1907 (Tampico).

The figures represent an older (fig. 76) and a younger (fig.
77) shell, from Vera Cruz, the type locality. Also an old shell
r (figs. 78, 79) from Tampico, representing the absolutely synony-
mous form I called C. jod.

In recognizing the Mexican specimens as a race distinguish-
able from the Cuban form, I am probably placing too much
dependence upon a slight variation in microscopic sculpture.
I merely give the facts observed for what they may be worth.

Var. minutissima (Guppy). PI. 4, fig. 68; pi. 5, figs. 80, 84.
"A very minute, glassy, hyaline, smooth, shining, fusiformly
cylindric, shell with 5 whorls, of which the last forms more
than half the length of the shell, spire short, with obtuse apex.
Aperture elongate-oval, narrow above, wide below; outer lip
simple; columella scarcely truncate, passing into a white callus
which connects the ends of the peristome. Length 2, diam .75
mm." {Guppy}.

Trinidad: Amongst dead leaves at Maraccas (Guppy, type
loc. ). St. Vincent, in dry forest, leeward side, at 1000 ft. (H.
H. Smith). Barbados (L. B. Brown).

Glandina minutissima GUPPY, Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad,
1869, p. 239. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1890, p. 36, pi. 2,
f. 1. Oleacina (?) minutissima PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 326
(1877). Geostilbia minutissima GUPPY, Journ. of Conch, vii,
1893, p. 211. CezdUoides minutissima E. A. SMITH, Proc.

42 CJKULIOIDES OF TROPICAL AMERICA.

Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 308 (St. Vincent). Ctpcilianella ?H.,
BROWN, J. of Conch, x, 1903, p. 269 (Barbados).

Crosse has very inadequately figured minutissima, and I have
copied his figure, pi. 5, fig. 80. Figure 84, pi. 5, and fig. 68 of
pi. 4, represent what I take to be Guppy's species from
Barbados. The general form is as described for pygmaa] but
the surface is smoother than in Cuban or Mexican shells, spiral
lines being scarcely visible under the compound microscope
except at the base. The columellar truncation is rather weak.
Two specimens measure: Length 2.05, diam. .7 mm., whorls 5.
Length 2.15, diam. .8, aperture 9 mm.; whorls 5.

With these specimens were others resembling them except
that the columella is very strongly truncate at the base (pi. 5,
figs. 83, 85) at all stages of growth. These may represent
another species, yet I am unable to satisfactorily separate the
series. The two examples figured measure: length 2, diam. .7
mm. (fig. 83); length 2.3, diam. .75 mm., whorls 5 (fig. 85) .

Geostilbia mazei. seems to me to be identical with minutissima.
The original description follows.

Geostilbia mazei 'Crosse' Maze. PI. 5, fig. 75. "Shell im-
perforate subcylindric, very thin, smooth, crystalline, hyaline
unicolored; spire rather long, the apex somewhat obtuse; suture
impressed. Whorls 4, slowly increasing, the last a little
shorter than the spire, rounded at the base. Aperture piriform ;
peristome simple, the margins thin. Length 2.5, diam. .f mm.
Animal of a yellow color" (Maze).

Guadeloupe: Vieux-Fort, southeastern slope of the Morne
Houelmont at about 270 meters (E. Marie).

Geostilbia mazei Crosse Mss., MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl. xxxi,
1883, p. 7, pi. 1, f. 2.

39. C. BLANDIANA Crosse. PI. 4, fig. 64.

Shell imperforate, long-fusiform, very thin, polished, very
transparent, hyaline. Spire rather long, the apex obtuse,
rounded; suture impressed. Whorls 4J, a little convex, the
last shorter than the spire, rounded at base. Aperture sub-
piriform; peristome simple, the margins joined by an incon-
spicuous, very thin callus; columellar margin slightly thickened,

C.ECILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA. 43

having an appearance of truncation, which does not really exist;
hardly reaching to the base; basal margin rounded; outer lip
arching forward, subacute. Length 2, diam. 0. 66 mm . ( Orosse).

Brazil: Soure, on the island of Joannes or Juanes, in the
mouth of the Amazon, Province of Para.

Geostilbia blandiana CROSBE, Journ. de Conchy 1. 1880, p. 149
1886, p. 137, pi. 1, f. 4.

The figure of this species, which I have copied, represents
the spire as far more tapering than in C. iota or C. consobrina.
Whether this figure is approximately correct or not I am unable
to say.

Section Geostilbia Crosse.

Geostilbia CROSSE, Journal de Conchy 1. 1867, p. 184, type
G. caledonica Crosse.

The shell is similar to Ctecilioides except in having the colum-
ella continuous with the basal lip, being separated therefrom
only by a slight sinuation, not an abrupt truncation. Type
G. caledonica.

The number of valid species of this group is uncertain, but
several of them surely stand close to C. gundlachi. C. baldwini,
C. balanus and C. mauritiana are doubtfully distinct.

40. C. GUNDLACHI (Pfeiffer). PL 4, figs. 73, 74.
J^Shell subulate, acicular, glossy, clear-greenish; spire slender,
the apex a little acute; suture deep, margined. Whorls 5,
rather convex, the last slightly over one-third the total length.
Columella slightly arcuate, shortly truncate above the base of
the narrow, angularly oval aperture; peristome simple, the mar-
gins joined by a thin callus, the right margin arching forward.
Length 5, diam. 1.33, aperture 1.75x.66 mm. (Pfr. ).

Cuba: Havana, Guanajai and Guantanamo (Gundlach); near
Cienfuegos. Jamaica. Haiti: Port-au-Prince and Les Cayes.
St. Thomas (Bland). St. Martin. Guadeloupe. Barbados.
Demarara (Swift coll.). Princeton, New Jersey (A. D. Brown).
St. Helena (Benson).

Achatina gundlachi PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1850, p. 80;
Conchyl. Cab., Bulimus, p. 358, pi. 29, f. 10, 11; Monogr., iii,
505; iv. 623; vi, 239; viii. 294. Geostilbia gundlachi CROSSE,

44 OaSCILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA.

Journ. de Conchy!., xxi, 1873, p. 355 (Haiti); 1874, p. 88;
1890, p. 23, 250; 1891, p. 151. BINNET and BLAND, Ann.
Lye. N. H. of N. Y., xi, 1875, 152, 185, pi. 13, f. D, G, H, I.
-MAZE, Journ. de Conch., 1883, p. 7, pi. 1, f. 1 (Guadeloupe).
CROSSE et FISCHER, Miss. Sci. Mex., Mollusques, i, p. 587,
pi. 28, f. 14, 15 (copied from Binney). C&cilianella gundlachi
BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 101, pi. 16, f. F, G
(jaw), pi. 7, f. F (teeth). ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 99.
BROWN, Journ. of Conch., x, 270 (Barbados). Macrospira
aperta Guild., Swainson, Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia, Mala-
cology, 1840, p. 335, figs. 97 e, /(p. 333). Geostilbia aperta
E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, 1895, p. 307 (St.
Vincent); P. Z. S., 1892, p. 269 (St. Helena). Achatina veru
BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, 1856, p. 435. WOLLASTON,
Testacea Atlantica, p. 545.

Pfeiffer's description of this shell is not very good. It tapers
regularly to the very obtuse, rounded apex. There are 5 whorls,
very obliquely coiled, quite convex, and parted by impressed
sutures. The last whorl is evenly convex. The aperture is
ovate, effuse at the base; the outer lip arches forward strongly
in the middle. The columella is a little concave, and near the
base is obsoletely truncate. It has a rather heavy callus in
most fully adult shells, which passes up over part of the parietal
wall. The color is pale corneous-brown, or sometimes almost
clear corneous. There is no spiral striation. Two Cuban exam-
ples figured measure: Length 4.2, diam. 1.25 mm. Length
3.85, diam. 1.1, apert 1.3 mm. The figures do not well show
the heavy callus upon the colunella and lower part of the parietal
wall.

This is a somewhat common and widely distributed species,
probably to be found throughout the Antilles. It was taken
many years ago in Princeton, N. J., no doubt imported with
West Indian plants. These specimens were reported as P.
acicula in Binney' s " Manual." It occurred also in St. Helena,
though whether it still survives there is unknown.

The New Caledonian Geostilbia caledonica is in all probability
the same species, a colony having been derived from Guadaloupe
or some other Antillean source. At all events I am quite

C^ECILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILB1A. 45

unable to see any difference in the shell. The original descrip-
tion follows.

G. caledonica: PL 4, figs. 58, 59, 62.. "Shell imperf orate,
fusiform-cylindric, thin, polished, diaphanous, clear-corneous.
Apex abruptly rounded, very obtuse; suture hair-marginate;
whorls 4, slightly convex, the last slowly descending, slightly
more than half the total length. Aperture long-piriform; peris-
torne simple, unexpanded, thin, not acute, slightly thickened,
the margins joined by a very thin callus; columellar margin
having a longitudinal, small, diaphanous, glossy internal lamina
giving the appearance of a basal truncation, not reaching the
base. Basal margin broadly rounded; right margin arching
forward. Length 3.5, diam. 1 mm." (Crosse).

New Caledonia: Noumea, common in gardens, living in damp
places under dead leaves, old wood and on the ground (E. Marie).

Geostilbia caledonica CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. xv, 1867, p.
186, pi. 7, f. 4; 1894, p. 301 (p. 144 of separate copies, Faune
Malac. N. Caled. ) G ASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouvelle-Caledonie
ii, 1871, p. 96, pi. 4, f. 4. PFR. Monogr. vi, p. 244.

Two specimens from Noumea are drawn in figures 58, 59, 62,
pi. 4. They measure 3.7 x 1.2 mm., and 3. 1 x 1 mm.

Macrospira aperta Guilding has never been described. Too
poor and dissimilar outline figures were given with this name
by Swainson, without locality, dimensions, or any other par-
ticulars. In 1892 Mr. E. A. Smith stated that A. gundlachi
and veru were equivalent to aperta; and in 1895 he identified
Geostilbia caledonica, Crosse as a synonym of Megaspira (sic)
aperta, from the comparison of specimens in the British Museum.
In my opinion, M. aperta was not sufficiently defined by
Swainson to be recognized. Its identity with C. gundlachi rests
upon Mr. Smith's identification of specimens from Guilding,
the locality of which is surmised to be the West Indies, but is
not positively known. No description of even these specimens
has appeared, and Swainson' s figures are extremely crude.

41. C. BALDWINI Ancey.

Shell imperforate, very thin, whitish-hyaline or slightly cor-
neous, diaphanous, glossy, polished; apex large, obtuse; spire

46 C^ECILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA.

Blender, subcylindric but tapering. Whorls 4, regularly in-
creasing, separated by a very oblique, impressed suture mar-
gined with a pellucid line; last whorl oblong, larger. Aperture
piriform, the right margin arching forward; peristome simple,
acute, scarcely thickened, the margins joined by a rather opaque
callus. Columella somewhat callous, very slightly truncate
above the base. Basal margin rounded. Length 3.75, diam. 1,
aperture alt. 1 mm. (Ancey}.

Hawaiian Is.: Manoa, Oahu (Baldwin).

GacUitineUa baldwini ANC. , Memoires Socit6 Zoologique de
France, v, 1892, p. 718.

Specimens of presumably this species are in the Bishop
Museum at Honolulu from the following places: Rocky Hill,
Honolulu; Kanaohe, Oahu; Mana, Hawaii. I have no exam-
ples at hand, but so far as the description goes there seems to
be no difference between this species and O. gvndlachi.

42. C. BALANUS ('Benson' Reeve). PL 4, figs. 60, (61?)

Shell cylindrically oblong, somewhat fusiform; whorls 4,
smooth, shining; apex obtuse; columella arched, truncated;
aperture small. Dull white. (Reeve}.

Shell almost cylindric-aeiculate, smooth, glassy-clear. Spire
almost cylindric, slightly tapering above, with an obtuse apex;
suture very little impressed. Whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the
last forming two-fifths the total length, dilated basally. Colu-
mella rather straightly receding, scarcely noticeably truncate at
the base of the broadly angular-ovate aperture. Peristome
simple, unexpanded, acute. Length 3, diam. hardly 1 mm.
(Pfr., from spec, from Benson's collection).

India: Banks of the Jumna near Hameerpore, Bundelkund
(type loc. ) ; border of the desert pouth of Hawee; Agra, on the
right bank of the Jumna (Benson); Kattiwar (Hanley). Dec-
can and Sind (Ind. MUP. ). Aden (Paladilhe, O. isseli}.

Achatina balanus Benson MSS., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi.
20, f. 109 (March, 1850). PFR., Monogr., iii, 506; iv, 627; vi,
241; Conchyl. Cab., p. 315, pi. 25, f. 18, 19. HANLEY and
THEOBALD, Conchologia Indica, p. 41, pi. 102. f. 10(?).
BLANFORD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 44, 1875, pp. 43,

C^JCILIOIDES, SECT. OEOSTILBIA. 47

46. CeedJianella (Geostilbia} balanus Bens., NEVILL, Handlist
Ind. Mus. , p. 162. (?) Cacilianella isseli PALAD. , Annali Mus.
Civico Geneva, iii, 1872, pi. 1, f. 9, 10. Acicula z., JICKELI,
Moll. N.-O. Afr., p. 135. PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 297.

I have not seen this species, which seems to be rather common
in the higher, dry parts of India, and to be known chiefly by
river-drift specimens. Pfeiffer's description and the figures of
Reeve and Pfeiffer indicate a shell with only weakly-truncate
columella, so that one understands why Colonel Beddome should
compare Geostilbia, caledonica, (which he states is identical with
Indian specimens from North Canara, see Blanford, /. c. ).
Nevill also refers the species to Geostilbia. In his description of
<'. isseli,, Paladilhe mentions emphatically its truncate columella;
yet his figure seems to represent a Geostilbia very close to balanus.
Blanford has stated that isseli is identical with balanus; but so
far as I can judge from the literature, there are two speciea
involved. Fig. 60 is copied from Reeve's type figure. I have
also copied the figure given in f^onehologia Indica, pi. 4, fig. 61.
By its strongly truncate columella, this figure seems to cor-
respond with the description of C. Isseli.

43. C. MAURITIANA (H. Adams). PI. 4, fig. 69.

Shell imperforate, subulate-cylindrie, thin, hyaline, glossy,
spire subcylindric, the apex very obtuse, suture impressed.
Whorls 5, rather flattened, the last dilated at the base; columella
arcuate, slightly truncate. Aperture acuminate-oval; peristome
simple, unexpanded, acute. Length 4, diam 1, aperture 1.33
mm. (H. Ad.).

Mauritius: Ponce Mt, Mah and Silhouette, Seychelles (G.
Nevill).

Acicula mauritiana H. AD., P. 'L S. 1868, p. 290, pi. 28,
f. 7. PFR., Monogr. viii, 295. Cadlianetta 7n., MARTENS in
Mobius, Reise nach Mauritius p. 199. NEVILL, Handlist moll.
Ind. Mus. p. 163.

This does not seem to differ materially from gwndlachi.

44. C. COMORENSIS (Morelet). PI. 4, fig. 63.

Shell imperforate, turrite, thin, hyaline, smooth; spire long,
the apex rounded, obtuse. Whorls 6, plano-convex, subscalar,

48 C^CILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA.

with a well -impressed suture, the last whorl one-third the total
length. Aperture piriform, the outer margin simple, unex-
panded; columellar margin dilated, reflexed, appressed, making
an angle with the basal margin. Length 4, diam. 1.25 mm.
(Crosse).

Comoro Is.: Combani, Mayotte (Marie).

Geostilbia comorensis MORELET, Journ. de Conch. 1883, xxxi,
p. 196, pi. 8, f. 7.

Differs from G. mariei by its more slender shape, with longer
spire of two more whorls, and a shorter aperture.

45. C. MARIEI (Crosse). PI. 4, figs. 65, 66.

Shell imperforate, subcylindric, thin, polished, diaphanous,
hyaline, whitish. Spire rather long, the apex abruptly rounded,
very obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls scarcely 4, nearly flat,
slightly convex, the last very little descending, shorter than the
spire. Aperture regularly elongate-piriform, colored within
like the outside. Peristome simple, whitish, the margins joined
by a thin callus. Columellar margin somewhat thickened,
having an appearance of truncation, hardly reaching to the
base; basal margin rounded; outer arched forward, subacute.
Length 3, diam. 1 mm. (Crosse).

Nossi-be Island: Calempo (E. Marie, type loc. ); Mayotte,
Comoros (Marie).

. Geostilbia. mariei CROSSE, Journ. de Conch yl. 1880, p. 149;
1881, p. 200, pi. 8, f. 5; 1883, p. 195; in Grandidier's Hist.
Madag., Mollusques, pi. 19, f. 8.

This form has a shorter spire and longer aperture than C.
gundlachi.

46. C. STUHLMANNI (Martens). PI. 4, fig. 70.

Imperforate, elongate, finely and regularly striate, translu-
cent, yellowish-vitreous; 5 whorls, the first globular, smooth,
the following rapidly increasing, rather flat, with deep, some-
what step-like suture, which is more oblique between the penult,
and last whorls. Aperture rather oblique; outer margin ap-
proaching rectilinear, thin, simple; lower margin broadly
rounded. Columellar margin thick, white, obliquely truncate

OEC1LIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA. 49

at the base, continued above in a callous layer on the parietal
wall. Length 9, diam. 3.66; aperture 4 x 2 mm. (Martens).

East Africa: Runssoro, in the bamboo forest at 2600 meters
(Stuhlmann).

Geostilbia stuhlmanni MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere Deutsch
Ost-Afrika, p. 131, pi. 5, f. 33 (1898).

"Only with some doubt I place this species in the genus
Geostilbia, for it is not so slender and acicular as the typical
species, G. mledonica" (Martens').

47. C. PHILIPPINENSIS (Semper).

Shell subulate, glossy, imperf orate; whorls 6, nearly flat,
slowly increasing, the last rounded at base; columellar margin
straight, subinflexed, thickened. Aperture ovate-oblong, sub-
vertical. Length 6, diam. 1.75, aperture 1.5x1 mm. (Semper).

Philippines: Guza, Zamboanga, under low plants (Semper).

Cionella philippinensis SEMP., Reisen in Archipel Phil., Land-
moll., p. 139, 1874. Geostilbia p., MLLDFF. , Syst. Verzeichniss,
p. 153. Glessula philipp inensis COOKE, P. Z. S. , 1892, p. 469.

This snail has been erroneously referred by Mr. Cooke to
Qlessula, a genus not known to occur in the Philippine archi-
pelago.

48. C. PHILIPPINICA (Moellendorff.) PI. 15, figs. 6, 7.

Shell small, not rimate, cylindric-turrite, rather solid, yel-
lowish, polished ; spire long-turrited, the apex obtuse. Whorls
4, a little convex; suture impressed, broadly margined, sub-
horizontal at first, then gradually becoming strongly oblique.
Penultimate whorl very high, the last a little higher, % the
length of the shell. Aperture vertical, receding at base,
narrowly oval ; peristome simple, slightly obtuse, the margins
joined by a light callus, right margin curving forward
in the middle, lower margin rather straightened or
biangularly curved, columellar margin reflexed above the
rimation ; columella vertical, at the base slightly obliquely
truncate. Length 3%, diam. li/ 8 mm. ; aperture 1% long,
scarcely % wide (Mlldff.)

Philippines: Monte Licos, Zebu (Mlldff.).

">" C.ECILIOIDES, GLESSU1-A.

Geostilbia philippinica Mlldff., Bericht Senck. Nat, Ges.
1890, p. 248, pi. 8, f. 8.

Described from one example. The figures, drawn by Dr.
Boettger, show a distinctly truncate columella. This char-
acter and the broad sutnral margin seem to differ from the
following species.

4-J-l. (_'. MOELLENDORPPI 11. sp. PL 15, figs. 4. 5.

The shell is clear corneous, glossy, marked with faint
growth-lines and under a high power some faint traces of
spiral striation are visible in places. The spire tapers regu-
larly to the obtuse summit. Slightly over 4 whorls, convex
and rapidly enlarging. Suture narrowly margined. The
aperture is ovate; columella straightened below, not in the
least truncate and not calloused. The outer lip is strongly
arched forward. Length 4, diain. 1.4. length aperture
1.55 mm.

Philippines: Mananga, Zebu (Quadras coll.)
The spire tapers much more than in C. gundlaclii, the last
whorl being wider, and the aperture is larger. The sutural
margin is narrower than in ('. gundlachi. In the type lot
the columella is not calloused. C. philippinensis is a larger
shell with proportionally smaller aperture. I have not been
able to compare specimens of <". tnariei and (\ b alarms.

Genus GLESSULA von Martens.

(rle^ala MARTS, in Albers, Die Helic.een, edit. 2, 1860, p.
254, type Achatina gemma Bens. BEDDOMK, Proceedings of the
Malacological Society of London, vii, Sept. 1906, pp. 160-172.-
Electra ALBERS, Die Hel., 1850, p. 194, for Achatina ceylanica
Ph. Not Electro, Lamouroux, 1816, not EU-ctrn Steph., 1829.

The shell is imperforate ovate-conic or turrite, brown or
corneous-brown, glossy and usually without strong sculpture;
apex obtuse. Aperture irregularly oval; outer lip unexpanded,
acute or blunt; columella short, more or less deeply concave,
abruptly truncate at the base.

Sole without distinct median area; no pedal margin; an outer
mantle lobe on the left side. Kidney very long, band-like.

GLESSULA. 51

Genitalia peculiar (pi. 15, figs. 2); there is a feather-like
gland (fig. 3) where the vas deferens enters the penis. The
latter contains a short conic, perforated papilla and two of
longitudinal folds. The prostate gland of the hermaphrodite
duct consists of entirely separated narrow follicles, as in
AchatiiKi. The spermatheca has a short duct. Uterus contain-
ing several large shells with fully 2 whorls.

The jaw is very finely striate, almost smooth. Radula has
about 110 teeth in a transverse row. The central tooth is very
small, tricuspid; laterals with three cusps; outer marginal teeth
very finely 3- or 4-cusped (G. orophila from Madras, according
to Semper).

Type G. gemma Bens. Distribution, Oriental and Ethiopian
regions.

Glessula was associated with " Cionelld, " (that is, the Ferus-
mcidce as herein understood) by Professor von Martens in 1860.
Various other authors, both before and since, have thought the
group Aehatinoid, belonging to " Stenogyra' in the former
wide limits of that term. We know too little of its anatomy to
give a definite opinion, but the presence of a glandular append-
age (appendix or llagellum) at the end of the penis is a feature
unlike any Achati.nida. The homology of this appendage is not
certain, however. The position of the ureter is unknown. I
have been unable to obtain alcoholic material necessary for an
investigation of the relations of Glesmla to Subulina, Homorua,
Bacillum and Pseudoglessula.

In most (but perhaps not all) species, the lip becomes
slightly blunt and smooth in fully adult shells, thereby differing
from Subulina, which has an acute lip at all stages or growth.

In G. orophila, Semper found in the uterus 4 large embryos
with shells having fully two whorls, and a ^mall one with a
half whorl and very large caudal vesicle. Various other species
have been found to be viviparous, while others bring forth
globular eggs like those of SubvJina. Like that genus, also, the
Glessulse reproduce before attaining full size.

Glessula has been studied mainly by specialists on the Indian
fauna. Benson, W. T. Blanford, Beddome and Godwin-
Austen have chiefly contributed to the literature. Blanford's

">'2 GLESSULA.

"Contributions to Indian Malacology," continued through
many years of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,
contain a great mass of information on this genus, as on many
others of the Indian fauna. Hanley and Theobald illustrated
most of the types of Benson, among others, in their Conchologia
IndicM. Finally, Colonel R. H. Beddome has recently reviewed
the genus in his "Notes on Indian and Ceylonese Species of
Glessula."

From the purely conchological standpoint we may be said to
have an extensive knowledge of Glessula, yet various characters
of the first importance have been neglected. The embryonic
whorls of the types must all be re-examined and their sculpture de-
Bribed. Our ignorance of the embryonic sculpture of many
forms prevents any natural classification of the species. The
surface of the later whorls in all the species should be examined
under high power, since some species have a minute sculpture
not visible with an ordinary hand lens.

No fossil species of Glessula are known to me. A few species
of other genera have been referred to Glessula.

Glessula obtusa and G. erosa Blanford are species of Bacillum
(Vol. xvii, pp. 1, 4).

Glessula orthoceras G.-A. is a Bacillum (I. c. , p. 2).

Glessula philippinensis Semper, of Cooke, is a Ceecilioides (this
vol., p. 49).

No natural classification of the species of Glessula can be
attempted until the sculpture of the apices of the shells and the
anatomy of a number of representative species are studied. I
have separated a group of West African forms (species 89 to
92) as a new section, Neoglessula. The species are here grouped
geographically, as follows:

I. Ceylon, species 1 to 13, 34, 49, 52.
II. Peninsular India, species 14 to 58.

III. Extra-Peninsular India, Indo-China, Yunnan, etc.,

species 59 to 77.

IV. Habitat unknown, species 78 to 80.

V. Sumatra, Java and Borneo, species 81, 82.
VI. Eastern Africa, species 83 to 86.
VII. West Africa, species 87 to 92.

(JbESSULA, CEYLON. 53

I. SPECIES OF CEYLON.

The Ceylonese Glessulre are closely related to those of southern
India, and in a few cases seem to be of identical species. Such
cases should receive very careful comparison. The following
forms, described from Peninsular India, have been identified by
reliable authorities from Ceylon.

G. beddomei Blanf. , No. 34.

G. sattitraeiui* ' H. Ad.' Hanley & Theobald, No. 49.

G. pusilla Beddome, No. 52.

1. G. INORNATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 10, 11, 14-17.

Shell turrite-oblong, solid, closely striate; pale tawny, varie-
gated with darker streaks; nearly lusterless, having a woody
appearance. Spire turrite, the apex rather obtuse, suture lightly
impressed, very closely crenulated. Whorls 7^, rather flattened,
the last nearly equal to two-fifths the total length, the base
slightly compressed and smoother. Columella very deeply
arcuate, white-calloused, obliquely, abruptly truncate. Aper-
ture sinuous-semioval, white within. Peristome simple, obtuse,
the right margin spreading. Length 28, diam. 11, aperture
11.5x5 mm. (Pfr.).

Ceylon (Pfr.): Kandy (Nevill, Simon); Matelle East and
Ma Ellia (Layard). South Canara forests (Beddome).

Achatina inornata PFR., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 259; Conchyl. Cab.
p. 322, pi. 26, f. 8, 9; and var., pi. 37, f. 1, 2; Monogr. iii,
490. Hanley & Theob., Conch. Indica, p. 9, pi. 17, f. 2, and
var., i. 3. S.\(G. ) inornata NEVILL., Handlist, p. 171. Glessula
inornata JOUSSEAUME, Mem. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1894, p. 292.
BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 164, with var. minor.

The first 2 whorls seem to be nearly smooth, but with a
finely crenulate suture; then fine, distinct strise begin, strongest
near the suture, weaker below. On the spire these stria? are
separated into groups by occasional deeper grooves or larger
striae; and more or less trace of such irregularity may often be
traced on the last whorl. Under the compound microscope,
the surface is seen to be very densely covered with minute granules
arranged in spiral lines (pi. 6, fig. 16). These give it a charac-
teristic silky sheen, unlike the smooth species. Specimens
before me measure as follows, all being adults with the lip blunt.

54 GLESSULA, CEYLON.

Length 29, diam. 13, aperture 12 mm. ; whorls 8.

Length 28, diam. 11.5, aperture 11.7 mm.; whorls 8.

Length 24, diam. 11.7, aperture 10.5 mm.; whorls 7^'.

The color is yellow or olivaceous, with some reddish streaks.
The interior is pale lilac or flesh -colored.

This is one of the most distinct species of the genus. Col.
Beddome has mentioned a " var. minor, length 18 to 20 mm."

Pfeiffer has descrihed and figured a variety which is "more
distinctly striate. silky, brownish-tawny' (pi. 6, fig. 17).
This form is thought by Col. Beddome to be G. beddomei Blanf.

2, G. LANKANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell oblong- turrite, thin but rather solid, yellow or tawny,
with some narrow darker or chestnut streaks on the spire.
Surface very glossy, finely and deeply striate, the stria' unequal,
in places being as narrow as the intervals, but occasionally much
wider. Under the compound microscope a very faint spiral
striation is visible, the spirals being very weakly beaded in
places. The first 2^ whorls are smooth. Spire conic with
straight sides and obtuse apex. Suture irregularly crenulate.
Aperture vertical, flesh-tinted inside. Outer lip obtuse, form-
ing a regular arch. Columella moderately concave, obliquely
truncate at base,

Length 27.2, diarn. 11, length apart. 10 mm.; whorls 8i.

Length 27, diam. 11.2, length apart. 10.5 mm.; whorls 8^.

Ceylon: Matella District (Layard).

Closely related to G. inornata. but more glossy and having
much less distinct microscopic granulation, as may be seen by
comparing fig. 3 with pi. 6, fig. 16. The outlines of the spire
are straighter; there are more w 7 horls in the same length, and
the aperture is smaller. G. beddomei has a more prominent
and more deeply truncate columella.

3. G. PARABILIS (Benson). PI. 7, fig. 4.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, glossy, rugose-striate, decus-
sated with most minute, obsolete spiral stria?, whitish under a
buff-corneous cuticle. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse, suture
lightly impressed, subcrenulate. Whorls 6, subplanulate, the
last a little convex, scarcely three-sevenths the shell's length.

GLESSULA, CEYLON. >>

Aperture triangularly semiovate, whitish inside. Peristome
slightly inflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus; right
margin sinuous, slightly obtuse, columellar margin very deeply
arcuate, strongly truncate obliquely. Length 20, diam. 10,
aperture 9x5 mm. (Bens.).

Ceylon (Layard): Kandy (Nevill); Maturata (Simon).

Achatina parnbil-i* BEXS. , Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, August,
1856, p. 96. PFR., Monographia iv, 606. H. & T., Conch.
Indica pi. '35, f. 7.S. (G.~) p., NEVILL, Handlist, p. 171.-
G. parabilis JOUSSEAUME, Mem. Zool. Soc. France vii, 1894,
p. 294.

This species seems to differ from inornata by its glossy surface.

4. G. CAPILLACEA (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, fig. 5.

Shell turrite, thin, hair-striate under the lens, glossy, pel-
lucid, greenish-corneous. Spire elongate, the apex rather ob-
tuse. Whorls 7, convex, the last scarcely one-third the total
length, obsoletely angular at the periphery. Aperture slightly
oblique, sinuate-oval. Columella arcuate, obliquely truncate.
Peristome simple. Length 9, diam. 4mm., aperture 3x2 mm.

Ceylon (Thwaites, in Cuming coll. ) ; Haycock Mt. (Beddome).
Achatina capillacea PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 294; Monogr. iv,
614. H & T., Conch. Ind. 63, pi. 156, f. 3 (fig. of type).

5. G. NITENS (Gray). PL 6, fig. 1, 2.

"Shell ovate-conic, turrite, hyaline, corneous, smooth,
polished, the apex rather obtuse ; whorls 8, convex ; aperture
ovate, peristome thin. Length 0.7, diam. 0.3 inch." (Gray,
1825.)

"Shell turrited, shining, pellucid, horn-color; spire coni-
cal; apex blunt; whorls 7 to 8, gradually enlarging, convex.
Aperture one-fourth the length of the shell, ovate. Colu-
mella sharply curved. Axis -Hi, diam. '4 of an inch " (Gray,
1828).

Achatina nitens GRAY, Annals of Philos., n. ser. ix, 1825,
p. 415; Spicilegia Zoologica p. 5, pi. 6, f. 18 (1828).
FERUSSAC, Bull. Sci. Nat. 1829, xvi, p. 468. PFR., Monogr.

56 GLESSULA, CEYLON.

ii, 260; Conchyl. Cab. p. 365, pi. 43, f. 10-12. DESK, in
Fer., Hist., p. 165, pi. 134, f. 25-27. H. & T., Conch. Ind.
pi. 17, f. 1. Stenogyra (G.) nit ens NEVILL, Handlist p. 171
(Kandy). A. pancetha BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3) v, May,
1860, p. 384 (Ellegamme Nalande and Matelle, Ceylon). -
H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 2. PPR., Monogr. vi, 226.

A typical specimen is drawn in fig. 1, 2 of plate 6. The
shell is corneous-yellow, very bright and glossy, nearly
smooth. The sides of the spire are very slightly convex;
but the whorls are strongly convex, parted by a very dis-
tinctly crenulated suture. The aperture is small; columella
very deeply excavated above. Length 17, diam. 7.8, aper-
ture 6.8 mm. ; whorls 7y 2 - Nalande, Ceylon.

Var. PUNCTOGALLANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Shell oblong-ovate, slightly striatulate, glabrous, glossy,
pellucid, corneous-tawny. Spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 7y 2 , convex, the last about two-fifths the total length,
base rounded. Columella very deeply arcuate, reaching far
forward, abruptly truncate. Aperture vertical, subtriangu-
lar-semioval ; peristome simple, the right margin regularly
arcuate. Length 16, diam. 8, aperture 7x4 mm. (Pfr.).

Ceylon: Point de G-alle (Benson) ; Matelle district (A. N. S.
Coll.) ; Balapiti (Nevill).

Achatina ceylanica REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 15, f. 59 (not
of Pfeiffer). A. punctogallana PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852,
p. 150; Conchyl. Cab. p. 323, pi. 26, f. 14, 15; Monogr. iii,
p. 493. Glessula p., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 165.

"Differs from A. ceylanica by the smoother, more glossy
shell, with longer spire, shorter last whorl, and the columella
arched forward more ' (Pfr.). The whorls are much more
convex in punctogallana than Pfeiffer 's description and fig-
ures indicate in ceylanica. The largest shell before me (fig.
5) measures, length 17.5, diam. 8.4, aperture 7 mm., whorls
nearly 8. Others from the Matelle district, received from
Layard, are typical in size. Both lots were received as
ceylanica.

This form differs from G. nitens by its stouter, more com-
pact shape.

GLESSULA, CEYLON. 57

6. (jr. CEYLANICA (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 7, 8.

Shell ovate-oblong, striatulate, silky, thin, tawny-corneous ;
spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex,
the last three-sevenths the total length, inflated. Columella
short, arcuate, abruptly truncate. Aperture rather wide,
semioval ; peristome thin, acute. Length 16, diam. 8, aper-
ture 7.5 x 4 mm. (Pfr.).

Ceylon (Templeton) ; Maturata (Simon) ; Balapiti and
Colombo (Nevill).

Achatina ceylanica PFR., Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1845, p. 157;
Monog. ii, 258 ; iii, 493; iv. 607; vi, 223; viii, 279; and in
Philippi, Abbild., ii, p. 215, pi. 1, f. 3; Conch. Cab. p. 313,
pi. 25, f. 14, 15. Glessula c., JOUSSEAUME, Mem. Soc. Zool.
France vii, 1894, p. 292. Stenogyra (G.) c., NEVILL, Hand-
list p. 172.

Closely related G. nitcns, but the description and figure
indicate that the whorls are much less convex in ceylanica.
Colonel Beddome records specimens of ceylanica 30 x 14 mm. ;
but their specific identity may possibly be doubtful.

7. G. DESHAYESI (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 6, 12, 13.

Shell turrite-ovate, rather thin, nearly smooth, glossy,
corneous-brown ; spire long, convex, the apex rather obtuse,
suture simple, rather deep. Whorls 7, convex, the last two-
fifths the length, rounded at base. Columella somewhat
twisted, broadly and obliquely truncate. Aperture slightly
oblique, rhombic-semioval ; peristome simple, obtuse, the right
margin somewhat spreading. Length 11, diam. 5, aperture
41/0 x 2i/o mm. (Pfr.}.

Ceylon.

Achatina deshayesi PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 86; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 366, pi. 43, f. 13-16; Monogr. iii, 495; iv. 608; vi, 266;
viii, 281. H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 102, f. 2.

Smaller than G. nit ens, and of a richer brown color, but
otherwise it is closely related. The whorls are strongly con-
vex and the surface very brilliant. Some of the upper post-
embryonic whorls are rather distinctly striate. The suture
is much less distinctly crenulated than in G. nit ens, nearly

58 (JLESSULA, CEYLON.

simple. The sides of the spire are slightly convex. Pig. 6
represents a typical example, length 11, diam. 5.2, aperture
4.5 mm., whorls 6%. The lip is "finished."

Two specimens, the longest and shortest from another lot
of 15, are drawn, pi. 6, figs. 12, 13. Neither has the lip
"finished," though no doubt both are nearly mature. They
measure as follows.

Length 12.8, diam. 6 mm., whorls l^/\.

Length 10, diam. 5 mm., whorls 6 1 /-..

8. G. PACHYCHEILA (Benson).

Shell ovate-oblong, striatulate, under a lens decussated
with obsolete, close, spiral very fine striae; glossy, brownish-
corneous, translucent; spire lengthened, subconic, apex ob-
tuse, suture lightly impressed. Whorls 6, a trifle convex,
the last scarcely two-fifths the total length. Aperture ver-
tical, oblong-ovate ; peristome whitish-bordered within ; colu-
mella exceedingly deeply arcuate, basal margin thickened.
Length 11, diam. 5 mm. (Bens.).

Ceylon: Heneratgodde (Layard).

Achatina p., BENSON, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2) xii, Au-
gust, 1853, p. 94. PFR., Monogr. iv, 608. Glessula p., BED-
DOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 166.

"This little species of a group which has so many rep-
resentatives in Ceylon, the Nilgherries, and the damp woody
mountains of the North-eastern India, with a more slender
form than A. areas nobis, is well distinguished from the
allied forms by its peculiar sculpture under the lens, and by
the internal incrassation of the peristome, a feature which
is also observable in the species A. crassilabris nobis, from
north-eastern India." (Benson.}

This species has not been figured. With the same dimen-
sions as G. deshayesi, it seems to differ by having the whorls
only very little convex, whilst in deshayesi they are strongly
convex.

80. Var. taprobanica Pils., subsp. n. PI. 7, fig. 16.

Shell smaller, very pale yellow. Sculpture of fine vertical

GLKSSUI-A, CKYMiN. 59

grooves, close on the spire but rather widely, unevenly spaced
on the last two whorls; no perceptible spiral lines; two
whorls at the summit smooth. Aperture small, the outer lip
rather thick; columella moderately concave, subvertieally and
not very deeply truncate at the base.

Length 8.5 to 8.8, diam. 3.2, aperture 3 mm. ; whorls 6y 2 .

Ceylon: Kandookerre (E. L. Layard).

This form was distributed by Layard as packycheilus Bens.
That species has not been figured, but according to the de-
scription it differs from this in several respects. G. colletta
is a more slender, darker species, with a less thickened lip.

9. G. SERENA (Benson). PI. 6, fig. 9.

Shell ovate-pyramidal, rather solid, very highly polished,
slightly, obsoletely striate, tawny corneous, pellucid. Spire
elongate, subturrite, the apex abruptly obtuse; suture im-
pressed, submarginate, crenulate. Whorls 6y 2 to 7, subcon-
vex, convex above near the suture, the last whorl slightly
compressed at the base. Aperture vertical, three-sevenths the
total length, subtriangular-ovate; peristome unexpanded,
rather obtuse; columellar margin very deeply arcuate, whit-
ish-calloused, at the base abruptly and obliquely truncate.
Length 20 to 21, diam. 9 to 9.5, aperture 9 x 5.5 mm. (Bens.)

Ceylon : Akurambodie, in southern Matelle.

Acini Una serena BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), v, May,
1860, p. 384. PPR., Monogr. vi, 223. H. & T.. Conch. Ind.
pi. 78, f. 8.

This species is very close to G. nitcx*. but the whorls are
less convex. It is doubtfully distinct, from G. ceylanica, .but
from the figures, that seems to be more straightly conic and
smaller.

10. G. LAYARDI Pilsbry. n. sp. PI. 7. figs. 6, 7.

The shell is oblong-turrite, yellow-corneous with profusely
scattered whitish dots and spots (produced by disintegration
of the surface), paler towards the summit. Surface very
glossy, without noticeable microscopic sculpture, but marked
with unevenly spaced grooves, which are rather weaker on

60 GLESSULA, CEYLON.

the last whorl, and obsolete on the base. The summit is ob-
tuse, rounded, first whorls smooth. Whorls G 1 /^, moderately
convex. Suture elegantly- but somewhat irregularly denti-
culate. Aperture vertical; outer lip obtuse; columella very
short, moderately or deeply concave, subhorizontally and
very deeply truncate. Length 14, diam. 6, length of aper-
ture 5.9 mm. Length 13.5, diam. 6.1, length of aperture
5.9 mm.

Ceylon (Layard).

This species differs from G. ceylanica by its very much less
deeply concave columella. It is a smaller and more slender
shell than G. serena, which seems to be its nearest ally. The
denticulation of the suture is a prominent feature. Though
"live" shells, the surface is eroded in places. The whitish
flecks probably will not be found on shells from stations
where they are less liable to erosion.

11. G. VERUINA (Benson).

Shell cylindric-turrite, very much lengthened, dirty whit-
ish, unevenly striate ; the spire gradually tapering above ;
suture impressed, crenulate ; apex obtuse. Whorls 12!/2 to 13,
narrow, cylindric, the last scarcely two-elevenths the total
length. Aperture vertical, truncate-oval ; peristome unex-
panded, acute; columella slightly arcuate. Length 25, diam.
5 mm. (Bens.}

Ceylon: Narlande and Matelle (Layard).

Achatina veruina BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2) xii,
August, 1853, p. 94. PFR., Monogr. vi, 235. S. (G.) veruina
NEVILL, Handlist, p. 171.

This rare species has not been figured.

12. G. COLLETS Sykes. PL 7, fig. 13.

Shell elongate, thin, smooth, obscurely longitudinally
striated, brown or brown-corneous, the apex rather obtuse ;
suture impressed. Whorls 6 to 6%, a little convex, the last
half the length of the shell. Aperture nearly vertical, lunate-
oval, columellar margin callous, paler, obliquely truncate.
Length 8, diam. 2.8 mm. (Sykes).

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 61

Ceylon: Ambagamuwa (Mi's. Collett).

Glessula collettce SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, July,
1898, p. 73, pi. 5, f. 1.

Topotypes before me are rather dark yellowish chestnut
colored, with sculpture of impressed vertical grooves. These
are rather widely separated on the later whorls, but close
above. Nearly two whorls at the summit are smooth. Length
8, diam. 2. 9, aperture 2.9 mm. long, whorls 6y 2 .

Compared with 0. p. taprobanica, this is a more slender
shell, hence the whorls appear longer, and they are more
evenly convex, the suture being less narrowly impressed.

13. G. SIMONI Jousseaume. PI. 7, fig. 8.

Shell small, ovate, thin, costulate, glossy, pellucid, fulvous-
corneous. Spire conoid, the apex rather obtuse, suture im-
pressed. Whorls 5 to 6, convex, the last half the total
length, slightly tapering at the base, rounded. Aperture ver-
tical, semioval; peristome unexpanded, thin, acute; the right
margin less arcuate; columella callous, nearly straight, very
deeply arcuate, obliquely truncate, at the umbilical region
appressed and depressed. Diam. 3 mm., alt. 1.5 mm. (Jouss.)

Ceylon: flank of Pedrotalagala at Nuwaraeliya (Simon).

Glessula simoni Jouss., Memoires de la Societe Zoologique
de France pour 1'annee 1894, vii, p. 293, pi. 4, f. 10.

This minute form has about the size of a TornatelUna, but
seems to be more strongly sculptured than is usual in that
genus. The embryonic whorls are smooth, a little darker
than the rest of the shell. Four specimens were taken, two
of them smaller than the type, which is thought by Jousseaume
to be immature.

II. SPECIES OF PENINSULAR INDIA.

14. G. SHIPLAYI (Pfeiffer). PL 9, fig. 8.

Shell turrite, smoothish, pellucid, glossy, corneous; spire
regularly tapering, the apex obtuse ; suture substriate ; whorls
13, convex, the last slightly more than one-third the total
length, rounded, more distinctly striate; columella somewhat
straightly running forward, at the base rather widely trun-

62 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

cate. Aperture a little oblique, rounded-oval; peris! ome uii-
expanded, very thin. Length 25.5, diam. 6.3 mm., aperture
5.5x3.25 mm. (Pfr.).

Length 36 mm., whorls 14 (Beddome).

S. India: Nilgiri Mts (Con way Shiplay, type loc.) ;
Anamallays; Shevaroys.

Achatina shiplayi PFR., Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 169; Novit.
Conch, i, p. 82, pi. 22, f. 13, 14; Monogr. iv, 612. HANL. and
THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 9 (juv.). Glessula s., BED-
DOME. P. Mai. Soc. vii, 161. Stenogyra (G.) shiplayi NEVILL,
Handlist p. 168, no. 60.

'Full grown specimens were very rarely found by me,
though young half- and three-quarter grown ones are most
abundant on the Nilgiris. This and some other species cer-
tainly breed before the shell attains full size or a hardened
peristome, as I have taken eggs from such shells. The peris-
tome differs much in mature specimens, sometimes being very
thick and solid, sometimes quite thin, but, even then, firm, and
not breaking or becoming jagged at the touch, which is the
sign that the shell has not finished its growth. Full-grown
examples of shiplayi are very like tenuispira, but smaller. It
also runs nilgirica very closely, but the latter has a stronger
sculpture, and is broader at the base." (Bedd.)

15. G. HEBES ('Blanford' Pfr.). PI. 9, fig. 6.

Shell subcylindric-turrite, thin, pale corneous, translucent,
polished, striatulate; spire raised, subcylindric in the lower
part, the sides convex towards the obtuse apex; suture im-
pressed. Whorls 9 to 10i/>, convex, regularly increasing, the
last short, about one-fourth to one-fifth the total length.
Aperture ovate-oblong, a little oblique; peristome thin; colu-
mella very arcuate, obliquely truncate in front, Length 17
to 22, diam. 5 mm. : aperture 4 to 4.5 mm. long, 2.3 to 3 mm.
wide. (Blanf.).

S. India : Deo Grhat, on the south side of Poona ( Evizard,
type loc.) ; Shevaroys; Pulney Hills, and halfway up the
Koonoor Pass, Nilgiris (Nevill).

Achatina hebes Blanford, PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. vi, 1868,

GLESSULA, I'KNINSl'LAK INDIA. 63

]>. 230. (rlessida hebes BLANFORD, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol.
39, 1870, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 21. BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond.
vii, 161. NEVILL, Handlist, p. 167.

"The nearest ally to this species appears to be (}. tamulica
( \V. & II. Blanf.) from near Trichinopoly, which is distin-
guished by greater diameter in proportion to the length, and
a more regularly tapering spire. Intermediate forms may
hereafter be found however.

''A specimen from the Shevroy hills near Salem in south-
ern India, sent to me by Major Beddome, only differs from
(i. hebes in being longer and slightly more attenuate towards
the apex. It has 13 whorls." (Blanf.}

"Ten specimens received from Blanford and E vizard, col-
lected near Poona, are all young, with quite unformed lip ;
and all the types of hebcs in Blanf ord's collection, and the
specimens in the Natural History Museum and others that I
have seen, are the same. If full-grown, or nearly so, it
must be a much smaller species than sliiplayi. It runs the
young of that species rather closely, but the apex is gener-
ally blunter. Specimens collected by me on the Shevaroys
iire referred here by Blanford; they are, however, immature
and appear rather to belong to fairbanki. if that species is
distinct, which I doubt. When collected I took them to be
young of sliiplayi. Until hebes and fairbanki are found with
mature lips, they must, I think, remain doubtful species.

"Hanley's figure of hebes has the tapering apex of young
shiplayi and is unlike my type of hebes." (Beddome.)

16. (J. FAIRBANKI (Benson). PI. 9, fig. 7.

Shell subcylindric-turrite, striatulate, obsoletely and very
minutely spirally decussate, polished, translucent, buff-
corneous, the spire having subconvex sides towards the apex,
summit obtuse; suture distinctly impressed; whorls 8, sub-
convex, short, the last four slowly increasing in diameter;
last whorl rounded below, one-fourth the total length ; aper-
ture suboblique, ovate, angular above and below, the margins
joined by a callus; columella lightly arcuate, obliquely trun-
cate; basal and outer margins thin. Length 12, diam. 4,
aperture 3 x 2.5 mm. (Bens.).

64 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

S. India: Mahableshwar Mts. (Rev. S. B. Fairbank).

Achatina fairbanki BENS., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (3),
xv, Jan. 1865, p. 14. PFR., Monogr. vi, 232. HANLEY &
THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 18, f. 3.

"The nearest. Nilgiri form is A. corrosula Pfr. The more
cylindrical form below, the sculpture, shorter whorls etc.,
safely distinguished it ' (Bens.).

Col. Beddome considers fairbanki doubtfully distinct from
G. liebes. Both were based upon shells not fully mature.

17. G. VADALICA (Benson). PI. 9, fig. 11.

Shell turrite-elongate, striatulate, rather solid, polished,
translucent, buff-corneous; spire a little convexly turrite to-
wards the apex; apex rather obtuse; suture impressed.
Whorls 11, convex, short, the upper ones rib-striate, last
whorl rounded below, scarcely one-fourth the total length.
Aperture slightly oblique, elliptical-ovate, margins joined
by a callus, columellar margin slightly arcuate, whitish, ob-
liquely truncate, basal and right margins thin. Length 34,
diam. 9, aperture 8x5 mm. (Bens.).

India: Wadale, near Ahmednugger (Fairbank).

Achatina vadalica BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xv, Jan.
1865, p. 15. PFR., Monogr. vi, 229. HANL. and THEOB.,
Conch. Ind. pi. 35, f. 5.

"The convex sides of the upper part of the spire, the
shorter whorls, with the sculpture and polish of the shell, dis-
tinguish it as well from the Nilgiri A. perrotteti as from the
neighbouring A. notigena, which has an attenuate spire and
costulate sculpture in all the whorls. The Liberian A. clavus
Pfr., is a broader shell, with longer and wider whorls."
(Benson.)

18. G. TAMULICA (Blanford). PI. 9, fig. 12.

"Shell turrite, thin, glossy, corneous, striatulate; spire
regularly tapering, the apex obtuse ; whorls 10, convex, the
last slightly more than one-fourth the total length, rounded;
columella strongly arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aperture a
little oblique, suboval, peristome simple, thin, the margins
joined by a very thin callus. Length 20, diam. 6, aperture
5.8x3 mm." (Blanf.).

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GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 65

S. India: Cullagoody, Trichinopoly.

Achatina tamulica BLANP., Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol.
30, 1861, p. 362. PPB., Monogr. vi, 232. HANL. and THEOB.,
Conch. Ind. pi. 17, f. 9. Glessula t., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc.
vii, 162.

"Near A. shiplayi, but distinguished by the smaller number
of whorls, more obtuse apex, etc." (Blanf.). Known from
immature specimens with quite fragile lip. Col. Beddome
considers that "it is very near vadalica, and has all the ap-
pearance of being the young of that species."

19. G. PERROTTETI (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, figs. 9, 10.

Shell elongate-conic, the apex rather obtuse, glossy, cor-
neous, diaphanous ; whorls 8, a little convex, the last half the
total length, columella deeply incurved, abruptly truncate.
Aperture oval, the peristome simple, acute. Length 22, diam.
9, aperture 8x4 mm. (Pfr.).

S.India: Nilgiris (type loc.) at Neddoowutton (Blanford),
and Pulney Hills, about the foot of the mountains (Bed-
dome).

Achatina perrotteti PFR., Revue Zoologique 1842, p. 305;
Symbolae ii, 59; Monogr. ii, 260; iii, 494; iv, 607; vi, 224;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 324, pi. 26, f. 16, 17. Conch. Indica pi. 35,
fig. 6 ( ?). REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 24, f. W2.Glandina ?
p., PHILIPPI, Abbild. i, p. 135, pi. 1, f. 12. Stenogyra (G.)
p., NEVILL, Handlist, p. 168.

Pfeiffer's type seems to be a relatively wide, short form,
with the mouth more than one-third the total length. The
longer shell figured in Conchologia Indica is probably a dif-
ferent species.

20. G. LEPTOSPIRA (Benson). PI. 12, fig. 2.

Shell oblong-lurrite, striatulate, glossy, pale corneous-
brown; spire rather narrowly turrite, the apex obtuse, suture
rather deep, crenulate. Whorls 9, a little convex, the upper
short, more convex, the last less than one-third the total length.
Aperture suboblique, elliptical, margins joined by a callus,
columella r margin arcuate, obliquely truncate, the right
margin thin. Length 16, diam. 6 mm. (Bens.)

66

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

Someysur Hills (Theobald).

Achatina I, BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xv, Jan.
1865, p. 14. H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 35, f. 2. PPR., Monogr.
vi, 233. . (G.) leptospira NEVILL, Handlist, p. 171 (Goo-
meysur Hill) .

This species was probably based on immature shells. It
may prove to be a form of G. notigena.

21. G. NOTIGENA (Benson). PI. 12, figs. 3, 4, 9.

Shell long-conic, attenuate above, thin, subcostulate striate,
tawny corneous, glossy, pellucid. Spire turrited, attenuate
above, the apex obtuse; suture impressed, irregularly crenu-
late. Whorls 9 to 10, a little convex, the last less than one-
third the total length of the shell. Aperture subvertical;
narrowly semioval; columella slightly arcuate, subvertical,
rather obliquely truncate at the base ; peristome unexpanded,
thin, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 20, diam.
7, aperture 6 mm. long, scarcely 4 wide. (Bens.)

Mahableshwar Ghats (type loc., J. Chesson) ; Bombay Ghats
(W. Theobald). [Cherra Poonjee, Sylhet, teste Beddome].

Achatina notigena BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, June,
1860, p. 462. H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 35, f. 8, 9. PFR.,
Monogr. vi, 229. BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond. vii, 166.
Stenogyra (G.) notigera Blanf., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus.
p. 167, no. 40 (Poona and Khandala).

Benson records a variety which is more inflated, ovate-
turrite, 22 x 8 mm. No locality for it is mentioned. He
writes: "This shell has relations to A. chessoni in the attenu-
ation of the spire towards the summit, a feature observable
also in the northeastern A. tenuispira. It differs in form,
size, proportions, etc. In one specimen from Bombay the
attenuation of the spire is less conspicuous." Col. Beddome
states that the specimens he has seen are in no way separable
from tenuispira.

The initial half whorl is smooth; then very fine, close,
regular vertical striae appear, continuing to the end of the
embryonic shell, which consists of two whorls (fig. 9). After
this, the striae are irregular, coarse ones appearing in groups,

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 67

or at somewhat irregular intervals. On the last two or three
whorls the striation is still coarser, and chiefly on the upper
part of each whorl, the lower part being much smoother.
Specimens from Poona before me are more slender than those
from Bombay, measuring 21 x 7 mm., with 10^ whorls.

The sculptured embryonic whorls show that this species is
not related to G. tenuispira. I am much inclined to doubt
that the specimens recorded from the Sylhet region are really
notigena. They are probably tenuispira.

22. G. CORROSULA (Pfeiffer). PI. 12, figs. 5, 6.

Shell turrite, rather solid, smoothish, corroded in dots, pale
corneous. Spire a little convexly turrite, rather acute; su-
ture shallow subcrenulate. Whorls 9, very slightly convex,
the last scarcely two-sevenths the total length, rounded at the
base. Columella very deeply arcuate, obliquely distinctly
truncate. Aperture slightly oblique, sinuate-semioval ; peris-
tome simple, thin. Length 15, diam. 4%, aperture 4x2 mm.
(Pfr.).

Nilgiris (Ch. Shiplay, in Cuming coll.) ; Kurnool (Stol.)
Achatina c., PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 35; Novit. Conch, p.
104, pi. 29, f . 9, 10 ; Monogr. iv, 612.

23. G. BENSONIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 12, fig. 13, 14.

Shell oblong-turrite, thin, slightly striatulate, glossy, sub-
pellucid, tawny-corneous. Spire somewhat turrite, the apex
rather obtuse ; suture subimpressed, closely denticulate.
Whorls 81/2, rather flat, the last slightly more than one-third
the total length, tapering at the base; columella slightly
arcuate, shortly truncate a little above the base of the semi-
oval aperture; peristome simple, acute, the right margin
slightly arcuate. Length 18, diam. 6%, aperture 6% x 3
mm. (P/r.)

Nilgiris (Perrottet, type loc.) ; Kotagherry and Ootaca-
mund (Stoliczka).

Achatina bensoniana PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 27;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 325, pi. 26, f. 12, 13; Monogr. iii, 494.
HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 102, f. 3. Stenogyra

68 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

(Glessula) b., G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol. 50, 1881, p. 137, pi.
5, f. 16, 16o.

24. G. PR^ELUSTRIS (Benson). PI. 9, figs. 15, 16.

Shell ovate-oblong, very thin, fragile, irregularly plieate-
striate, glossy, pale buff-corneous; spire pyramidal, the apex
obtuse, suture rather deep, subcrenulate ; whorls 8~y 2 , a little
convex, slightly swollen above near the sutures, the last whorl
more than one-third the total length, subinflated; aperture
vertical, semioval, rather wide; columella somewhat straight,
slightly curved, base obliquely truncate; peristome unex-
panded, acute. Length 33, dram. 17, aperture 15 x 9 mm.
{Bens.}.

S. India: Midnapore, Balasore and Cuttack, Orissa pro-
vince, in mango topes (W. Theobald) ; common in the Orissa
and Ganjam districts, east side of the Madras Presidency
(Beddome).

Achatina pralustris BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H., June, 1860,
Vj p. 462. PFR. Monogr. vi, 221. HANLEY & THEOB., Conch.
Ind. pi. 17, f. 6, and var., f. 7. Glessula p., BEDDOME, P.
Mai. Soc. vii, p. 162. Stenogyra (Glessula) praclustris
NEVILL, Handlist, p. 170.

Col. Beddome gives 40 mm. as length of his largest speci-
men. There is a smaller race (pi. 9, fig. 15) measuring,
length 24, diam. 11, aperture 10.5 mm. long; whorls iy 2 .
The lip has a smooth, thickened edge.

25. G. CHESSONI (Benson). PI. 11, fig. 5.

Shell ovate-turrite, attenuate above, roughly plicate-striate,
the strife very minutely, closely, obsoletely spirally decussate ;
tawny-corneous or purplish-brown, translucent, a little glossy ;
spire turrite, attenuate towards the slightly obtuse apex;
suture impressed, crenulate. Whorls 11%, a little convex,
the last over one-third the length of the shell, a little in-
flated. Aperture subvertical, semioval, rather wide; colu-
mella rather straight, whitish-calloused, at base slightly ob-
liquely truncate; peristome unexpanded, thin. Length 37,
diam. 15, aperture 14x8 mm. (Bens.).

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 69

S. India: Mahableshwar Mts. (J. Chesson, type loc.);
North Canara forests; near Sircee (Beddome) ; Igapuri
(Stoliczka) ; Torna and Purandhar (Blanf.).

Achatina chessoni BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, June,
1860, p. 462. PFR., Monogr. vi, 222. HANL. & THEOB.,
Conch. Ind. pi. 17, f. 8. Glessula c., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc.
vii, 163. S. (G.) chessoni NEVILL, Handlist, p. 167.

There is also a more slender variety 33 x 12 mm. noted
by Benson.

26. G. TORNENSIS Blanford. PI. 11, figs. 3, 4.

Shell ovate-oblong, rather thin, smooth, glossy, polished,
subobsoletely striatulate, tawny-corneous; spire long-conoid,
the sides convex ; apex very obtuse ; suture impressed, some-
what corrugated above. Whorls 7 to iy 2 , convex, the last
over two-fifths the total length, rounded beneath. Aperture
subvertical, oblong-semioval ; peristome unexpanded, thin,
the margins joined by a thin callus ; coluinella deeply arcuate,
whitish, almost vertically truncate in front. Length 25,
diam. 14, oblique alt. of aperture 12, width 7 mm. (Blanf.).

S. and W. India: Torna Hills, near the town of Poona on
the west, (type loc.) ; Anamullays; Tinnevelly; Travancore
Ghats (Beddome).

Glessula tornensis BLANF., Journ. A. S. B. vol. 39, 1870, p.
22, pi. 3, f. 22. BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 163. Achatina t.,
Conch. Indica, pi. 78, f. 3.

" In form it is remarkably similar to G. textilis W. Blanf.,
from the Anamallay Hills, but it entirely wants the colored
markings of that species " (Blanf.). Col. Beddome remarks,
" My Travancore specimens were labelled siibtornensis by
Nevill, but I cannot see how they differ. I took a very beau-
tiful, dark chocolate-colored variety on the Calcad Hills in
Tinnevelly." Fig. 4 is the typical form from Torna Hills. A
specimen measures, length 26.5, diam. 13.5, aperture 12 mm.,
with 714 whorls. Hanley figures a much more obese form
from the same place (fig. 3).

27. G. TEXTILIS Blanford. PI. 11, figs. 6, 7.

" Shell ovate-oblong, rather solid, translucent, striated near

70 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

the suture, smooth, polished, dark chestnut with close vertical
and horizontal lines of a greyish-yellow color, varying in
breadth and resembling the threads of an irregularly woven
cloth. Spire elongated, conoidal with convex sides, apex ob-
tuse, sutures impressed. Whorls 7, convex, the last about
two-fifths of the entire length, rounded beneath. Aperture
vertical, truncately semi-oval, milky within; peristome
slightly thickened, white, right margin slightly sinuate
towards the base, eolumella deeply curved, obliquely truncated
beneath, margins united by a thin callus. Length 26, diam.
13 mm. Aperture lO 1 /^ mm. long, 7 broad " (Blanf.).

S. India: Anamullay Hills, 6000 ft., type loc. (Blanf.);
Pulney Hills (Fairbank) ; Tinnevelly and Travancore Ghats
(Beddome).

Achatina textilis BLANF., J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 41.
Conch. Ind., pi. 17, f. 10. PFR., Monogr. vi, 220. Glessula t.,
BEDDOME, I. c., p. 163. 8. (G.) textilis NEVILL, Handlist p.
168.

" This is the only indigenous Indian Achatina with which
I am acquainted possessing colored markings. In form it
approaches some of the Ceylon Achatina, and also an unde-
scribed Deccan species" (Blanf.).

" Varies in diameter from 10 to 14 mm. I have specimens
from the Tinnevelly Ghats in which the textile coloring is
reduced to a single narrow band on each of the three lower
whorls, or is entirely obsolete " (Beddome).

Besides the numerous reddish lines and bands on a pale-
yellow ground, it is sometimes sprinkled with buff dots. A
small specimen from the Pulney Hills figured measures,
length 21, diam. 9.9, length of aperture 9.8 mm. (fig. 7).

28. G. SENATOR (Hanley). PL 11, fig. 8.

Shell subovate-conoid, sometimes narrower, thin, glossy,
smooth; chocolate, conspicuously ornamented with a yellow-
ish or pale stripe. Whorls convex, much wider than high
(61/2 in an imperfect example), rapidly increasing, marked
below the deeply-impressed suture with a very narrow band
and above it with a wide one, which continues on the last

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 71

whorl a little above the middle. Spire about half the total
length, apex paler, obtuse. Columella short, paler, arcuate,
broadly truncate. Length 1 inch (Hani.).

Southern India, Cottyam Hills, collections of Beddome
and Me Andrew (Hanley) ; Peermede Hills, Travancore (Bed-
dome).

Achatina (Glessula) senator HANL., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 606;
Conch. Indica, pi. 155, f. 4. G. s., BEDDOME, 1. c., p. 163.

Only four specimens are known to me, all from the Cottyam
Hills; two are young and rather narrow in proportion to the
fine but broken-lipped example I have described, which once
belonged to the celebrated Indian conchologist W. Benson. '
(Hanley).

1 ' Only differs from the last two species in its beautiful col-
oration" (Beddome).

29. G. isis (Hanley). PI. 11, fig. 9.

Shell subcylindric, smooth, thin, very glossy, whitish or
pale, sometimes with a narrow tawny band, and encircled by
close, very narrow tawny lines; the band generally placed
towards the base of the upper whorls and above the middle of
the last one. Whorls about 10, convex, gradually increasing,
obsoletely subcrenulated below the deep suture, and all but
the last whorl are much wider 'than, high; apex obtuse.
Aperture narrow, slightly more than one-fourth the total
length. Columella short, arcuate, obliquely twisted-truncate.
Length 1%, width two-seventh inch [ca. 33 x 7.14 mm.] (Han-
ley).

S. India: Foot of the Pulney Hills (Fairbank, Beddome).

Achatina (Glessula) isis HANL. P. Z. S., 1875, p. 606;
Conch. Indica, p. 62, pi. 155, f. 5. PFR., Monogr., viii, 616.
Glessula i, BEDDOME, 1. c., p. 163.

" Much the coloring of textilis, but the shell is very dif-
ferent in form, being elongated and narrow " (Beddome).

30. G. SUBPERROTTETI Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 1, 2.

Shell ovate-turrite, tapering above, very glossy, lightly
plicate-striate, fulvous-corneous; spire turrite, attenuate

72 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

towards the rather obtuse apex ; suture impressed, crenulate.
Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last about two-fifths the length
of the shell. Aperture semi-oval; columella rather straight,
whitish-calloused; peristome unexpanded, thin, the margins
joined by a whitish callus. Length 28, diam. 9, aperture
10x5 mm. (Beddome).

S. India: Travancore Hills above Calcad.

G. subperrotteti BEDD., Proc. Malac. Soc., vii, p. 163, pi.
15, f. 1, la (Sept., 1906).

' Intermediate between chessoni Bens, and perrotteti Pfr.
The sculpture is much less prominent than in the former. ' '

31. G. CANARICA Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 7, 8.

Shell iturrite-oblong, rather thin; spire oblong, apex ob-
tuse; very glossy, purple-brown, distinctly and closely sub-
costulate-striate, under the lens 'Closely decussate; suture im-
pressed; whorls 9, nearly flat, the last two-fifths the total
length. Aperture vertical, oblong semi-oval. Peristome
thin. Columella deeply arcuate, almost vertically truncate in
front. Length 25, diam. 9, aperture 8x4 mm. (Beddome).

S. India: South Canara Ghats (Kudra Mukh), rare.

Glessula c., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, 164, pi. 15, f.
4 (Sept., 1906).

In its blunt oblong spire it resembles the large form of
amentum as figured by Hanley. It is a beautifully sculp-
tured shell."

32. G. ANAMULLICA (Blanford).

' Shell turrite-ovate, thin, finely striated, horny with high
vitreous lustre. Spire turrited, sides convex, apex obtuse,
suture impressed. Whorls 8, scarcely convex, the last
rounded beneath. Aperture oblique, peristome thin, colu-
mella moderately arcuate, obliquely truncated below. ' '

Length 27, diam. 12, aperture 10x6.5 mm. (Blanf.).

S. India: Anamullay Hills ( Blanf.) ; Travancore Hills
(Beddome).

Achatina anamullica BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 35, 1866, p.

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 73

37. PFR., Monogr., vi, 223. Glessula a., BEDDOME, 1. c., p.
164.

" Though a good many of this fine, dark chocolate-colored
species were taken, none of them had a firm lip, and though
eggs were taken from some of them they are probably not full
grown. It is not very like any one species, the nearest to it
being perrotteti '' (Beddome}.

33. G. SUBINORNATA Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 5, 6.

Shell oblong-turrite, solid, closely striate, decussated with
very minute obsolete, spiral striae ; tawny, glossy, the apex a
little obtuse ; suture lightly impressed, very closely crenulate.
Whorls 8, rather flattened, the last two-fifths the total length,
a little convex; spire long-turrite. Columella arcuate, white-
calloused, obliquely abruptly truncate. Aperture triangular-
semi-ovate, whitish inside ; peristome simple, obtuse,

Length 28, diam. 8, aperture 10x5 mm. (Bedd.).

S. India: Sispara Ghat, on the Nilgiris.

G. subinornata BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept.,
1906, p. 164, pi. 15, f. 3, with var. minor.

" Allied to the Ceylonese inornata and parabilis; smaller
and narrower than the former; larger and with a more
elongated spire than the latter."

' ' Var. minor. Length 21, diam. 7 mm. ; aperture 8 mm.
long, 4 wide. Brunagherry Hills, Wynad.

" Of a pale-steel color, otherwise only differing in size from
the type. Very near parabilis, but with rather longer spire
and smaller aperture ' (Beddome).

34. G. BEDDOMEI (Blanford). PL 11, figs. 10, 11.

" Shell turrite-ovate, solid, finely and closely sub-costu-
lately striated, dark-purplish brown, epidermis in parts hav-
ing a tendency to assume a dirty cream color, especially in
dead specimens. Spire convex below, slightly acuminate
above, apex obtuse, rather inclined to the right, suture im-
pressed. Whorls 7 1 /2->, convex, the last two-fifths of the
entire length, rounded at the base. Aperture nearly vertical,
sub-pyriform, milky within ; peristome thickened, white, outer

74 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

margin rather straight, not arcuate, columella deeply curved,
lined with callus, subobliquely and rather broadly truncated
at the base."

Length 30, diam. 11.5, aperture 10x6 mm. (Blanf.).

S. India: Anamullay Hills, 5000-7000 ft, (type loc., Bed-
dome). Ceylon.

Achatina beddomei BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 35, 1866, p.
41. H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 102, f . 8 ; 156, f . ^.Glessula b.,
BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc., vii, 165, with var. pollens,

' ' This is a more solid form than any of the Nilgiri species,
and it differs from all of them, and also from the solid Cey-
lonese forms, in its sub-acuminate apex. It is a well-marked
species " (Blanf.}.

" The Ceylon specimens are slightly narrower, but do not
otherwise differ " (Beddome).

Var. pattens Beddome. Only differing from the type in
being of a pale-straw color. There are numerous specimens
of this in the Nevill collection, purchased by Messrs. Sowerby
and Fulton, and a single specimen in the late Dr. Blanf ord's
collection, labeled G. skinneri. This is, I believe, inornata var.
b Pfr., Monogr. Hel., iii, p. 490 (Beddome') .

The figures are copied from Conchologia Indica. Fig. 10
is from a native painting, fig. 11 from the type specimen.
Hanley remarks that it " differs little from G. inornata ex-
cept in its peaked apex." Whether it has the microscopic
sculpture of that species is not known.

35. G. BOTTAMPOTANA ('Beddome ' Hanley). PI. 11, fig. 12.

" Length 25.5, diam. 10 mm., whorls 7, of unusually solid
substance " (Nevill, 1881, specimen from Col. Beddome).

' ' The decussation in the sculpture is much more prominent
than in any other species. Hanley 's figure is good, but does
not show the sculpture ' (Beddome).

S.-W. India: Bollampatty Hills, 5-6000 ft., above Palghat.

Achatina bottampotana Beddome MSS., HANLEY and THEO-
BALD, Conch. Indica, p. 63, pi. 156, f. 1 (1874) ; no descrip-
tion. Stenogyra (Glessula) bottampotana NEVILL, Handlist
Ind. Mus., p. 169 (Anamullays). 8. (G.) bollampattiana

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 75

Beddome, G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol. 50, 1881, p. 139. Gles-
sula bolumpattiana BEDDOME, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii,
Sept., 1906, p. 165.

Since Indian authors do not agree in the orthography of
the name, I have followed the original spelling.

36. G. SUBSERENA Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 13, 14.

Shell ovate-turrite, rather solid, very highly polished, ob-
soletely striatulate, fulvous-corneous, pellucid. Spire sub-
turrite, the apex obtuse; suture impressed, margined, crenu-
late. Whorls 7, rather flattened, the last scarcely half the
total length. Aperture semi-oval; columella deeply arcuate,
whitish-calloused, margins joined by a callus, at the base ab-
ruptly and obliquely truncate. Length 22, diam. 11, aperture
10x5 mm. (Beddome).

S. India: Peermede, Travancore; Anamullays.

Glessula s., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906,
p. 166, pi. 15, f. 7.

' The last whorl is longer and the spire less elevated than
in the Ceylonese serena, and the whorls, especially the upper
ones, are less convex."

37. G. JEYPORENSIS Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 11, 12.

Shell oblong-turrite, thin, striatulate, glossy, buff-corneous.
Spire sub-turrite, obtuse at the apex. Suture impressed,
crenulate. Whorls 8, rather flat, the last nearly two-fifths
the total length. Columella very deeply arcuate, truncate at
the base. Aperture semi-oval ; peristome simple. Length 18,
diam. 6, aperture 5x3 mm. (Beddome').

Jeypore Hills, East coast of the Madras Presidency.

G. jeyporensis BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept.,
1906, p. 167, pi. 15, f. 6, Qa.

' Allied to bensoniana, but with a shorter, blunter spire."

38. G. JERDONI (' Benson ' Reeve). PI. 12, figs. 16, 17, 18.

Shell oblong-subulate, thin, smoothish, glossy, tawny-cor-
neous ; spire turrited, the apex rather obtuse, suture margined ;
whorls 8, a little convex, the last slightly exceeding one-third

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

the total length, somewhat tapering towards the base. Colu-
mella slightly arcuate, shortly truncate near the base of the
subrhombic-semioval aperture; peristome unexpanded, acute,
the right margin slightly arcuate. Length 14, diam. 5,
aperture 4% x 2% mm. (P/r.).

Nilgiris (Jerdon, type loc.) ; Anamullays; Pulney Hills
(Fairbank) ; Cherra Poonjee (Beddome).

Achatina jerdoni Benson MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v,
March, 1850, pi. 21, fig. 80. PFR., Monogr., iii, 494 ; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 312, pi. 25, f. 10, 11. H. & T, Conch. Ind., pi. 78,
f. 10.

Pfeiffer's figures and description of a specimen from Ben-
son are reproduced. The specimens recorded from Cherra
Poonjee should be very closely compared with those from
Southern India ; they may prove separable.

39. G. SINGHURENSIS W. Blanford. PI. 10, fig. 5.

Shell pyramidal, turrited, thin, corneous, polished, glossy,
smooth, slightly striatulate. Spire long-conic, the apex sub-
acute; suture impressed, minutely corrugated. Whorls 8,
convex, the last scarcely one-third the total length, rounded
beneath. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate-oblong; peristome
obtuse, whitish ; columella very deeply arcuate, obliquely trun-
cate in front. Length 12.5, diam. 4.4, aperture 4 x 2.5 mm.
(Blanf.).

Singhur, near Poona.

G. singhurensis BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 39, 1870, p. 19, pi.
3, f. 17. Achatina s., H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 78, f. 7.

This is allied to the Nilgiri G. jerdoni Bens., but the sides
of the spire are less convex, the shell being more regularly
pyramidal, with a less obtuse apex. In some of the specimens
of this species collected alive, but in which the animal had
subsequently dried up, I found young shells. It would thus
appear to be viviparous. I have observed the same circum-
stance (the occurrence of young shells inside the old one) in
G. cassiaca Bs. In other species of this genus I have found
small round eggs with a calcareous shell, but these may be
hatched, before they are deposited by the parent " (Blanf.).

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 77

40. G. AMENTUM ('Benson' Reeve). PI. 10, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Shell turrite-oblong, rather thin, distinctly and closely
striate, silky, pellucid, chestnut-corneous. Spire turrite, the
apex rathor obtuse, suture impressed, whitish, subcrenulate.
Whorls 9, a little convex, the last one not one-third the length,
rounded at base. Columella a little arcuate, white-calloused,
somewhat twisted, obliquely truncate at the base of the sub-
rhombic-semioval aperture; peristome simple, unexpanded,
ihe right margin regularly arcuate. Length 22, diam. 7 mm. ;
oblique length of aperture 7.5, width 4 mm. (Pfr., from spec,
in Benson coll.).

Near Calcutta, under a fallen palm, on the Howrah bank
of the river, between Bishop's College and the Botanic Gar-
dens (Benson, 1835, type loc.) ; Valley of the upper Nerbudda
(W. Theobald) ; Orissa and Ganjam (Beddome).

Achatina amentum Benson MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v.,
June, 1849, pi. 17, fig. 82. PFR., Monogr., iii, 499 ; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 311, pi. 25, f. 4, 5. H. & T., Conch. Indica, pi. 35, f.
3. BENSON, Ann. Mag., v, 1860, p. 464. Glessula a., BED-
DOME, P. Mai. Soc., vii, 168.

The initial half whorl is smooth, the next two whorls closely,
very regularly striate vertically. Then the coarser, post-
embryonic sculpture begins (pi. 10, fig. 4). The striation is
rather sharp but uneven, and the striae are strongest at and
near the suture, decreasing downwards. It resembles G. noti-
gena somewhat, but the early whorls are not attenuated, and
there are 2y 2 embryonic whorls.

Col. Beddome remarks: " I found the smaller variety very
abundant on the top of the Myhendra Hill (Ganjam). The
larger variety, found near Calcutta and in central India, and
well figured by Hanley, is a rare shell. It has a shorter and
blunter apex and fewer whorls than G. vandalica, but speci-
mens of that species sometimes do duty for it in collections."

41. G. FACULA (Benson). PI. 10, figs. 8, 9.

Shell turrite-ovate, thin, smooth, irregularly striatulate,
translucent, glossy, pale tawny-corneous. Spire turrite-conic,
the apex obtuse, suture rather deep, irregularly, slightly

78 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

crenulate. Whorls T 1 /^, somewhat convex, the last scarcely
two-fifths the total length, lightly and remotely plicate-striate
anteriorly. Aperture subvertical, semi-oval; 'Columella
shortly and deeply arcuate, callous, obliquely truncate at base.
Peristome unexpanded, thin, margins joined by a thin callus.
Length 18, diam. 8, aperture 7x4.5 mm. (Bens.).

Nilgiris (T. Jerdon, type loc.) ; Pulney Hills; Nullay-
mallays; Kurnool; Jeypore Hills, east side of Madras (Bed-
dome).

Achatina facula Bs., Ann. and Mag. N. H.(3), v, June, 1860,
p. 466. PFR., Monogr., vi, 224. H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 35.
f. 1 (not good). Glessula f., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soe. Lond.,
vii, 168. Achatina perotteti REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 21,
f. 102. Stenogyra (Glessula) facula NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol.
50, 1881, p. 137, pi. 18, 18a (copy from Reeve).

Cf. G. illustris, no. 69.

" Intermediate in form between A. oreas and A. hilgeli Pfr.,
this shell was, in the Conchologia Iconica, confounded with
A. perrotteti Pfr., which proved to be a more elongated form,
of which A. nilagirica B., fig. 87 of the same plate, is a length-
ened variety. Pfeiffer cites fig. 102, with a mark of doubt,
under A. perrotteti, in the third volume of his Manual "
(Benson).

42. G. BOTELLUS (Benson). PI. 10, fig. 6.

Shell oblong, rather solid, smooth, lightly striatulate, under
a lens distinctly, closely, spirally, very minutely scratched,
polished, tawny-chestnut. Spire ovate-oblong, the apex very
obtuse, suture impressed, slightly crenulate. Whorls 7, a
little convex, the last slightly wider. Aperture suboblique,
semi-oval, whitish within ; columella deeply arcuate, whitish-
calloused, subvertically truncate at the base. Peristome un-
expanded, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin
slightly widened, flat, not thickened. Length 18, diam. 7.5,
aperture 7 x 3.66 mm. (Bens.).

Nilgiris (T. Jerdon, type loc.) ; Pykara (Blanford).

Achatina botellus BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), v, June,
1860, p. 465. PFR., Monogr., vi, 226. H. & T., Conch. Ind.,

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 79

pl. 35, f. 4. Glessula botellus BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond.,
vii, 168.

Col. Beddome writes: " Nevill labelled my specimens
from the foot of the Nilgiris botellus var. convexior, but I do
not see how they differ from the type."

43. G. OROPHILA (' Benson ' Reeve). PI. 10, fig. 10.

Shell conically ovate ; spire acuminated ; sutures impressed ;
whorls 7, rounded, peculiarly obscurely indented; columella
short, deeply arched and truncated; aperture rather small,
olive-horn colored. Distinguished by the deeply-arched cur-
vature of the columella, and by the whorls being rather more
numerous than is usual in species of this form (Reeve).

Nilgiri Hills (type loc., Jerdon) ; Anamullay Hills; S. Can-
ara; Golcondah Hills, east side of Madras Presidency (Bed-
dome).

Achatina orophila Benson MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v,
June, 1849, pl. 19, f. 105. Stenogyra (Glessula) orophila
NEVILL, J. A. S. B., 1881, p. 137. Glessula o., BEDDOME, P.
Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, 168. Achatina arthurii BENSON, Ann.
Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, March, 1864, p. 209. H. & T., Conch.
Ind., pl. 36, f. 3. Cionella (Glessula) orophila SEMPER,
Reisen im Archipel Phil., Landmoll., p. 133, pl. 12, f. 14-16
(genitalia), pl. 16, f. 18 (central tooth).

Reeve's second locality, Colombo, Ceylon, was probably due
to an erroneous identification. Col. Beddome omits the Nil-
giris from his list of localities. He writes: " My Golcondah
specimens were labelled by H. Nevill G. subbrevis, but I can-
not see how they differ. Nevill, I think, saw only young ex-
amples."

Achatina arthurii Benson, from Neher, Mahableshwar Hills,
is considered a synonym of orophila by Col. Beddome. The
original figure is copied, pl. 10, fig. 7. " Shell ovate-conic,
irregularly plicate-striate, buff-tawny, polished, translucent.
Spire ovate-conic, apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls
7 1 /2, a little convex, subcrenulate at the suture. Aperture
subvertical, elliptic-ovate, peristome rather thick, parietal cal-

80 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

lus whitish; columellar margin obliquely truncate. Length
19, diam. 10, aperture 8 mm." (Benson).

44. G. OREAS (' Benson ' Reeve). PI. 10, fig. 11.

Shell oblong-conical; whorls 7, convex, finely margined at
the sutures, longitudinally obscurely impressed striate, col-
umella arched, aperture small, brown-horny (Reeve).

Length 14.5, diam. 7.25 mm., whorls 7 (Nevill).

Nilgiris (Jerdon, type loc.), foot of the Koonoor Pass
(Nevill); Tinnevelly and Travancore Hills; South Canara
Ghats; Nallaymallays, Kurnool (Beddome).

Achatina oreas Benson MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 21,
fig. 113, March 1850. Stenogyra (Glessula) oreas NEVILL, J.
A. S. B., vol. 50, 1881, p. 135. Glessula o., BEDDOME, P. Mai.
Soc. Lond., vii, 169. (Not A. oreas Pfr.)

45. G. PSEUDOREAS (Nevill), pi. 10, figs. 12, 13.

Shell subturrite-ovate, thin, smooth, slightly shining,
brown-corneous; spire turrite-conic, the apex obtuse; suture
submarginate, impressed. Whorls 7, a trifle convex, the last
about two-fifths the total length, rounded at the base; colu-
mella very deeply arcuate, white-calloused, obliquely truncate
above the base of the elliptic-semioval aperture; peristome
unexpanded, acute, the right margin lightly arcuate. Length
12.5, diam. 5, aperture 5x2.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Length 11, diam. scarcely 5 mm., whorls 6 (Nevill).

Nilgiris (type loc., Jerdon, Blanford) ; S. Canara Ghats;
Anamullays; Pulney Hills; Tinnevelly Hills (Beddome).

Achatina oreas Benson, PFR., Monographia Heliceorum Vi-
ventium, iii, 1853, p. 495 (exclusive of reference to Reeve) ;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 312, pi. 25, f. 8, 9. Not A. oreas Reeve,
1850. Stenogyra (Glessula) pseudoreas NEVILL, J. A. S. B.,
vol. 50, 1881. p. 136. G. pseudoreas BEDDOME, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond., vii, p. 169.

Var. siibdesliayesiana, Nevill. Whorls 6, length 11, diam.
4.25 mm. Type var. from the Anamullays, coll. Col. Bed-
dome; also from the Pulney Hills, coll. Rev. Fairbank (G.
Nevill) .

GLESSULA, PENINSULAK INDIA. 81

46. G. SCRUTILLUS (Benson). PI. 10, fig. 17.

Shell oblong, rather solid, smooth, rather remotely striatu-
late, glossy, tawny-corneous; spire ovate-oblong, apex obtuse,
suture impressed; whorls 5~y 2 , a little convex, the last over
one-third the length of the shell. Aperture vertical, ovate-
elliptical. Columella deeply arcuate, abruptly and deeply
truncate at the base ; peristome unexpanded, obtuse, the mar-
gins joined by a rather thick callus. Length 6, diam. 2.66,
aperture 2.5 mm. (Bens.).

Cuttack, Orissa, type loc. ; upper valley of the Nerbudda
(W. Theobald).

Achatina scrutillus BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, June,
1860, p. 463.

This little species may be known at once on comparison
with the Bengal A. gemma, which is ordinarily of the same
size, by its less rapidly-decreasing spire, solidity and color;
and from the paler A. frumentum Reeve, which is probably
only a local variety of A. gemma, by the two first-mentioned
characters " (Bens.).

47. G. PULLA Blanford. PI. 13, figs. 5, 6.

Shell small, turrite, thin, brownish-corneous, a little shin-
ing, smooth, striatulate. Spire lengthened subconic, the sides
somewhat convex ; apex obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 7
to 8, convex, short, the last about two-sevenths the total
length, rounded below. Aperture oblique, subovate ; per-
istome thin; columella arcuate, obliquely truncate below.
Length 7, diam. 2.75, aperture 2x1.5 mm. (Blanf.).

Torna, Bombay Presidency (Evezard).

Glessula pulla BLANF., J. A. S. B., 1870, xxxix, p. 21, pi. 3,
f. 20. Achatina pulla HANL. and THEOB., Conch. Ind., pi. 78,
f. 1. PFR., Monogr., viii, 288.

" This is allied to G. fairbanki Bs., but distinguished by
its more conical spire, smaller size and darker color '
(Blanf.).

48. G. PAUPERCULA (Blanford). PI. 13, fig. 9.

Shell turrite-oblong, rather solid, a little shining, tawny-

82 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

corneous, impressed-striate. Spire turrite, the sides slightlv
convex ; apex obtuse ; suture submarginate. Whorls 7, a little
convex, the last about one-third the total length. Columella
deeply arcuate, truncate at the base. Aperture oval-piri-
f orm ; peristome unexpanded, slightly labiate within, the mar-
gins joined by a callus.

Length 9, diam. 3.5, aperture 3x2 mm. (Blanf.).

Kolamullies, Patchamullies and Shevroys (W. King and R.
B. Foote, original lot) ; Hills in the Salem district; Anamul-
lays; Tinnevelly; Travancore Hills; Kurnool Hills (Bed-
dome) .

Ackatina paupercula BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 30, 1861, p.
362, pi. 1, f. 16. H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 102, f. 1. Glessula
p., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc., vii, 170, with var. nana. [G.] in-
conspicua Nevill MS., BEDDOME, I. c.

" The nearest ally to this small species appears to be the
Darjiling A. crassula B. From this it is mainly distinguished
by the shape of the spire which is more convex at the side,
by its smaller breadth compared with its length, and by its
more marked and slightly marginate sutures.

" A. paupercula is probably common upon the Shevroys.
All the specimens, however, found by Mr. King at that local-
ity are bleached, two specimens from the Kolamullies alone
retaining their original texture " (W. T. & H. F. Blanf ord)*

Var. nana Beddome. A shorter, more obtuse form, occur-
ring occasionally with the type form, and very like sattara-
ensis, but shorter (Beddome).

49. G. SATTARAENSIS (' H. Ad.' H. & T.). PI. 13, figs. 7, 8.

Shell oblong-turrite, rather solid, smooth, obscurely striate,
glossy, brown-corneous. Spire turrite, the apex slightly ob-
tuse; suture impressed, crenulate. Whorls 7, a little convex,
the last slightly over three-eighths the total length. Aperture
slightly oblique, oval. Columella callous, deeply arcuate, ob-
liquely truncate; peristome unexpanded, obtuse, margined
with whitish; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 8.5,
diam. 4 mm. (H. Ad.).

Western India: Satara, Bombay Presidency (E. L. Layard,

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 83

type loc.) ; Ceylon central provinces; Ram'baddy Ghats (Bed-
dome) ; Nuwara-Eliya (Simon).

Glessula fusca H. AD., P. Z. S., 1868, p. 15, pi. 4, f. 10, 10a
(not Achatina fusca Pf r.) . Achatina sattaraensis H. Adams
MS., HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 33, pi. 78, f . 4.
PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 281.

I do not know whether Ceylonese examples have been care-
fully compared with the types from Satara. A specimen
from Saharumpore has been figured by Hanley.

50. G. SUBJERDONI Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 3, 4.

Shell oblong-turrite, thin, lightly striatulate, glossy, sub-
pellucid, tawny-corneous. Spire sub-turrite, a little obtuse at
the apex; suture impressed; whorls 7 to 8, a little flattened,
the last scarcely four-sevenths the total length, tapering at the
base. Columella lightly arcuate, truncate a little way above
the base of the aperture. Aperture vertical, semi-oval;
peristome simple, a little obtuse. Length 11, diam. 3.5,
aperture 2.5 x 2 mm. (Beddome).

Jeypore and Golconda Hills, east side of Madras Presi-
dency.

G. sub jerdoni BEDD., Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, Sept.,
1906, p. 170, pi. 15, f. 2, 2a.

( ' A smaller and more slender shell than jerdoni, and much
larger than paupercula, of which it may be a large form."

A specimen evidently near subjerdoni, but purchased as G.
jerdoni, and said to be from the Nilgiris, is figured, pi. 12,
fig. 16. Below the suture there are vertical grooves, strong
and regular on the shoulder, but rapidly weakening down-
ward. The lip is rather thick and whitish-edged. It is a
wider shell than G. p. taprobanica, which seems to be closely-
related. Length 9.2, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.25 mm. ; whorls 7>

51. G. GRACILIS Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 17, 18.

Shell small, cylindric-turrite, rather solid, slightly shining,,
evidently striatulate. Spire long, obtuse at the apex; suture
impressed, crenulate. Whorls 8, a little flattened, the last
scarcely one-third the total length, the base slightly tapering.

84 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

Columella a little oblique, truncate a little way above the base
of the aperture. Aperture vertical, semi-oval; peristome
whitish within, obtuse. Length 11, diam. 2, aperture 2.5 x 1.5
mm. (Beddome).

Nilgiri Hills, type loc. ; Jeypore Hills, east coast of Madras.

G. gracilis BEDD., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906,
p. 170, pi. 15, f. 9, 9a.

' The Jeypore specimens are slightly larger, the whorls
rather more convex and slightly angular close to the sutures."

52. G. PUSILLA Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 9, 10.

Shell turrite-oblong, thin, a little glossy, buff-corneous,
lightly striatulate. Spire turrite, obtuse at the apex; suture
crenulate. Whorls 6 to 6 1 /2, a little convex, the last two-
fifths the total length. Columella deeply arcuate, at the base
almost vertically truncate. Aperture semi-oval; peristome
unexpanded, whitish. Length 5 to 5.5, diam. 1.75 to 2 mm. ;
aperture 1.5x1 mm. (Bedd.).

Ceylon, Rambaddy Ghat. South India, Anamullay Hills;
Shevaroys; Nilgiris.

G. pusilla BEDD., P. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906, p.
171, p. 15, f. 5, 5a.

" Much smaller than colletta, its nearest ally, with weaker
sculpture and paler color."

53. G. MULLOKUM (Blanford). PL 13, fig. 10.

Shell turrite-oblong, rather solid, pale corneous, diaph-
anous, rather remotely, lightly striate. Spire turrite, the
apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 6, convex, the last
about one-third the total length, rounded basally. Columella
short, arcuate, slightly callous, obliquely truncate. Aperture
nearly semi-circular, vertical; peristome unexpanded, obtuse;
margins joined by a thin callus. Length 7.5, diam. scarcely
4, aperture 2.5x1.75 mm. (Blanf.).

City of Madras (Blanford, Nevill).

Achatina mullorum BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 30, 1861, p.
362, pi. 1, f. 17. H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 102, f. 5. PFR.,
Monogr., vi, 228.

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 85

" This is one of the group of small Indian Achatinas com-
prising A. gemma Bens., and A. scrutillus B. From these two
shells the present species is distinguished by its conical spire
with straight and not convex sides, its paler color and sculp-
ture. Both varieties are found abundantly crawling on
banks, in a garden at Nungumbankum, a suburb of Madras '
(W. T. & H. F. Blanford).

54. G. BREVIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 13, fig. 13.

Shell conic-ovate, thin, pellucid, tawny-corneous. Spire
conic, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 6, moderately con-
vex; distinctly sculptured with strias descending from the
suture and vanishing downward ; last whorl a little shorter
than the spire, rounded. Columella twisted forward, almost
horizontally truncate. Aperture nearly vertical, sinuate-oval ;
peristome thin. Length 8 to 9, diam. 5 to 5.3, aperture 4.66 x
2.33mm. (Pfr.).

Ahmednuggur (type lo-c.) and Poona; Jeypore Hills, east
side of Madras Presidency (Beddome).

Achatina brevis PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 387; Monogr., vi,
227. H. & T., Conch. Indica, pi. 18, f. 10. Glessula brevis
BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc., vii, p. 171 (microsculpta Nevill MS.
mentioned) .

According to Col. Beddome, "Hanley's figure is too broad
towards the base, and does not show sculpture, which is pecu-
liar." His Jeypore specimens were named microsculpta by
Nevill, but they seem not to differ from brevis.

55. G. FILOSA Blanford. PI. 13, fig. 14.

Shell subrimate, turrite, thin, corneous, vertically plicate-
striate, little shining. Spire elevated; apex obtuse, very
shortly conic, somewhat mucronate; suture impressed.
Whorls 8, convex, the last about one-third the total length,
rounded basally. Aperture vertical, lunate-suboval. Peri-
stome unexpanded, thin. Columella arcuate, whitish, lamelli-
form, thin, obliquely truncate. Length 21, diam. 9 ; aperture
5 mm. long.

Travancore (type loc.) and Tinnevelly Ghats (Beddome).

86 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.

Glessula filosa BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 39, 1870, p. 19, pi.
3, f. 16. BEDDOME, 1. c., p. 171. Achatina filosa PFR.,
Monogr., viii, p. 279. H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 36, f. 10.

" A peculiar form, easily distinguished by its strong sculp-
ture, abrupt, subconical apex, and by the columella standing
out from the last whorl, so as to have a groove running along
its side " (Blanf.).

56. G. SUBFILOSA Beddome. PL 8, figs. 15, 16.

Shell elongate-turrite, thin, tawny-corneous, distinctly
plicate-striate. Spire long, subobtuse at the apex, long-conic.
Suture impressed. Whorls 10, rather flat, the last sub-
carinate, scarcely one-third the total length. Aperture lun-
ate-suboval; peristome thin; columella deeply arcuate, ab-
ruptly obliquely truncate. Length 16, diam. 5, aperture
5 x 3 mm. (Beddome).

South India : Sirumallay Hills, Dindigul.

Glessula sulfilosa BEDD., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vii, Sept.
1906, p. 171, pi. 15, f. 8, 8a.

"The prominent sculpture is like that of filosa, but it is a
very much smaller shell, with a much more elongated apex."

57. G. LYRATA Blanford. PI. 13, fig. 15.

Shell ovate-turrite, rather solid, corneous, a little shining,
vertically costulate-plicate, under the lens decussated with
very minute, close spiral lines, often obsolete. Spire pyra-
midal, the sides slightly convex; apex rather obtuse; suture
deep. Whorls 7y 2 , convex, obsoletely subangular below the
suture, the last a little ascending in front. Aperture vertical,
truncate, semioval; peristome obtuse; columella moderately
arcuate, obliquely truncate in front. Length 12, diam. 5.5,
aperture 4 x 2% mm. (Blanf.)

Mahableshwar (type loc.) ; Khandala, western Ghats
(Blanford).

Glessula lyrata BLANF., J. A. S. B. vol. 39, 1870, p. 20, with
var matheranica, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 19. Achatina lyrata H. & T.,
Conch. Indica pi. 18, f. 9. S. (G.) lyrata NEVILL, Handlist,
p. 167.

GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 87

"This shell resembles in form A. oreas Bens., but is dis-
tinguished from that and 'all other allied species by its
stronger sculpture. Possibly the two varieties should be
ranked apart, as there is considerable difference between
them. A third form, shorter and more tumid, occurs near
Poona. As other intermediate varieties probably exist, I
prefer for the present classing all in one species, but it may
hereafter be desirable to distinguish them." (Blanf.)

The figure in Conchologia Indica, which I have copied,
does not agree very well with the description, but it is said
to represent the type specimen.

Var. matheranica Blanford. PI. 13, fig. 16.

Smaller, more polished, wanting spiral lines, the sculp-
ture obsolescent on the last whorl. Length 10, diam. 4.5
mm. (Blanf.)

Matheran, near Bombay.

58. G. RUGATA Blanford. PL 7, figs. 11, 12.

Shell turrite, corneous, thin, little shining, vertically closely
plicate-striate, the striae minutely and regularly granulate
(under a lens), interstices decussated with close, minute
spiral lines, stronger in the upper whorls. Spire long conic;
apex obtuse; suture deep. Whorls iy 2 , convex, the last about
one-fourth the total length. Aperture oblique, nearly ovate;
peristome thin, unexpanded. Columella deeply 'arcuate,
obliquely truncate in front. Length 6, diam. 2, aperture
1.5x1 mm. (Blanf.)

Singhur Hills near Poona (type loc.), and Poorundhur
(var. 7 mm. long), Bombay Presidency.

Glessula rugata BLANF., J. A. S. B. vol. 39, 1870, p. 20,
pi. 3, f. 18. Achatina r., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 293. H. &
T., Conch. Indica pi. 102, f . 7.

The first half whorl seems to be smooth ; then granose striae
and spiral lines set in. The lower whorls have beautifully
granose plicae, unlike any other known Glessula.

88 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.

III. SPECIES OF NON-PENINSULAR INDIA, INDO-CHINA AND

YUNNAN.

59. G. TENUISPIRA (Benson). PI. 9, fig. 1, 4.

Shell elongate-turrite, corneous, longitudinally striate, at-
tenuate towards the apex, columnar. Last whorl sometimes or-
namented with whitish transverse bands; suture impressed,
apex obtuse. Length about 1 inch, width 0.55 inch. Re-
markable for the attenuated, 'columnar form of the terminal
whorls of the spire (Bens.) .

Darjiling; Khasia and Dafla Hills; Pegu; N. Canara (God-
win-Austin, Beddome).

Ackatina tenuispira BENS., Journ. Asiat. So. Beng. v, 1836,
p. 353. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 16, f. 76. PFR., Monogr.
ii, 262 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 310, pi. 25, f . 6, 7. HANL. & THEOB.,
Conch. Indica, pi. 36, f. 8. Glessula t., BEDDOME, Proc. Mai.
Soc. Lond. vii, 1906, p. 160. Achatina pertenuis W. BLAN-
FORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxiv, 1865, p. 79. H. & T.,
Conch. Indica, pi. 18, f . 5. Glessula p., BEDDOME, 1. c. Steno-
gyra (G.) pertenuis NEVILL, Handlist p. 169, no. 68 (Ton-
goop, Arakan; Akoutong and Thyetmyo, etc.). Glessula
baculina BLANFORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl, 1871, p. 43,
pi. 2, f. 6. Achatina &., H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 78, f. 6.
PFR., Monogr. viii, 291.

"Full grown shells collected in the Teesta Valley near
Darjiling, and in N. Canara, measure 44 mm. in length, and
have 14 whorls" (Beddome). G. baculina and G. pertenuis
are considered to be specifically inseparable from G. tenui-
spira by Col. Beddome, a conclusion supported by the speci-
mens before me. The presence of this trans-Gangetic snail
in the North Canara Hills is remarkable, if indeed, the Canara
shells are really of the same species.

59a. Var. baculina Blanford. PI. 9, fig. 2.

Shell elongate-turrite, slender, rather thin, obliquely striate,
brown or corneous-fulvous, covered with a glossy cuticle.
Spire turrite, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 13V2> slightly
convex, the lower ones subequal ; suture impressed, minutely

GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 89

denticulate. Aperture oblique, ovate-triangular; peristome
simple, acute. Columella abruptly arcuate, obliquely pro-
duced, vertically truncate at the base. Length 38, diam. 6.5
to 7.5 mm.; aperture 7x4 mm. (Blanf.).

Khersiong, Himalayas of Sikkim.

"This species appears to have escaped the notice of all
previous collectors in Sikkim; it was found in association with
its near ally G. tenuispira Bens., by Dr. Stoliczka during a
recent visit. It is easily distinguished from the latter species
by its slenderness, (the diameter being % of the length)
and the comparative narrowness of the whorls; moreover by
the form of the columella, the lower part of which is bent
abruptly almost at right angles with the slope of the inner
lip; while in G. tenuispira, G. erosa, and other allied forms,
the curvature is at the utmost obtuse. Specimens, the shell
of which has been slightly weathered, show fine spiral mark-
ings, but these are not visible unless the shell has become
somewhat opaque. The animal is dark leaden grey, some-
what paler at the sides of the foot." (Blanf.)

"This is, I believe, only a more slender form of tenuispira,
as I have specimens intermediate in breadth ; as to any differ-
ence in the columella, some of my specimens of tenuispira
have the lower part more bent than in any of the supposed
baculina " (Beddome).

596. Var. pertenuis ( Blanf ord). PI. 9, fig. 3.

"Shell very slender, turrited, thin, light horny, polished,
closely, minutely, and rather irregularly striated. Spire
subulate, somewhat acuminate towards the blunt apex ; suture
impressed, subcrenulate. Whorls 11-12, convex, the last
about y 5 the length of the spire. Aperture oblique, ovately
pyriform, peristome thin, margins united by a thin callus,
columella moderately curved, obliquely truncate. Length 20,
diam 4 1 /. Length of aperture 4 mm. (Blanf.)

Tongoop, Arakan. (Blanf.)

"Var major. Length 26i/> mm.; diam 6; length of aper-
ture 6. Of another specimen length 23 mm.; diam. 5%;
length of aperture S 1 ^. Pyenm Khyoung, Bassein district,
Pegu." (Blanf.)

90 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.

A much more slender species than A. tenuispira Bens.,
(a variety of which also abounds in parts of Pegu), though
there are signs of a passage. The present appears to replace
A. tenuispira in Arakan and Bassein. Mr. Benson, to whom
I sent a specimen, observes that it is intermediate between
A. tenuispira and A. hastula Bens. (Blanf.)

Col. Beddome gives the localities, Assam; Arakan; Garo
and Naga Hills; Burma. He remarks that " Blanf ord's
types and all the specimens I have seen of this, are young
shells, with fragile, unformed lips. They fit well with young
of tenuispira. Blanford himself mentions that there are
signs of a passage, and it would certainly not be advisable to
consider it a good species without seeing specimens with adult
lip."

60. G. NAJA 'Blanford' n.sp. PI. 12, fig. 10.

Shell slender, turrite, thin, yellow-corneous, glossy,
weekly striatulate, and having vertical grooves at unequal
intervals; this sculpture is most evenly developed just below
the suture. Under the compound microscope glimpses of ex-
cessively weak close spiral granule-lines may be seen in places.
Outlines of the spire nearly straight, a trifle contracted near
the apex. Whorls 9*4, moderately convex, separated by a
deeply impressed simple suture. Aperture a little oblique;
outer lip thin; columella rather long, regularly concave,
truncate at the base. Length 19, diam. 6.6, length of aper-
ture 6.5 mm.

Assam.

Glessula naja Blanf., in coll. A. N. S. P. 1 Stenogyra
(Glessula) n. sp., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus. p. 170, no. 80.

The later whorls are decidedly longer than in G. tenuispira
and its immediate allies. The specimens were received from
Nevill under the name used above; they may possibly be
Glessula no. 80 of his Handlist, since they seem related to
G. subfusiformis.

61. G. NILAGARICA ('Benson' Reeve). PI. 9, fig. 5.

Shell pyramidally turrited; whorls 10, convex, very finely

GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 91

crenulated at the sutures, then striated; columella rather
deeply arched; aperture small; brown-horny (Reeve).

S. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon).

Achatina nilagarica Benson MSS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v,
pi. 21, f. 87 (March, 1850). A. perrotteti var., PFR., Conchyl.
Cab. pi. 25, f. 2, 3.

Mr. G. Nevill has expressed the opinion that the form fig-
ured by Reeve, which he had not seen, is distinct from
G. perotteti (cf. J. A. S. B. 1881, xl. p. 136).

Var. kurnoolensis G. Nevill.

Length 30, diam. 9.5 mm., whorls 11. Distinguished from
both St. nilagirica and St. perotteti, not only by its greater
size and more numerous whorls, but especially by the
(throughout) regular and prominent striation, not crenulate
at the suture ; from St. vadalica Blanf ord, which it perhaps
even more closely resembles, in general aspect at any rate,
by the more abruptly tapering apical whorls, more arched
columella, &c. Nullaymullay Mountains, Kurnool District,
at 2500 ft." (NeviU, J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 136).

62. G. HUGELI (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, figs. 13, 14.

Shell ovate-turrite, fragile, longitudinally striate, glossy,
pale corneous ; spire lengthened, the apex rather obtuse, suture
deep. Whorls 10 to 11, rather flat, the last about two-sevenths
the total length. Aperture triangularly semioval ; columella
deeply arcuate, abruptly truncate at the base of the aperture ;
peristome unexpanded, acute. Length 35, diam. 11.5, aper-
ture 12 x 6 mm. (P/V.) .

Kashmir (von Hiigel; Hanley).

Achatina hiigeli PFR., Symbolas etc., ii, p. 58(1842) ; Monogr.
ii, 259 ; viii, 283 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 334, pi. 29, f . 2, 3. REEVE,
Conch. Icon. pi. 15, f. 68. Glandina ? h., PHILIPPI, Abbild
u. Beschreib. i, p. 135, Glandina pi. 1, f. 8. HANL. & THEOB.
Conch. Ind. pi. 78, f. 2.

The habitat was not given by Pfeiffer, but he states that
the shell was taken during Hiigel's journey. Hiigel traveled
in Kashmir, and published an account of that country in four
volumes, 1840.

92 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDOCHINA.

63. G. BURRAILENSIS Godwin Austen. PL 7, figs. 9, 10.
"Shell turreted, elongate, solid, in fresh state brown and

lustrous, finely longitudinally striated ; whorls 10, rather flat,
suture shallow, apex blunt; aperture subvertical, fusiform,
angular above, peristome very thick, paler brown on margin,
columella strong. Alt. 1.37, major diam. 0.4 in. (G.-A.)

Eastern Burrail Range: Under the Peak of Khunho, the
finest specimens; they were also 'abundant under Japoo at
about 7000 ft." (G.-A.)

G. burrailensis G.-A., Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 44, 1875,
p. 3, pi. 1, f. 6. Achatina &., PFR., Monogr. viii, 277.

" This species is an extremely elongate, solid form of the
crassilabris section of Glessula, and one of the most distinct."

64. G. BUTLERI Godwin-Austen. PL 11, figs. 1, 2.

"Shell elongately turreted, very thin and brittle, tumid,
pale corneous, glassy, very minutely striated, apex very blunt,
whorls 8, rather rounded, suture deep, body whorl swollen
and capacious ; aperture vertical, pear-shaped, lip rather thin.
Alt. 1.13, major diam. 0.45 inch. (G.-A.)

Eastern Burrail Range at 6000 feet ; not a common form.

G. butleri G. A., J. A. S. B., 1875, vol. 44, p. 4, pi. 1, f. 7.

"I name this shell after Captain J. Butler, Political Agent
in the Naga Hills, with whom I had the pleasure of being
associated when mapping that very interesting and beautiful
district." (G-Aust.)

65. G. PYRAMIS (Benson). PL 12, fig. 1.

Shell oblong-turrite, rather solid, smooth, striatulate, glossy,
buff-corneous. Spire turrited with slightly convex sides, the
apex rather obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 8, a little
convex, the last one-third the total length, obsoletely plicate
in front. Aperture subvertical, elliptic-semioval ; columella
arcuate, calloused, obliquely truncate at the base; peristome
unexpanded, obtuse, white-lipped within. Length 15, diam.
6 mm.; aperture 5x2.5 mm. (Bens.)

Teria Ghat, Khasia Hills (W. Theobald, type loc.) Ponsee,
Yunnan (G. Nevill).

GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 93

Achatina pyramis BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), v,
June, 1860, p. 463. PFR., Monogr. vi, 226. HANL. and
THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 18, f. 6. Glessula pyramis Bens.,
G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B. vol. 46, 1877, p. 26.

"Allied to the smaller Ach. crassula B., from Darjiling, but
distinguished from it by its color, smoother sculpture, more
convex and numerous. Whorls, by the characters of the
peristome, and by the convex and not planate sides of the spire.
A large variety of Ach. crassula, collected by Mr. W. T.
Blanford near Darjiling, is 12 mill, in length by 5y 2 in
breadth, and like the type, possesses only seven whorls."
(Benson.)

Lieut. Col. Godwin- Austen ( J. A. S. Bengal vol. 40, p. 3)
regards illustris, pyramis and butleri as varieties of
G. crassilabris.

The form from Ponsee, Yunnan, has been called var. major
Nevill (Handlist Indian Mus., p. 169, no description).

66. G. SARISSA (Benson). PI. 12, fig. 11.

Shell long-conic, thin, smooth, striatulate, the last whorl
(under a lens) closely, obsoletely decussate; very glossy;
olive-corneous. Spire long-pyramidal, the apex obtuse, suture
impressed. Whorls 91/2, a little convex, the last over two-
sevenths the length of the shell. Aperture subvertical, ovate-
elliptical ; columella oblique, slightly arcuate, white-calloused,
obliquely truncate at base; peristome unexpanded, thin.
Length 16, diam. 5.5, aperture 5x3.5 mm. (Bens.)

Comercolly, Lower Bengal, on the banks of the Ganges
(Dr. Th. Cantor, type loc.) ; Oolooberiah; Moisraka; Jessore
District (G. Nevill).

Achatina sarissa BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, June,
1860, p. 463. H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 35, f. 10. PFR.,
Monogr. vi, 234. . (G.) sarissa NEVILL, Handlist, p. 170,
f. 74.

67. G. HASTULA (Benson). PI. 12, fig. 12.

Shell turrite-subulate, thin, obliquely hair-striate, brown-
ish-corneous, somewhat glossy. Spire subulate, the apex ob-

94 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.

tuse, suture rather deep ; whorls 9, the first convex, the later
ones a little convex, the last whorl scarcely two-sevenths the
total length. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate-elliptical ; mar-
gins of the peristome joined by a thin callus, the right margin
unexpanded, acute, columellar margin arcuate, calloused,
whitish, obliquely truncate at the base. Length 12.5, diam.
3.5, aperture 3.5 mm. (Bens.)

Pankabari, Darjiling (W. T. Blanford, type loc) ; Kumah
Hill and near Mai-i, Sandoway district of Arakan (Theob.
& Stol.)

Achatina hastula BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), v, June,
1860, p. 461. PFR., Monogr. vi, 235. H. & T., Conch. Ind.
pi. 18, f. 4. Glessula h., THEOB. & STOLICZKA.

"Of a more slender form than the large A. tenuispira B.,
the whorls increasing very gradually, and not attenuate to-
wards the upper part of the spire, as in that species"
(Bens.).

68. G. SUBPUSIFORMIS (Blanford). PI. 12, fig. 15.

Shell turrite, subfusiform, rather thin, pale olive-corneous,
glossy, striatulate, subplicate at the sutures. Spire long-
pyramidal, the apex very shortly conic, mucronate; suture
impressed, submarginate. Whorls 8, convex, the last some-
what elongate; tapering downwards. Aperture subovate;
columella a little arcuate, obliquely truncate in front; peris-
tome obtuse, slightly waved. Length 17%, diam. 5%, aper-
ture 6x3 mm. (Blanf.)

Ponsee, Yunnan, 3,300 ft. elevation. Type in Indian Mus.

Achatina (Glessula) subfusiformis BLANF., P. Z. S. 1869,
p. 449. PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 285. Stenogyra (Glessula)
subfusiformis G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B. 1881, vol. 50, p. 138,
pi. 5, f. 13.

"This form may be recognized by its long lower whorl,
subattenuate below." (Blanf.). It is the most northerly
species of Glessula known. Nevill has figured the unique
type specimen.

GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 95

69. G. ILLUSTRIS Godwin- Austen. PI. 11, figs. 13-16.

"Shell elongately oval, greenish horny, finely striated lon-
gitudinally; whorls 7, very slightly rounded, suture moder-
ately impressed, the lip thickened, eolumellar margin slightly
curved and strong, apex blunt. Length 0.75 major diam. 0.3 ;
length of aperture 0.3 mm." (G.-A.)

North Cachar Hills: Hengdan Peak, at 7000 feet, in for-
est; also near Nenglo at 6000 feet and in the Lukah Valley,
Jaintia Hills, at 1000 feet.

Achatina illustris Godwin-Austen, HANLEY & THEOBALD,
Conch. Ind. pi. 102, f. 9. Glessula illustris G.-A., J. A. S. B.
1875, vol. 44, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 5. A. illustris PFR. Monogr.
viii, 279.

"This species is an elongate and larger form of Glessula
crassilabris Bs., of which G. pyramis is a closer variety; but
its much more elongate form and stronger striation make it
a good connecting species with G. butleri described further on.
The form from the Lukah Valley is a tumid departure from
the type figured. Alt. 0.75, major diam. 0.38 inch. Alt.
0.65, major diam. 0.35 inch."

"I look on all these species as properly varieties, and
G. crassilabris, very abundant in all the grass country of the
Khasi Hills, may be taken as the type; a difference in eleva-
tion and condition of habitat, from damp dark forest to hot
grassy slopes, having produced modifications of form."
( Godwin-Austen. )

Figs. 15, 16, are copied from Godwin- Austen 's originals.
A typical specimen, length 18.75, diam. 7.8, aperture 7.5 mm.,
whorls slightly over 7, is shown in figs. 13, 14. The em-
bryonic whorls are closely and finely striate vertically, as in
G. notigena; hence the species has no affinity to G. crassilabris.
It is a much less robust shell than G. crassilabris, and less
polished ; and on the last whorl there are traces of fine spiral
striation, as shown in fig. 13. The sculpture of the later
whorls is irregular; there seem to be unequally separated
grooves, with finer strige and grooves in the intervals, but
quite unequally developed. The suture is crenulate. On the
last whorl or two some traces of spiral striae appear, in places.

96 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.

The outer lip is a little sinuous, being retracted above; it is
moderately thickened or obtuse.

Col. Beddome considers this species identical with G. facula.

70. G. CRASSILABRIS (Benson). PI. 10, figs. 14, 15.

"Shell turrite-conic, smooth, corneous, longitudinally
striated. Whorls convex, suture excavated; lip thickened
within ; columella very deeply arcuate ; apex obtuse. Length
0.7, diam. 0.3 inch." (Benson).

Length 18, diam. 8, aperture 7.5x4 mm., whorls 8 (Pfr.).

The shell is ovate-oblong, yellow. The embryonic whorls
are smooth, a little over two. Subsequent sculpture consists
of rather close grooves, most prominent at the suture, which is
rather deeply impressed, though the whorls are only moder-
ately convex. The suture descends a little near the lip. The
aperture is rather small, outer lip decidedly obtuse, thick-
ened, its rounded edge bicolored, white and yellow. The
outer lip is slightly retracted in the upper part. Length 20.5,
diam. 9.5 mm., whorls 6% (fig. 15).

Khasia Hills (type loc.) ; Darjiling, Dafla and Naga Hills;
Teria Ghat (Nevill).

Achatina c., BENS., J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 353. PFR.,
Monogr. ii, 261; iii, 493; iv, 607; vi, 224; Conch. Cab. p. 313,
pi. 25, f. 12, 13. REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 21, f. 81. HANL.
& THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 1. 8. (G.) crassilabris
NEVILL, Handlist, p. 170.

Godwin-Austen (1875) considered pyramis, butleri and il-
lustris as subspecies of G. crassilabris. The latter is de-
cidedly more robust than illustris, which belong to a differ-
ent group ; pyramis and butleri are both more elongate shells.

71. G. OROBIA (Benson). PI. 10, fig. 16.

Shell ovate-oblong, rather solid, smooth, lightly striate,
sculptured with a few rather widely spaced, deeply impressed
strise; glossy, olive-corneous. Spire convexly pyramidal, the
apex obtuse, suture impressed; whorls 6^2 to 7%, a little
convex, angulated at the shoulder, crenulate, the last over
one-third the total length. Aperture vertical, semioval;

GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 97

columella deeply arcuate, calloused, the base obliquely trun-
cate; peristome unexpanded, rather thick, obtuse. Length
11, diam. 5, aperture 4x3 mm. (Bens.).

Sinchul and Darjiling (type loc.) at 8500 and 7000 ft.
(W. S. Blanford) ; Naga Hills (Beddome).

Achatina orobia BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3) v, June,
1860, p. 461. PFR., Monogr. vi, 224. H. & T., Conch. Ind.
pi. 18, f. 7.

"Distinguished from the larger Khasia species, A. crassi-
labris, by its peculiar sculpture, and by the formation of the
whorls below the suture " (Bens.).

72. G. GEMMA ('Benson' Reeve). PL 13, figs. 1, 3.

Shell oblong-conical, rather solid, whorls 6, rounded,
smooth, columella arched, abbreviated, aperture nearly round ;
purple-black, shining (Reeve).

Shell ovate-oblong, rather solid, smooth, glossy, pellucid,
purplish-corneous. Spire high-conic, the apex rather acute;
suture rather deep. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last two-
fifths the total length, rounded at the base. Columella arcu-
ate, somewhat calloused, abruptly truncate nearly at the base
of the subrhombic-oval aperture; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the right and basal margins slightly arcuate. Length
8 to 8.5, diam. 4, aperture 3x2 mm. (Pfr.).

Lower Bengal, Barrakpore (Benson, type loc.) ; Rajma-
hal; Chittagong; plains of Malabar and Beypur (Beddome).
Jessore District, Chardbally and Moisraka (Nevill) ; Chander-
nagore (Main waring) ; Arakan; Garo Hills (Austen).

Achatina gemma Bens. MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi.
22, f. 123 (March, 1850). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 496; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 314, pi. 25, f. 24, 25. H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 36,
f. 7. BENSON, Ann. Mag. v, 1860, p. 464 (large var., 8x3.5
mm.) Glessula g., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 169. S. (G.)
gemma NEVILL, Handlist, p. 170.

Reeve's description and figure (fig. 1) are given above;
also Pfeiffer's description of a larger form of the species.

It is dark reddish-brown, and when containing the remains
of the soft parts might be termed purplish-brown ; very glossy,

98

GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.

very irregularly grooved. The spire tapers regularly (or a
little convexly) to the obtuse summit. The outer lip is
slightly obtuse, in adults, but scarcely thickened. The fig-
ured specimen measures, length 6.5, diam. 3.7, aperture 2.8
mm., with 5% whorls, (fig. 3).

Var. frumentum (Reeve). PI. 13, fig. 2.

This approaches very closely to the preceding species
[gemma]. The whorls are less rounded, less polished, and
of a uniform lighter color (Reeve}.

Chandpore, Bengal (Bacon).

Achatina /., REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 22, f. 124 (March, 1850).
DESH. in Ferussac, Histoire, ii, p. 169, pi. 134, f. 22-24.

Considered to be a variety of G. gemma by Benson and
Pfeiffer.

73. G. CRASSULA ('Benson' Reeve). PI. 13, fig. 4.

Shell pyramidally conical, whorls 7, flatly convex, longi-
tudinally impressly striated; sutures excavated, columella
arched, conspicuously truncated; aperture small. Whitish,
covered with an olive horny epidermis (Reeve).

Darjiling; Jantia and Naga Hills (Beddome), Khasi and
Dana Hills (G.- Austin).

Achatina crassula Bens. MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi.
22, f. 120. PFR., Monogr. iii, 496; Conchyl. Cab. p. 314,
pi. 25, f. 16, 17. H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 4. S. (G.)
crassula NEVILL Handlist, p. 169.

74. G. BLANFORDIANA (NeVlll). PI. 13, fig. 11.

"Shell ovately turreted, solid, of a dark brown color, two
apical whorls smooth, the others sculptured with raised,
coarse, longitudinal, nearly perpendicular striae, much
crowded together and slightly flexuous on the last whorl;
spire turreted, with very obtuse apex and excavated suture;
whorls six, scarcely convex, the last one rounded at base;
aperture vertical, subquadrilateral, with a much thickened
white peristome ; columella broadly reflected, thickened, white,
curved, forming an acute tooth, with a well developed incised
notch at its base. Long 7, diam. 3 mm. (Nevill).

GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 99

Ponsee, Yunnan, type loc., and near Bhamo.

Stenogyra (Glessula) blanfordiana G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B.
1877, p. 26; 1881, vol. 50, p. 138, pi. 5, f. 12.

This species closely resembles Glessula peguensis Blanford,
but is less convex, that is, more slender, and a thicker texture ;
it can also be easily distinguished by the characteristic,
crowded, well-developed, nearly perpendicular, longitudinal
striation, varying slightly in direction on each whorl, much
as in many species of Pomatias. The columella also is
peculiar. Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta." (Nevill.)

75. G. PEGUENSIS (Blanford). PI. 13, figs. 12.

"Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, dark reddish brown,
horny, marked with distinct and regular impressed lines.
Spire convexly conical; apex obtuse; suture impressed, sub-
crenulate. Whorls 6^2, slightly convex; the last ascending
a little towards the mouth, and exceeding % of the shell in
length. Aperture vertical, truncately semicircular; peris-
tome obtuse, slightly thickened; margins joined by a callus;
columella very much curved, projecting forward at the
base, subvertically truncated within the peristome. Length
7, diam. 3.5, length of aperture 2.75 mm." (W. T. Blanf.)

Irawady Valley, Pegu (Blanford) ; Kumah Hill and near
Mai-i, in the Sandoway district of Arakan (Theobald, type
loc.); Thyetmyo (Blanford); near Chittagong (H. Raban).

Achatina peguensis BLANF., J. A. S. B. vol. 34, 1865, p. 78.
H. & T., Conch. Indica, pi. 102, f. 6. Glessula peguensis
THEOBALD & STOLICZKA, J. A. S. B. vol. 41, 1872, p. 334.-
S. (G.) peguensis NEVILL, Handlist, p. 171.

The specimen figured exceeds Blanford 's measurements
slightly ; length 8.9, diam. 3.9, longest axis of aperture 3 mm.,
whorls 6%. The apex is smooth ; the rest of the shell is
closely and rather deeply but irregularly striate, and very
glossy.

"A pretty little species, darker in color than any of its
allies, except perhaps A. gemma Bens., and easily distin-
guished from all, by the columella being more arcuate, also by
its more acuminate spire and blunter apex, and its much
stronger sculpture." (Blanf.)

100 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA AND INDOCHINA.

76. G. LATESTRIATA Moellendorff.

Shell rather ventricosely oblong, rather thin, subpellucid,
peculiarly sculptured with rather distant impressed striae,
corneous-yellow. Spire moderately long, the sides a little
convex, apex somewhat acute. Whorls 7, moderately convex,
separated by a well-impressed, subcrenulate suture. Aper-
ture nearly vertical, roundly-rhomboidal ; peristome unex-
panded, obtuse; columella rather twisted, abruptly truncate.
Length 10, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.5 x 2.25 mm. (Mlldff.)

Kalow, southern Shan States (Strubell).

Glessula latestriata MLLDFP., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutschen
Malak. Ges. vol. 31, p. 166, December, 1899.

77. G. PAVIEI L. Morlet. PI. 12, figs. 7, 8.

Shell imperforate, elongate, subturrite, thin, glossy, trans-
lucent, pale corneous, ornamented with radiating striae. Spire
subconic; whorls 8, a little convex, the first obtuse, following
separated by a simple suture, a little inflated at the suture,
the last whorl moderately inflated, over one-third the total
length. Aperture suboval, columella short, very deeply arcu-
ate, twisted and truncate; columellar callus thin; lip regu-
larly arcuate. Length 14, diam. 6, aperture 5 mm. long.
(Morlet).

Indo- China: Muong-Lai, Laos (Pavie) ; Lai-Chau, banks
of the Black river, Tonkin (Dugast).

Glessula paviei L. MORLET, Journ. de Conch. 1892, p. 321,
pi. 7, f. 4; Mission Pavie, Indo-Chine iii, p. 359, pi. 19,
f. 13 (1904).

Two embryonic whorls are smooth, the last becoming
crenulate below the suture. The following whorls are
grooved at unequal intervals, the grooves strongest near the
upper suture, weakening near the lower. The last whorl has
rather close grooves and wrinkles. This sculpture is visible
only under a lens. The columella is only moderately eon-
cave in specimens I have seen, and is very obliquely trun-
cate. The outer lip is whitish, a little thickened and obtuse,
as usual in adult Glessulas. A specimen from Muong-Lai

GLESSULA, HABITAT UNKNOWN. 101

measures, length 12.7, diam. 6, length of aperture 5 mm.;
whorls 63,4 (fig. 7).

Col. Beddome believes G. paviei to be a synonym of G. oreas.
I have been unable to compare specimens of the latter, but I
think they will prove distinct.

IV. Species of unknown habitat.

78. G. FUSCA (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, figs. 14, 15.

Shell oblong- turrite, thin, very closely hair-striate (and
with a few stronger, somewhat varix-like stria?), silky, brown.
Spire with slightly curved outlines, the apex obtuse, suture
marginate, very delicately denticulate. Whorls 7, convex,
the last three-sevenths the total length, rounded at base.
Columella white-calloused, lightly arcuate, abruptly shortly
truncate; aperture vertical, sinuate-semioval ; peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded. Length 22, diam. 9, aperture 10 x 4.6 mm.
(Pfr.).

Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.).

Achatina fusca PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 67; Oonchyl. Cab.
p. 337, pi. 43, f . 8, 9 ; Monogr. iii, p. 491.

This species should be recognizable by its somewhat un-
usual sculpture. Known by the original account only.
Hanley thinks it near parabilis Bens., or perhaps identical.

79. G. FULGENS (Pfeiffer.)

Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, smooth, pellucid, glossy,
corneous-tawny. Spire ovate-conic, the apex somewhat ob-
tuse. Whorls 6, slightly convex, striatulate at the narrowly
marginate suture, the last whorl about three-sevenths the total
length, rounded at base. Columella very much arched, white-
calloused, obliquely and rather widely truncate. Aperture
vertical, sinuate-elliptical ; peristome unexpanded, obtuse.
Length 12.5, diam. 5.66, aperture 5.5x3 mm. (Pfr.}

Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.)

Achatina fulgens PFR., Malak. Bl. 1858, v, p. 238 ; P. Z. S.
1859, p. 27; Monogr. vi, p. 225. Glessula fulgens PFR. No-
mencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 330.

An imfigured form, not noticed by other authors.

102 GLESSULA, SUMATRA AND JAVA.

80. G. VIRENS (Pfeiffer).

Shell cylindrie-turrite, very thin, lightly striatulate, the
striae more distinct at the suture; very glossy, pellucid,
greenish-corneous. Spire long, gradually tapering above, the
apex rather obtuse; suture subcrenulate. Whorls 8, a little
convex, the last scarcely one-third the total length, more
convex. Columella very much arched, abruptly truncate.
Aperture vertical, irregularly oval; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the right margin lightly arcuate. Length 18, diam.
8, aperture 6x3.5 mm. (P/r.)

Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.).

Achatina virens PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 125 ; Monogr. iv, 609.

No other information has been published.

V. Species of Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

An undetermined species has been reported from Enganao
Island by Henderson, Nautilus xii, 1898, p. 16.

81. G. SUMATRANA (Martens). PI. 14, figs. 4, 5.

Shell sub conic-tur rite ; minutely, subirregularly striatulate,
glossy, bright chestnut, the apex paler. Whorls 7 to 8, con-
vex, separated by a rather impressed simple suture, the last
whorl gradually tapering at base. Aperture subvertical,
emarginate-piriform, three-eighths the total length; columel-
lar margin moderately excavated, spirally twisted, obliquely
and distinctly truncate below. Length 13.5, diam. 5, aper-
ture 4.66x2.5 mm. (Marts.)

Sumatra: in the mountainous interior at Kepahiang
(Marts.); Padang Pandjang (Rolle).

Cionella sumatrana MARTS., Preussische Expedition nach
Ost-Asien Landschnecken, p. 372, pi. 22, f. 5 (1867).
Achatina s., PFR., Monogr. vi, 225. Glessula s., ROLLE,
Nachrbl., 1908, p. 68.

" The height of the visible part of the penultimate whorl
somewhat exceeds its breadth (diameter), and has the pro-
portion to the last whorl of 1 :!%.

"This species is quite like some described by Benson from

GLESSULA, SUMATRA AND JAVA. 103

the mountainous region of India, and especially stands about
midway between oreas and jerdoni, both from the Nilgiris.
A similar species from Java is Hasselt 's Acicula cornea, fig-
ured on his unpublished plate 14, fig. 5, from the mountain
Salak." (Marts.)

Prof. Boettger states that by the study of Mr. Rolle's speci-
mens of G. sumatrana, he sees that G. javanica is identical,
and the latter name should be withdrawn. Apparently
"javanica" is an error for cornea. The original account
follows.

G. cornea Boettger. (PI. 14, fig. 3.) Shell not rimate,
subfusiform-turrite, rather solid, very glossy, bright chestnut-
brown, the apex not paler. Spire has very slightly convex
sides, apex exactly turrited, rather obtuse. Whorls 8, con-
vex, separated by a simple, impressed suture; minutely but
very distinctly, somewhat irregularly striate, the strias gath-
ered into groups at the suture and almost rib-like; last
whorl slightly tapering basally. Aperture subvertical, emar-
ginate-piriform subeffuse at the base, somewhat lipped with
violaceous inside, less than one-third the total length; mar-
gins joined by a curved callus, the right margin compressed,
nearly straight, columellar margin excavated, oblique, spir-
ally twisted, at the base oblique and distinctly truncate.
Length 13, diam. 5, aperture 5.5 x 3 mm. (Bttg.)

Java: Gunung Salak, moderately abundant (type loc.) ;
Gunung Gedeh.

Glessula cornea BTTG., Bericht Senckenbergische natur-
forschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt-am-Main, 1890, p. 148,
pi. 5, f. 9, 9a; 1891, p. 244. Acicula cornea Hasselt MS.,
MARTENS Preuss. Exped. Ostas., Landschn. p. 372, no de-
scription. Glessula javanica BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d. D.
Malak. Ges. 1908, p. 68, (name only, but said to be identical
with G. sumatrana).

"This species has already been recorded under the manu-
script name Acicula cornea Hasselt, from the same locality.
It is the sole representative of the genus in Java, and stands
nearest to G. sumatrana v. Marts., as von Martens has al-

104 GLESSULA, BORNEO, EAST AFRICA.

ready noted. G. sumatrana is however more tapering at the
apex and base, and it has not the strong striation at the
suture. Moreover the alt. of the visible part of the penult,
whorl in the Javan species is nearly a half less than its
breadth (diameter)." (Bttg.)

82. G. WALLACEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 14, figs. 1, 2.

Shell ovate-turrite, solid, closely and subregularly striate,
silky, blackish-brown. Spire long, nearly straight-sided, the
apex obtuse; suture minutely crenulate. Whorls 8, a little
convex, the last slightly more than one-third the total length,
pale in front, rounded at base. Columella arcuate, callus,
obliquely deeply truncate. Aperture vertical, sinuate-oval;
peristome unexpanded, obtuse. Length 21 to 22, diam. 9,
aperture 8x4 mm. (Pfr.)

Borneo: Sarawak (Wallace).

Achatina wallacei PFR., Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 168; Novit.
Conch, p. 82, pi. 22, f . 9, 10 ; Monogr. iv, 606.

VI. East African Glessula.

83. G. MONTANA (Martens). PI. 14, figs. 7, 8.

Shell ovate-oblong, striatulate, glossy; green-buff, marked
with isolated brown streaks. Spire turrite, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 6y 2 , a little convex, separated by a deep crenulated
suture. Aperture two-thirds the total length, a little oblique,
oblong-piriform, bluish inside. Peristome simple, thin, the
oolumellar margin flexuous, thickened, white, abruptly trun-
cate. Length 14, diam. 6.33, aperture 6x4 mm. (Marts.)

Eastern Abyssinia: Guno in Begemder, 1200 ft. elevation
(Heuglin & Steudner).

Achatina montana MARTS., Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 95.
PFR., Monogr. vi, 228. Glessula montana JICKELI, Nova Acta
Vol. 37, 1875, p. 132, pi. 5, f. 19. Homorus montanus Marts.,
KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 93.

84. G. RUNSSORINA Martens. PI. 14, figs. 6, 10.

The shell is lengthened ovate, weakly striate, glossy, yellow-

GLESSULA, EAST AFRICA. 105

brown ; 5y 2 to 6 whorls, the first nearly globular, smooth, the
second distinctly striate, the rest regularly widening, some-
what convex, with rather impressed and weakly crenate su-
ture; the penult, whorl relatively high, the last whorl lower,
elliptical, strongly descending to the aperture, with a few
darker growth-arrest streaks, rounded below. Aperture
moderately oblique, lanceolate, the outer lip weakly bordered
outside, moderately arcuate above and below, in the middle
straighter ; basal margin rounded ; columellar margin strongly
arcuate, appressed, white, obliquely truncate below, passing
with a distinct callus deposit upon the parietal wall.
(Martens).

Length 23.5, diam. 9, aperture 10 x 5 mm.

Length 14, diam. 6, aperture 7x3 mm.

East Africa: Runssoro at 3100 meters (Stuhlmann, camp
III, June 12, '91).

Glessula runssorina MARTS., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. vol. 27,
December, 1895, p. 184, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, Beschalte
Weichthiere, p. 114, pi. 5, f. 11, 12, 1898.

"External soft parts black; foot long and narrow behind,
flattened above, paler, with two longitudinal furrows, oblique
furrows passing outward and backward from them. Sole
whitish in the middle, blackish at the edge, but without
sharply defined limits." (Martens).

85. G. FERUSSACIOIDES Pollonera.

Shell subcylindric-oblong-ovate, clear, pale corneous yellow-
ish, delicately striate. Spire attenuate, the apex obtuse;
whorls 7 a little convex, separated by a slightly impressed
and narrowly margined suture. Aperture oblong-lunate,
acute above; lip simple, thin; columellar margin rather
straight, obliquely truncate. Length 18.5, diam. 6.5, aperture
7x3.5 mm. (Poll).

East Africa: Eastern slope of Ruwenzori, Valle Mobuku
at 2000 meters elevation (Duke of Abruzzi).

Glessula f., POLLONERA, Bolletino Mus. Zool. etc., Torino,
rxii, no. 361, p. 3, July, 1907.

106 WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA.

86. G. DEALBERTISI Pollonera.

Shell oblong-subsubulate, very clear and translucent, am-
ber-greenish, very finely striatulate longitudinally. Spire
turrite, the apex obtuse ; whorls 7, a little convex, parted by
an impressed suture. Aperture oblong-piriform, acutely
angular above, not differently colored within ; peristome sim-
ple, thin; columellar margin arcuate, obliquely truncate.
Length 18, diam. 5.5, aperture 6.5 mm. long. (Poll.).

East Africa: Bihunga, Ruwenzori; Valle Mobuku, at about
2500 meters elevation, one example (Luigi, Duke of Abruzzi).

Glessula De-Albertisi POLL., Bolletino dei Mus. di Zool.
ed Anat. comp. della R. Univ. di Torino, No. 338, vol. xxi,
p. 2, October, 1906.

VII. West African species.

Two quite distinct groups of Glessula are represented in
West Africa. The group of G. l&vigata has substantially
the shell-structure of Indian Glessulae. The shell is smooth
throughout (species 87, 88). In the group of G. paritura the
post-embryonic whorls are finely rib-striate (species 89 to 92).

Group of G. Icevigata.

The central teeth of G. Icsvigata are narrow, not half as
wide as the adjacent laterals. There is a well developed
but not overhanging cusp. The laterals are quadrate, tricus-
pid, with overhanging cutting-points on all the cusps. Middle
cusp longer than the basal plates. There are about 8 laterals,
then one or two transitional teeth, followed by the marginals,
also of the tricuspid type (pi. 15, fig. 9). The jaw (pi. 15,
fig. 10) is very minutely plaited, serrate on the cutting edge,
at least in places.

87. G. L^VIGATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 14, figs. 9, 11, 12.

Shell turrite-oblong, rather solid, smooth, buff- waxen ; spire
elongated, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, but slightly convex,
the last about one-third the total length, rounded beneath,
striolate anteriorly. Columella callous, somewhat twisted,

WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA. 107

obliquely truncate. Aperture oblique, acuminate-oval, pearly
within; peristome simple, acute. Length 17, diam. 6 mm.
(P/V.).

Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.). High on the serra de
Pedras de Guinga, under stones, at an elevation of 3000 ft.,
district of Pungo-Andongo, Angola (Welwitsch). "For-
careach, Senegambia" (A. N. S. Coll.).

Achatina Icevigata PPR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 294; Monogr.
iv, 607 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 32, no. 54, pi. 8, f . 6, 7. MORELET,
Voy. Welwitsch, p. 77. Glessula lavigata PFR., Nomencl. p.
330. Homorus 1., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 110.

Morelet, who was the first to record a locality for this
species, thinks that it must originally have been found nearer
the coast, as it is unlikely that any earlier traveler had
visited the remote solitudes where Dr. Welwitsch found it.

The whorls are smooth except for weak growth-striee, and
are parted by a linear suture which is transparent-margined
below. The fifth whorl appears disproportionately wide.
The spire tapers rapidly near the obtuse apex, but much more
slowly throughout the greater part of its length. The ex-
cision at the base of the columella is not very deep. Ex-
amples measure:

Length 17.5, diam. 6, aperture 6.2 mm. ; whorls 6 l / 2 .

Length 17, diam. 6.3, aperture 6 mm.; whorls Qy 2 .

Length 16.5, diam. 5.7, aperture 6 mm. ; whorls 6 l / 2 .

88. G. HYALINA (Rang). PI. 14, fig. 16.

Shell long-oval, smooth, glossy, very thin, transparent and
of a pale yellow tint, like horn. The spire is quite elevated
and obtuse, composed of 6 slightly rounded whorls, the last
one larger than all the others. Aperture oval, rather long,
its plane parallel to the axis. The columella has a projecting
lobe; its edge is a little reflexed. Right margin unexpanded
and thin, simple and continuous with the columella. Length
7 to 9, diam. 3 to 4 mm. (Rang}.

Liberia: Mesurade, in crevices of rocks at the foot of the
cape not far from the sea (Rang).

Helix liyalina RANG, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., xxiv, 1831, p.

108 WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA.

40, pi. 3, f. 5. Achatina h., DESH., in Lam., An. s. Vert. p.
308. PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 258.

Known to me by the above account only.

Group of G. paritura (Section Neoglessula, nov.)

Embryonic whorls very minutely and not closely engraved
spirally, successively lengthening vertical grooves appearing
on the later ones; whorls of the neanic and adult stages
closely, regularly rib-striate, base smoother. Viviparous.
Type G. paritura.

Several species from the northern shores of the Gulf of
Guinea form a group having adult sculpture somewhat as
in Pseudoglessula, but embryonic sculpture of their own.
Only one of these is known to me by specimens; the others
are still known by the original lots only.

89. G. PARITURA (Gould). PI. 14, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell elongate, thin, glossy, pale corneous, longitudinally
closely lirate; spire turrite, obtuse at the apex. Whorls 7,
convex, the last about half the total length of the shell.
Suture deep. Aperture narrow, somewhat ear-shaped.
Columella deeply arcuate, involute, forming a basal channel.
Length 1, width .35 inch. (Gld.).

West Africa: near the sea, Fishtown, Liberia, buried un-
der leaves or in the earth during the dry season ; also Cape
Palmas.

Achatina paritura GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 1850,
p. 196; Otia Conch, p. 208. PFR., Monogr. iii, 491. PETIT,
Journ. de Conchyl. ii, 1851, p. 269, pi. 8, f. 7. Honwrus p.,
KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 92.

This species is viviparous. The summit is semiglobular ;
first 11/2 whorls smooth in adults, but in young shells they
show sparse engraved spiral lines; then vertical grooves ap-
pear below the suture, short and widely spaced at first, but
gradually lengthening and becoming 'Closer, so that at the
end of 2y 2 whorls they reach nearly to the suture below, and
become so close that the sculpture may be described as rib-

WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA. 109

striate, the riblets smooth, rounded, and about equal to the
intervals. On the face of the last whorl there are five or six
riblets in one millimeter. The riblets weaken or disappear
almost abruptly at the periphery of the last whorl, leaving the
base and a very narrow band above the suture almost smooth.
The columella is formed just as in the Indian Glessulae, being
deeply concave, thickened with a white callus, and abruptly,
deeply truncate at the base. The shell is translucent whitish
under a very thin pale yellow cuticle. A specimen of the
ordinary size measures, length 20.3, diam. 8.8, aperture 8.3
mm. ; whorls 6^.

An embryonic shell, shaken out of an adult, is oval, 4.7
mm. long, with 3 whorls. There is a distinct umbilical slit
behind the columellar callus (pi. 14, fig. 19).

90. G. BRETIGNEREI Chaper. PL 14, fig. 20.

Shell thin, transparent, of a light gray-olive tint; shining,
though sculptured with very regular, crowded striae of
growth, well-marked from the end of the second whorl. Spire
of 6 or 7 whorls, very regularly conic after the second whorl.
Aperture oblique; columella strongly inflexed towards the
interior of the aperture. No umbilicus. Length 30, diam.
11 to 12 mm. (Chaper}.

West Africa: Coffee plantation of Elima, Assinie (type im
coll. de I'ficole des Mines).

Glessula bretignerei CHAPER, Bulletin de la Societe Zoolo-
gique de France, x, 1885, p. 46, pi. 1, f. 6. Homorus assi-
niensis Chaper, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. i, lOte Abth., p. 91,
pi. 21, f. 6 (copy from Chaper).

This species differs from G. paritura only by its larger
size, so far as the published account goes. Kobelt confused
the name with that of Corbula assinicnsis, which occurs on
the next page of Chaper *s paper.

91. G. MALAGUETTANA (Rang). PI. 14, fig. 15.

Shell elongate, conic, thin, subdiaphanous, very minutely
longitudinally striate, brown-buff. Apex obtuse. Aperture
oval, the columella arcuate, truncate; lip simple, acute.

HO WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA.

Length 15 to 20, diam. 8 to 9 mm. Animal dirty buff, 25
mm. long. (Rang).

West Africa: Malaguetta (Liberian) coast, under bushes
and in crevices of the rocks (Rang).

Helix malaguettana RANG, Annales des Sciences Naturelles
xxiv, 1831, p. 39, pi. 3, f. 4. Ackatina m., DESH. in Lam.,
An. s. Vert, viii, p. 307. PFR., Monogr. ii, 257. Subulina
malaguetana BECK, Index, p. 77.

This shell, according to Rang, is long, conic, thin, almost
diaphanous, very finely and regularly striate; the very thin
cuticle covering it is of a dirty yellowish brown, resembling
that of Subulina striatella. The summit is obtuse, and its
whorls, 6 in number, are quite rounded. The aperture is
oval, little oblique. The columella is very concave and trun-
cate in front; the right margin is straight and thin, fragile
and acute. Deshayes gives the dimensions 22 x 8 mm. The
systematic position is unknown, and it may prove to be a
Pseudoglessula. The spire is more slender above than in
G. paritura.

92. G. SERICINA (Jonas). PI. 14, figs. 13, 14.

Shell ovate-turrite, rather thin, longitudinally closely pli-
cate, pellucid, glossy, straw-colored. Spire turrited, the apex
very obtuse. Whorls 6 to G 1 /^, convex, the last about three-
sevenths the total length, obsoletely angulated in the middle,
smooth below the angle. Columella very arcuate, highly and
widely truncate, the aperture suboval. Length 17, diam. 7
mm., aperture iy 2 m m. long, 4 wide in the middle. (Pfr.)

West Africa: Guinea (Jonas).

Glandina sericina JONAS, in Phil., Abbild. I, p. 134, pi. 1,
f. 11 (July, 1844). Achatina s., PFR., Monogr. ii, 292; iii,
494 ; iv, 606 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 308, pi. 24, f . 12, 13. Homorus
(Pseudoglessula) s., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 104.

This snail has a beautiful appearance from its very regular,
pretty and strong striation, and its silky luster. (Jonas) .

APPENDIX.

A few corrections of nomenclature and descriptions of ob-
scure forms are inserted here to complete the account of
snails described as " Achatina. "

OLEACINID^E.

SPIRAXIS BLANDIANUS Pils. New name for Spiraxis blandi
Crosse & Fischer, (Journ. de Conch. 1877, p. 271; Miss. Sci.
Mex., Moll., i, p. 616; Manual I, p. 52, XIX, p. 27), not Spiraxis
blandi (Crosse), described as Ravenia c., Manual XIX, 19, 20.

VARICELLA DISSIMILIS Pilsbry. Vol. XIX, p. 105, pi. 17, f . 10, 11.

New name for Achatina similis C. B. Ad. 1850, not A. similis
Boissy, 1848.

The specimen figured and described (XIX, 105) by me
becomes the type of this species.

VARICELLA DISSIMILIS LONGIOR Pils., new name. V. similis
longa Pils. (Man. Conch. XIX, p. 106), being a homonym of
V. costulata longa (t. c. p. 68), may be changed to Varicella
dissimilis longior.

VARICELLA SIMILARIS SLOANEANA Pils.

New name for V. s. mandevillensis Pils., (XIX, p. 107),
preoccupied on p. 70 of same volume.

STREPTOSTYLA LIMNEIFORMIS CHIAPENSIS Pils. Vol. XIX, p. 159.

New name for Spiraxis parvula Pfr. 1856, not of Chitty,
1853.

EUGLANDINA FUSiFORMis Pfr. Achatina /"., Pfr. P. Z. S. 1845,
p. 75 ; Monogr. ii, 292 ; Man. Conch. XIX, 188, is a homonym
of Achatina lubrica var. fusiformis Picard, 1840. See Vol.
XIX, p. 320. The Mexican species should probably stand as
E. binneyana.

(Ill)

112 APPENDIX.

ACHATINA NYSTIANA Pfr. Shell fusiform-oblong thin,
smoothish, very delicately striatulate, pellucid, glossy, flesh-
colored. Spire long, slender, the apex obtuse, suture thread-
margined, whorls 6 l /2, a little convex, the last about three-
sevenths the total length, tapering at base. Columella very
lightly arcuate, the base shortly and horizontally truncate.
Aperture scarcely oblique, oval-elliptical, peristome simple,
thin. Length 47, diam. 12, aperture 16y 2 x 6 mm. Habitat
unknown, Mus. Cuming (Pfr., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 100; and as
Oleacina n., Monogr. iv, 632). Evidently an Euglandina.

GLANDINA CRENULATA Sow. Ant., Pfeiffer. Shell fusiform
ovate, rather solid, reddish-corneous, glossy; spire with the
apex obtuse. Whorls 6~y 2 , a little convex, the last descending,
shorter than the spire; suture margined and most minutely
crenulate. Aperture dilated below, columella subarcuate,
strongly truncate; peristome simple. Length 24, diam. 11,
aperture 11 mm. long. Central America. (Pf?-, Symbolae
ad Hist. Hel. ii, p. 59, no. 273, 1842, from spec, in coll. An-
ton, recorded without description in Anton's Verzeichniss as
Achatina crenulata Sow.? p. 44, no. 1595. "Achatina crenu-
lata (Sowerby?) Anton," PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 285). Seems
to be unknown to monographers of the Mexican fauna. It
is not recognizably denned.

POIRETIA.

A list of species referable to this genus was given in Vol.
XIX, pp. xxii-xxv. The preparation of an index of Achatina
etc. has shown that several names are homonyms and require
change, as follows.
POIRETIA KLEINIANA Pilsbry, n. n.

New name for Achatina elegans Klein, Jahreshefte des
Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg, ix,
1853, p. 214, pi. 5, f. 11, not A. elegans C. B. Ad. 1849.
Cf. Vol. XIX, p. xxiv.

POIRETIA INPLATA Reuss, (XIX, p. xxiv). Add the
synonym: Olandina (Achatina) antiqua KLEIN, Jahresh.
Wiirttemb. VIII, p. 162, pi. 3, f. 9, 1852.

APPENDIX. 113

POIRETIA ROUISIANA Pilsbl'y.

New name for Oleacina teres Rouis, Sandberger, Land und
Siisswasser Conchyl. der Vorwelt, p. 232, pi. 13, f. 26 (1872),
not Oleacina teres Pfr., Malak. Bl. 1866, p. 140. Eocene,
Buxweiler.

POIRETIA WOODI Pilsbry.

New name for Bulimus convexus 'Edwards' S. V. Wood,
1877 (Vol. XIX, p. xxiii), not of Pfeiffer, 1855 (cf. vol. XI,
p. 216). The generic position of this Oligocene form of the
Isle of Wight is uncertain. Photographic figures are re-
produced by Taylor, Mon. Brit. Land and Freshwater Moll.
ii, p. 29, f. 46, 47.

POIRETIA MILLERI Pils.

New name for Glandina ovata Miller (Vol. XIX, p. xxiii),
not Glandina truncata var ovata Dall.

ACHATINA NYIKAENSIS Pils.

New name for A. fragilis Smith, 1899, Vol. XVII, p. 63.
Not Achatina fragilis Deshayes, An. s. Vert. II.
ARCHACHATINA MARQINATA EDUARDI Pils.

New name for Achatina marginata var. gracilior Martens
(Manual XVII, p. Ill), not Achatina gracilior C. B. Ad.
1850.
ARCHACHATINA PURPUREA (Gmel.) Vol. XVII, p. 144.

Add the following synonyms: Achatina purpurascens G.
FISCHER, Museum Demidoff iii, p. 224 (1807). Achatina
erythrostoma SWAINSON, Bligh Catal., Appendix p. 14 (1822),
based on Martini and Chemnitz, IX, f. 1017, 1018.

HELIX (COCHLITOMA) CANTHERIATA Fer., Prodr. p. 49, no.
340 is a nude name. Ferussac refers to the figure of a
Phasianella as perhaps illustrating it. Habitat unknown.

ACHATINA HYALINA Anton. " Oval-conoidal, 5 convex
whorls with deep suture, last whorl two-fifths the total length ;
transparent, glossy, yellowish-gray, finely striate, imperfor-
ate. Aperture long-oval, peristome acute ; columella strongly

114 HEMEBULIMUS.

truncate. Alt. 2y 2 , diam. 1*4 lines. Habitat South America"
(Anton, Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der
Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton 'befinden, p. 44, no.
1589. Halle, 1839).

Pfeiffer renamed the species Achatina antoniana, Mono-
graphia Hel. Viv. ii, p. 285 (1848), the original name being
preoccupied. It is probably a Leptinaria, but it has been
recognized by no author since Anton.

BOCAGEIA (PETRIOLA) ANJUANENSIS Pils., n. n.

New name for Achatina cornea Morelet 1877, not of Bru-
mati, 1838. Type is the shell described in Man. Conch.
XVIII, 189, 190, and illustrated in fig. 23 of plate 57.
Rumina decollata paiva Lowe. Vol. XVII, p. 213, 214.

It should be observed that the names lanceolata, cornea,
maxima, flammulata and decussata were already in use in
Bulimus, hence must be dropped as homonyms in Rumina,
even if the races denoted are valid, which seems doubtful.

FEEUSSACIDJE.

FERUSSACIA TERVERIANA Pils., new name for Achatina
terveri Bgt. 1859 (Vol. XIX, p. 259, no. 48) ; not A. terveri

Boissy, 1848, a species of Poiretia.

FERUSSACIA HYPSELIA Pilsbry.

New name for F. producta Lowe 1852, not of Reuss, 1849.
See Man. Conch. XIX, p. 275. The type of F. hypselia is
the specimen figured, Vol. XIX, plate 39, figs. 24, 25.

ACHATINA BUCCINULA Grateloup, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor-
deaux X, 1838, p. 122, pi. 4, f. 25, 26, from Dax, seems to be
a Miocene species of Hohemvartiana.

BULIMULnXE.
G-enus HEMIBULIMUS Marts., Vol. XII, p. 184.

Mr. E. A. Smith (Proc. Malac. Soc. London VII, p. 313)
has called attention to my failure through oversight to in-
clude Achatina dennisoni Reeve in the Manual. He has also
discussed the characters and synonyms of that and other

HEMIBULIMUS. 115

species of the group Hemibulimus, correcting various errors
which, by reason of the scarcity of material, had been per-
petuated from author to author.

The relation of Hemibulimus to Liguus is not very close
and I now doubt the propriety of including them in one
genus. Except in the structure of the columella, Hemi-
bulimus is very similar to Porphyrobaphe.

1. HEMIBULIMUS EXCISUS (v. Marts.) Vol. XII, p. 185, pi.

36a, figs. 31-34.

Popayan, Colombia, at 2400 meters. Type species of Hemi-
bulimus. While evidently related to dennisoni, it is prob-
ably distinct, at least varietally, as Mr. Smith believes. In
Vol. XII I followed Professor von Martens in uniting excisus
and magnificus.

2. HEMIBULIMUS DENNISONI (Reeve). PI. 40, fig. 1.

"Shell fusiformly ovate, spire rather acuminated, whorls
6, somewhat rudely faintly plicately striated, decussated with
fine impressed striae. Apex somewhat papillary. Columella
arched and twisted, attenuately truncated. Pale brown, varie-
gated towards the apex with darker brown, last whorl un-
spotted, encircled with a pale obscure band, columella pink-
ish." (Reeve}.

Bogota (J. Dennison, Esq.).

Achatina dennisoni REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 9, f. 32
(March, 1849). PFR., Monogr. iii, 486. Liguus (Hemibuli-
mus) dennisoni (Reeve) E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc.
London vii, 1907, p. 314, 313. Achatina magnified, REEVE,
op. cit. pi. 9, f. 33, not of Pfeiffer. L. magnificus (Pfr.)
PILSBRY, Man. Con. xii, pi. 36 a, fig. 30 (not the description).

Reeve described and figured a shell from the Dennison col-
lection. The present location of the type is unknown. The
figure (copied on pi. 40, fig. 1) shows a pale red-brown shell
with decidedly attenuate early whorls, a brown-spotted sub-
sutural band, and two other pale bands on the last whorl.
The parietal wall is purplish but not black. The aperture
is markedly acuminate above. Judging from the description

116 HEMffiULIMUS.

and figure, the sculpture is not so strong as in the following
form; yet it must be remembered that the sculpture is usu-
ally minimized in Reeve's figures of Achatina.

H. D. CARUS Pils., n. var. PI. 40, figs. 2, 3, 4, 6.

The shell is elliptic-ovate with a rather slender spire and
obtuse apex; solid and strong. Nearly 2y 2 smooth, convex
whorls form the semiglobose embryonic shell. The next whorl
is lightly striate, near its termination the surface becomes
minutely plicate and spiral grooves appear ; on the next whorl
it is closely and finely plicate, the plicae cut by several (usually
5 to 7) spiral furrows, which appear as if scratched in a
plastic surface. On the last whorl the fine plicae become
weaker, irregular, often more or less obsolete towards the end
of the whorl; there is more or less indistinct malleation, and
some irregularity due to former growth-arrest periods, marked
by dusky streaks, of which there may be one to four or more
on the last whorl. The aperture is elliptic-pointed, outer lip
obtuse, more or less thickened, expanded or effuse towards the
base. Columella arched, usually very deeply, but sometimes
only moderately, its lower portion colored like the outer lip;
base truncate, parietal callus glossy black, overlaid with blu-
ish inwardly. Color as follows :

(1) Ground-tint yellow, fading towards the apex: (a)
brown spots below the suture appearing on the first post-
embryonic whorl, becoming broad, more or less fulgurate
stripes on the penult, and next earlier whorls; last whorl
showing three narrow equidistant bands and an irregular
mottling of the yellow ground, elsewhere olive and brown of
varying shades; outer lip and lower half of columella edged
with vermilion. (&) intermediate whorls of the spire marked
with narrow, close, wavy brown streaks; antepenult, whorl
with some subsutural spots, last whorl without bands, irregu-
larly streaked with dull green on a greenish yellow or light
yellow green ground; outer lip and basal half of columella
bright ochre.

(2) Ground-tint reddish, (c) nearly uniform ochraceoua
reddish, the red predominating on the earlier whorls; outer

HEMIBULIMUS. 117

lip dull red, fading to pink in the throat, (d) first post-
embryonic whorl -with subsutural spots, next whorl or two
closely streaked with dull red-brown ; last whorl of a muddy
olivaceous shade, with some darker brown streaks; lip with
a narrow red edge and dark submargin.

Length 68, diam. 32 mm. ; aperture 37.5 mm. ; whorls 6*4.

Length 65, diam. 34.5 mm. ; aperture 38 mm. ; whorls 6.

Length 65.5, diam. 31 mm.; aperture 37 mm.; whorls 6.

Length 62, diam. 29.5 mm. ; aperture 33 mm. ; whorls 6^.

Colombia: Quilichao, Cauca Valley, 5,500 ft. elevation.

Achatina magnified, REEVE, Conch. Icon. V, pi. 9, f. 33.
L. magnificus Pfr., PILSBRY, Man. Conch. XII, pi. 36a, f. 30.
Not A. magnified Pfr.

This form differs from Reeve's figure of A. dennisoni by
its intensely black parietal callus, and the shape of the aper-
ture, which is wider, less acuminate above, the outer lip be-
ing arcuate and not straightened near the insertion.

Reeve's figure 33, (copied in Manual XII, pi. 36a, fig. 30)
represents a form differing from this race only in size, as
Mr. E. A. Smith has pointed out. In the Manual I fol-
lowed Reeve's error in referring to it as an illustration of
Achatina magnifica Pfr.

3. HEMIBULIMUS MAGNIFICUS (Pfr.). PI. 40, fig. 5.

See Vol. XII, p. 185, where a translation of Pfeiffer's
description is given. From the reference-paragraph there
given the reference to Reeve's figure should be excluded, and
the following added: Liguus (Hemibulimus) magnificus
(Pfr.), E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London VII, 1907;
p. 314, fig. of type. This species seems to be known only by
the original specimen, said to be from Quito. Mr. Smith's
figure of this is copied on my plate. The specimens obtained
by Lehmann in southern Colombia may have been H.
dennisoni.

ACHATINA MONILE Swainson. "Shell very finely reticu-
lated, whitish with waved stripes, and transverse bands of
chestnut spots ; basal volution subventricose ; spire produced,

118 HEMIBULIMUS.

the last two volutions close, and the tip papillary ; base nearly
entire. Distinct from, though approximating to, Bulinus
zebra and undatus,"

(Swainson, Catalogue of the rare and valuable shells which
formed the celebrated collection of the late Mrs. Bligh, Ap-
pendix, p. 14, 1822 ; Exotic Conchology, edit. 2, p. 38, 1841) .

This seems to be some such shell as Oxystyla ferussaci, or
some of the forms represented on plate 17 of vol. XII ; yet the
"apex papillary" recalls Pseudotrochus (Perideris) .

ACHATINA VENTRICOSA G. Fischer, Mus. Demidoff iii, p.
224 (l8Q7)=BuUmus v., Brug. See Vol. VIII, 10.

ACHATINA ANTIQUA Desh., An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris ii, p.
839=Lacuna.

ACHATINA DONELLII King. T. subalbida, transversim sub-
striata; anfractus basalis ventricosus. Long. V 16 , lat. %".
(King in Zool. Journ. V. p. 342; Pfr., Monogr. ii, 295.)

Habitat prope Lima.

INDEX TO VOLUMES XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX.

ACHATINID^E, OLEACINIOE, FERUSSACID.E.

The following index comprises the families containing
snails formerly described as Acliatina. All snails described
under that generic name, whatever their present systematic
place, are included herein, so far as known to me.

abbreviata (Achatlna) Lowe.. XIX, 221
abbreviata (Clavator) Kob. .XVII, 196
abbreviate. (Columna) Coop.. . .XI, 153
abbreviata (Glandina) Edw.XIX., xxiii
abbreviata(Glandina)Mts. XIX, 192, 197
abbreviata (Leptinaria)Mts. XVIII, 307
abdita (Leptinaria) Poey. . .XVIII, 298

abdita (Subulina) Poey XVIII, 298

aberrans (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 36

abetifiana (Limicolaria) Kob. XVI, 267
abetiflana (Pseudoglessula) Rolle

XVII, 162

abia (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 257

abnormis (Ferussacia) Nev. ..XIX, 227
abromia (Ferussacia) Bgt. . . .XIX, 231
accincta ( Achatina )Migh..Achatinellidoe

achates (Bulimus) Mich XVIII, 27

achates (Prosopeas) Mich. . .XVIII, 27

achatina (Achatina) L XVII, 9

achatina (Bulla) Born XVII, 86

achatina (Bulla) L XVII, 9

Achatina Lam XVII, 1, xvii, xi

achatinacea(Stenogyra)auct. XVIII, 22
achatinaceum (Prosopeas) Pfr.

XVIII, 21, 13t)

achatinaceus (Bulimus) Pfr. XVIII, 22
Achatinella Schluter XIX, 309

ACHATINIDAE XVII, vil

achatinoides (Bulimus) Ziegl. XVI, 252

Achatinus Montfort XVII, 1

Achatium Link XVII, 1

acicula (Achatina) auct XX, 9

acicula (Buccinum) Mull XX, 9

acicula (Bulimus) Grat XX, 5

acicula (Caecilioides) Mull. . . .XX, 9, 2
Acicula Risso XX, 1

aciculseforme (Opeas) Mill. .XVIII, 201
acicularis(Leptinaria) Shuttl. XVIII, 299
acicularis( Stenogyra) Shuttl. XVIII, 21/9
aciculella (Caecilianella) Sandb. .XX, 5

Aciculina West XX, 1, 5

ackuloides (Achatina) de Betta XX, 23
aciculoides (Caecilioides) Jan. ..XX, 23

aciculoides (Columna) Jan XX, 23

acmella (Opeas) Morel XVIII, 144

acmella ( Stenogyra) Morel. . XVIII, 144

actoniana (Achatina) Ben XX, 25

actoniana (Caecilioides) Ben. ...XX, 25
aculeus (Opeas) Tapp.-Can. .XVIII, 176
aculeus (Stenogyra) T.-C. . .XVIII, 177
acuminata (Achatina) Baudon, J. C.,

1835=rLitiopa?
acuminata (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 294

acus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 344

acus (Coilostele) Pfr XIX, 344

acus (Euonyma) Morel XVIII, 40

acus (Spiraxis) Shuttl XIX, 23

acus (Stenogyra) Morel XVIII, 41

aeuta (Achatina) Lam XVII, 40

acuta (Helix) Fer XVII, 40

acuticostatus (Bulimus) Orb. ..XIX, 53
acuticostata (Varicella) Orb. ..XIX, 52
acutissima (Stenogyra) Mss. XVIII, 22
acutissimum (Prosopeas) Mss. XVIII, 22
acutissimus (Bulimus) Mss. .XVIII, 22

acutius (Opeas) Mill XVIII, 199

adamsiana (Achatina) Chitty .XIX, 63
adamsiana (Varicella) Chitty .XIX, 63

adamsii (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 66

adamsi (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 216

adansoni (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 252

adansoni (Limicolaria) Pfr. . .XVI, 252
adelinae (Archachatina) Pils. XVII, 118

(119)

120

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

adenensis (Bulimus) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 111
adonensls (Rlebeckia) G.-A. .XVII, 207
adonensis (Stenogyra) G.-A. XVII, 207
adusta (Achatina) Gld. = Carelia

advena (Caecilioides) Anc XX, 35

aedigyra (Achatina) M. & P.. .XVII, 94

sedllis (Helix) FGr XVI. 252

sedilis (Limlcolarla) Fer XVI, 252

aegyptlaca (Coelestele) Bgt. . .XIX, 342
aegyptiaca (Opeas) Bgt. . . .XVIII, 126
sequatoria (Achatina) Rve. .. .XVI, 227
sequatorius (Pseudotrochus) Rve.

XVI, 227

aequatoria(Leptinaria)Mill. XVIII, 303
requatoria(Rhodea)Da Costa XVIII, 239
aequatoria (Spiraxis) Mill. .XVIII, 303
aequatorica (Rhodea) Sykes XVIII, 239

sethlops (Bulimus) Morel XVI, 269

sethiops (Limlcolaria) Morel. .XVI, 269
affuvelensls (Limneus) Math. XIX, xxii
affuvelensis (Poiretia) Math. XIX, xxil

africana (Coelestele) Bgt XIX, 342

africana (Limicolaria) Rve. . .XVI, 254

africanus (Bulimus) Rve XVI, 254

agassizi (Obeliscus) Pils. .. .XVIII, 249
agathlna (Limicolaria) Gahb. XVI, 250

Ageca Gray XIX, 291

agllis (Cionella) West XIX, 232

agilis (Ferussacia) West XIX, 232

aglena (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 16

AGNATHA XIX, vlll

AGNATHOMOHPHA XIX, ix

agrsecia (Ferussacia) Bgt. . . .XIX, 253

Agraulina Bgt XIX, 269, 272

agrensis (Bulimus) Kurr. . .XVIII, 111
agrensis (Zootecus) Kurr. ..XVIII.IH

alabaster (Helix) Rang XVI, 221

alabaster (Perideris) Rang .. .XVI, 221
alabaster(Pseudotrochus) Rang XVI, 221
alabastrina (Curvella) DaC. XVIII, 336
alabastrina (Glandina) Alb. . .XIX, 195
alabastrina (Stenogyra) Shuttl.

XVIII, 205
alabastrinum( Opeas) Shuttl. XVIII, 204

alba (Achatina) Brown XX, 10

alba (Clavator) Dautz XVII, 196

albersl (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 201

albersl (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 201

albersi (Glandina) Binney . . .XIX, 198

albicans (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 23

albida (Periderlopsls) D. & P. XVI, 243
albinos (Cochllcopa) Moq. . . . XIX, 317
albobalteatus( Bulimus) Dkr. XVIII, 234
albobalteatua (Synapterpes) Dkr.

XVIII, 233
albollneata (Achatina) Lam. . .XIX, 94

albopicta (Achatina) Sm XVII, 88

algira (Glandina) auct XIX, 166

algira (Poiretia) Brug XIX, 165

algirus (Bulimns) Brug XIX, 166

alleryi (Cochlicopa) Caflcl . . .XIX, 336
alleryi(Hohenwartlana)Cafici XIX, 336

allisa (Achatina) Rve XVII, 33

allixi (Zua) Cossm XIX, 311

alopecotis (Pachyotus) Beck. XVII, 175

Alsobia Bgt XIX, 272

alticola (Glandina) Pils XIX, 194

alzenensis (Azeca) S.-SIm. . . .XIX, 294
amabilis (Synapterpes) Pils. XVIII, 233
amauronia (Ferussacia) Bgt. .XIX, 221
amazonicum (Opeas) Pils. ..XVIII, 208

ambigua (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 201

ambigua (Euglandina) Pfr. . .XIX, 201
ambigua (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 318

amblya (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 224

amdoanum (Opeas) Mlldff. .XVIII, 163

amentum (Achatina) Rve XX, 77

amentum (Glessula) Rve XX, 77

amoena (Glandina) Marts. . . .XIX, 195
amoenitatum (Csecillanella) Dohrn.

XX, 6

amphora (Helix) F<r XVII, 110

AMPHOKELLA Lowe XIX. 269

Ampulla Bolt XVII, 1

anals (Achatina) Less XII, 168

anamulllca (Achatina) Blanf. . .XX, 72
anamullica (Glessula) Blanf. ..XX, 72

anceyi (Cionella) West XIX, 337

anceyi(Hohenwartiana) West. XIX, 337

anceyi (Prosopeas) Pils XVIII, 33

angiostoma (Achatina) Ad. . . .XIX, 96
angiostoma (Varicella) Ad. . . .XIX, 96

angllca (Caecilianella) Bgt XX, 11

angustatus (Obeliscus) Gundl.

XVIII, 278

angustatus(Polyphemus) Villa. XIX, 169
angustatus (Stenogyra) Gundl.

XVIII, 279

angustatus (Stenogyra) Tick. XVII, 135
angustior(Stenogyra)Dohrn. XVIII, 79
angustior (Subulina) Dohrn. XVIII, 78
anjuanensis (Bocageia) Pils. ..XX, 114
annaensis (Obellscus) Beck.

XVIII, 184, 240

annse (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 39

anomala (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 303

anomala (Glandina) Ang I, 33

anomala (Leptinaria) Pfr. .XVIII, 303

anomalus (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 18

anomalus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 18

j antlllarum (Leptinaria) Shutt.

XVIII, 288, 289

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

121

antlnorii (Aehatina) Morel. .XVII, 133
antinorii (Homorus) Morel. .XVII, 133
antinorii (Stenogyra) Jick. XVII, L33
antiqua (Aehatina) Desh. Lacuna.

antlqua (Azeca) Fag XIX, 294

antiqua (Glandina) Iss XIX, xxv

antiqua (Glandina) Klein XX, 112

antoniana (Aehatina) Pfr XX, 114

antourtourensis(Achatina)Cr. XVII, 46

aperta (Geostilbia) Smith XX, 44

aperta (Macrospira) GIdg.

XVIII, 220; XX, 44

aperta (Megasplra) Smith XX, 45

APERIDAB XIX, xi

apex (Bulimus) Mouss XVIII, 127

aphellna (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 219
apiculum (Opeas) Morel. ...XVIII, 151
apiculum(Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 152
appalachicola(Cochlicopa)Pils. XIX,317
aquensis (Bulimus) Math. . . .XIX, xxv

arabica (Ccelestele) Bgt XIX, 340

aradasiana (Aehatina) Ben. ..XIX, 335
aradasiana (Hohenwartiana) Ben.

XIX, 335

aratispira (Bocageia) Pils. . .XVII, 185
aratus (Synapterpes) Pils. .XVIII, 232
arayatense (Opeas) Semp. ..XVIII, 180
arayatensis (Stenogyra) Semp.

XVIII, 180

ARCHACHATINA Albers. XVII, xiv, 1, 104
arctesplrata (Aehatina) Bgt. .XVII, 67
arctica (Ferussacia) West. .. .XIX, 240
arctispira (Opeas) Marts. . .XVIII, 175
arctispira( Stenogyra )Gredl. XVIII, 171
arctispira ( Stenogyra) Marts. XVIII, 175
arctisplrale (Opeas) Gredl. .XVIII, 170
arctlspiralis (Opeas) Gredl. XVIII, 171
arcuata (Aehatina) Pfr., Rve. XIX, 107

arcuata (Glandina) Pfr XIX, 103

arcuata (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 103

arguta (Stenogyra) Marts. . .XVII, 209
argenteum(Prosopeas)Hend. XVIII, 24
arguta (Riebeckia) Marts. .. .XVII. 209

argutum (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 211

arnoldi (Burtoa) Stur XVI, 307

arnoldl (Llvinhacia) Stur. . . .XVI, 307
armandl (Limlcolarla) Bgt. . .XVI, 247
artensls (Bulimus) Gass. .. .XVIII, 130

arthuril (Aehatina) Bs XX, 79

ascendens( Stenogyra )Poey .XVIII, 201

assimills (Aehatina) Rve XIX, 184

asslmllis (Euglandlna) Rve. ..XIX, 184
assinlensls (Homorus) Kob. .. .XX, 109

assoclata (Curvella) Sm XVIII, 57

assoclatus (Bulimus) Sm. . . .XVIII, 57
ssurgens (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 202

atava (Ferussacia) Crosse . . .XIX, 240

atlantlca (Rumina) Pall XVII, 213

atlasica (Ferussacia) Bgt. . . .XIX, 266
ATOPOCOCHLIS C. & F.

XVI, 218, XVII, x

atramentarla (Aehatina) Pfr. .XII, 210
Atropocochlis, error for Atopocochlis

XVI, 218
attenuata (Aehatina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 208

attenuata (Clonella) Mss XIX, 237

attenuata (Ferussacia) Mouss. XIX, 237
attenuata (Euglandina) Pfr. .XIX, 208
aubryana (Stenogyra) Hde. XVIII, 168
aubryanum (Opeas) Hde. . .XVIII, 168
audebardi (Glandina) auct. . .XIX, 195
aurantiaca (Glandina) Ang. . .XIX, 204

aurata (Glandina) Morel XIX, 188

auratus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 232

auratus (Synapterpes) Pfr. XVIII, 232
aurelianensis (Aehatina) Dh. An eocene

Cochlicopa.
auriculacea (Spiraxis) Pfr. . .XIX, 159

aurora (Aehatina) Pfr XVII, 102

aurora (Bulimus) Jay XVI, 249

aurora (Limicolaria) Jay . . . .XVI, 248
auripigmentum (Bulimus) Rve. XVI, 231
aurlpigmentum (Pseudotrochus) Rve.

XVI, 231

aurlsmuris (Bulimus) Shuttl. XVII, 176
aurismyoxi( Bulimus )Shuttl. XVII, 176
aurisvulpina (Voluta) Dillw. XVII, 175

austenl (Bacillum) Pils XVIII, 3

australis (Aehatina) Mich., Villa,

undesc.

avenacea( Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 153
avenaceum (Opeas) Morel. .XVIII, 153

AZECA Lch XIX, 289, 290

Azecastrum Bgt XIX, 290

azorlca (Aehatina) Alb XIX, 320

azorica (Glandina) Alb XIX, 315

B

babel (Llmlcolarlus) Beck. .. .XVI, 282
bacillaris( Stenogyra) Mouss. XVIII, 184
bacilliformis( Aehatina) Jonas XVII, 153
bacilliformis( Homorus) Jonas XVII, 152

Bacillum Theob XVIII, 1

bacillus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 262

bacillus (Obeliscus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 262
bacterionldes (Helix) Orb. ..XVIII, 250
bacterionides (Obeliscus) Orb. XVIII, 250

baculina (Glessula) Blanf XX, 88

badla (Stenogyra) Marts. . . .XVII, 149

balanus (Aehatina) Bens XX, 48

balanus (Caecllioldes) Bens. . . .XX, 46
baldwlnl (Caecllioldes) Anc. . . .XX, 45

122

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

Balfouria Crosse XVII, 204

balstoni (Bulimus) Ang XVII, 203

balstoni (Clavator) Ang. . . .XVII, 203

balteata (Achatina) Gld XVI, 235

balteata (Achatina) Rve XVII, 30

bamboucha (Helix) F<r XVIII, 109

bandeirana (Achatina) Morel. XVII, 19
barattei (Ferussacia) L. & B. XIX, 254
barbigera (Achatina) Morel, XVII, 183
barbozae (Caecilioldes) Maltz. . .XX, 19
barclayi (Ferussacia) Pfr. . . .XIX, 233

barclayi (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 233

barriana (Achatina) Sowb. ..XVII, 127
barrianum(Ganomidos)Ailly. XVII, 128
bassamensis (Limicolaria) Sh. XVI, 265

Bathyaxis Anc XVIII, 336

baudoni ( Azeca) Mich XIX, 292

bawriense (Opeas) Pils. . . .XVIII, 146

bayanus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 45

bayaona (Achatina) Morel. . .XVII, 20

bayoli (Achatina) Morel XVII, 118

bayoniana (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 21

Beccaria Bgt XVIII, 114

beccarii (Limicolaria) Morel. .XVI, 278
beckianum (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 189
beckianus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 189
beddomei (Achatina) Blanf. . . .XX, 74

beddomei (Glessula) Blanf XX, 73

bellamyi (Limicolaria) Jouss. XVI, 253

belloiri (Ferussacia) Let XIX, 266

bellula (Glandina) C. & F 1,23

belonidaea (Caecilioides) Serv. ..XX, 18

Belonis I-Iartmann XX, 1

bensoniana (Achatina) Pfr XX, 67

bensoniana (Glessula) Pfr XX, 67

bentiue (Obeliscella) M. & P. XVIII, 102
bentise (Stenogyra) M. & P. XVIII, 102

berendti (Achatina) Pfr I, 50

berendti (Physella) Pfr I, 22

berendti (Pseudosubulina) Pfr. .. .1, 50
berendti (Spiraxis) Pfr. XIX, 21 ; 1,51

berendti (Strebelia) Pfr I, 22

berthieri (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 260
berytensis (Ferussacia) Bgt. ..XIX, 327

BIANGULAXIS Pils XIX, 46

bicarinata (Achatina) Brug. XVII, 107
bicarinatus (Bulimus) Brug. XVII, 108
bickhardti (Spiraxis) Bttg. . . .XIX, 13
bicolor (Achatina) Jay = Carelia.
bicolor (Streptostyla) Marts. .XIX, 162
bicolumellaris (Subullna) Marts.

XVIII, 90

biconica (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 157

biconica (Streptostyla) Pfr. ..XIX, 157

blfrons (Perideris) Sh XVI, 225

blfrons (Pseudotrochus) Sh. ..XVI, 225

binneyana (Glandina) Prr.

XIX, 188; XX, 111
binneyana (Streptostyla) C. & F.

XIX, 158

binneyi (Obellscus) Pils. . . .XVIII, 279
binodosa (Caecilioides) Maltz. .XX, 19
biolleyi (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 316
biondiana (Achatina) Ben. . .XIX, 335
biondiana (Hohenwartiana) Ben.

XIX, 334

blondlna (Ferussacia) Pfr. ..XIX, 335
biplicata (Glandina) W. & M. XIX, 118

blplicata (Helix) Lowe XIX, 273

biplicata (Varicella) W. & M. XIX, 119
biplicatula (Varicella) Pils. ..XIX, 105

bisculpta (Achatina) Sm XVII, 94

bistorta (Spiraxis) Pfr XVIII, 233

bistortus(Synapterpes)Pfr. XVIII, 233
blalniana (Achatina) Poey . . . .XII, 75
blanchardianum ( Opeas) Gass. XVIII, 178
blanchardianus (Bulimus) Gass.

XVIII, 178

blandiana (Achatina) Ad XIX, 75

blandiana (Caecilioides) Crosse .XX, 42
blandiana (Geostilbia) Crosse ..XX, 43
blandiana (Streptostyla) C. & F.

XIX, 148
blandiana (Tornatelllna) Pfr. XVIII, 289

blandiana (Varicella) Ad XIX, 74

blandianus (Obeliscus) Pils. XVIII, 278
blandianus (Spiraxis) Pils. . . .XX, 111

blandi (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 258

blaudi (Obeliscus) Pfr XVIII, 257

blandi (Ravenia) Crosse I, 52

blandi (Spiraxis) Crosse

XIX, 20; XX, 111

blanfordiana (Glessula) Nev. . .XX, 98
blanfordiana (Stenogyra) Nev. .XX, 99

bloyeti (Achatina) Bgt XVII, 36

BOCAGEIA Girard XVII, 191

bocagei (Opeas) Nobre XVIII, 145

bocourtlana (Stenogyra) C. & F.

XVIII, 213
bocourtlanuni (Opeas) C. & F.

XVIII, 213
bocourtl (Streptostyla) C. & F. XIX, 150

boettgeri (Azeca) And XIX, 292

boettgerl (Caecilioides) Hesse ..XX, 16
boettgeri (Curvella) Gredl. . .XVIII, 67
boettgerl (Hapalus) Gredl. ..XVIII, 68
bogotensis(Euglandina)Da C. XIX, 179
bogotensis (Glandina) Da C. .XIX, 180

boissll (Azeca) Dup XIX, 307

boissyi (Cionella) Westerl. .. .XIX, 307
,bolvlnl (Glandina) Morel. See Enidae.
bollampattlana ( Stenogyra) Nev. XX, 74

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

123

Boltenia Pfr XIX, 131

bolumpattiana (Glessula) Bedd. XX, 75

bombarda (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 9

bonensls (Glandlna) Alb XIX, 166

bonnetl (Glandina) Cossm. . .XIX.xxll

borbonlca (Helix) F6r XVII, 56

borealis (Pseudosubulina) Plls. .XIX, 7

borealis (Splraxls) Plls XIX, 8

boreti (Achatlna) Gray XIX, 166

borniana (Achatina) Beck XVII, 86

botellus (Achatina) Bs XX, 78

botellus (Glessula) Bs XX, 78

bottampotana( Achatina )H. & T. XX, 74
bottampotana ( Glessula) H. & T. XX, 74
botteriana (Streptostyla) C. & F.

1,44; XIX, 161
bourgulgnatlana (Achatina) Ben.

XIX, 331
bourguignatlana (Hohenwartlana) Ben.

XIX, 330

bourguignatl (Azeca) Fag. . . .XIX, 296
bourgulgnatl(Ccelestele) Jouss. XIX, 341
bourguignati (Dlgonlaxis) Jouss.

XIX, 288
bourguignati (Limicolarla) Grand.

XVI, 304
bourguignati (Limicolarla) Pal.

XVIII, 126

boucardi( Streptostyla) Angas XIX, 158
boucardi (Streptostyla) Pfr. .XIX, 158
bourlieri (Ferussacia) Anc. . .XIX, 266
boyeriana (Streptostyla) C. & F. .1,48

boyssii (Zua) Loc XIX, 307

braueri (Opeas) Marts XVIII, 156

braueri (Hapalus) Marts. . .XVIII, 156
brephos (Obeliscus) Beck. . .XVIII, 240
bretignerei (Glessula) Chap. . .XX, 109

brevicula (Melaniella) Ad XIX, 50

brevior (Subullna) Smith . .XVIII, 177

brevis (Achatina) Pfr XX, 85

brevls (Cochlicopa) Mich. . . .XIX, 311
brevis (Curvella) Q. & M. ...XVIII, 69

brevls (Glandlna) Edw XIX, xxiil

brevis (Glessula) Pfr XX, 85

brevls (Hapalus) Q. & M. ...XVIII, 69

brevls (Splraxis) Ad XIX, 40

brevis (Zua) Mich XIX, 311

brevispira (Opeas) Plls XVIII, 173

brevius (Opeas) Smith XVIII, 177

bridouxiana (Burtoa) Bgt. . . .XVI, 304
brldouxi (Limicolarla) Grand. XVI, 293

brittanica (Pupa) Ken XIX, 295

brondeli (Caecilloides) Bgt XX, 20

buccinula (Achatina) Grat. . . .XX, 114
buchholzl (Pseudachatlna) Kob.

XVI, 217

buchnerl (Achatina) Marts. . .XVII, 10
buchneri(Pseudachatina)Kob. XVI, 206

buddil (Zua) Dup XIX, 313

bugesi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 329

buge-si (Hohenwartiana) Bgt. .XIX, 329
bulimoides (Achatina) Pfr., Tornatel-
llnidae.

| Bulimulida; XX, 114

bulimea (Columna) Spix. . . .XVII, 125

bullacea (Spiraxls) Pfr XIX, 146

bullacea (Streptostyla) Pfr. . .XIX, 146

bullata (Glandina) Gld XIX, 192

bulloldes (Achatina) Dh. Pfr. Monogr.

Ill, 520

burnupi (Achatina) Sm XVII, 97

burrailensls (Glessula) G.-Aust. XX, 92

| BURTOA Bourgulgnat XVI, 298

burtoniana (Llmlcolaria) Grand.

XVI. 293

Burtopsis Bgt XVI, 298

butlerl (Glessula) G.-Aust XX, 92

C

j cacahuamllpensls( Splraxis) Her. XIX, 28
j cacumlnata (Euonyma) M. & P.

XVIII, 42
i cacumlnata (Stenogyra) M. & P.

XVIII, 42

! Cfficllianella Bourg XX, 1

j Caecillanellidse Bgt XIX, 211

CAECILIANOPSIS Pils XX, 5, 38

j CAECILIOIDES Herm XX, 1

1 caillaudi (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 282

callleanus (Bulimus) Morel. ..XVI, 228
cailleanus (Pseudotrochus) Morel.

XVI, 227
calabarlca( Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 157,158

CALAXIS Bgt XIX, 284

calcareus (Bulimus) Brug. . .XVII, 198
calcaria (Helix) Born.

XVII, 196 ;XVIII, 283
calcarlus ( Neobellscus ) Born. XVIII, 283
caledonlca (Geostilbia) Crosse ..XX, 45
callfornica (Achatina) Pfr. XVIII, 235
californica (Columna) Pfr. .XVIII, 235
californica (Rhodea) Pfr. . .XVIII, 235
i caloglypta (Curvella) M. & P.

XVIII, 59

oalus (Splraxis) Pils XIX, 42

calllsta (Euglandina) P. & C. XIX, 181
callista (Glandlna) P. & C. . .XIX, 181

calllstopepla Anc XVII, 125

CALLISTOPLEPA Anc XVII, xv, 125

camba (Bulimus) Orb XVIII, 210

camba (Opeas) Orb XVIII, 209

124

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

camerunensis (Achatlna) Ailly.

XVII, 119

canarlca (Glessula) Bedd XX, 72

cancellata (Glandina) Sandb. XIX, xxlv
Candida (Glandina) Shuttl. . .XIX, 197
candidissima (Limicolarla) Parr.

XVI, 273

candidissimus(Bulimus)Parr. XVI, 274
canefriana (Perrieria) Sykes XVIII, 36
canonica(Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 100
canonica (Subulina) Morel. XVIII, 100
canteroiana (Cryptelasmus) Gundl.

XVIII, 331

canteroiana (Balea) Gundl. XVIII, 332
cantheriata (Cochlitoma) Fer. XX, 113

cantheriata (Helix) Fer XX, 113

canthraini (Mastus) Beck. .. .XIX, 299

capelloi (Achatina) Furt XVII, 28

capensis (Achatina) Alb XVII, 86

capillacea (Acbatina) Pfr XX, 55

capillacea (Glessula) Pfr XX, 55

caraccasensis(Bulimus)Rve. XVIII, 189 I

carinata (Achatina) Pfr XVI, 223 ',

carinata (Perideris) Pfr XVI, 223

carinata (Pseudotrochus) Pfr. XVI, 223 j
carinata (Stenogyra)Watteb. XVIII, 159
carinatum (Opeas) Watteb. XVIII, 159
carlnulata (Subulina) Beck. XVIII, 221
carinulata(Synopeas) Jouss. XVIII, 192

carinenensls (Glandina) auct I, 40 |

carminensis (Euglandina) Morel. . I, 40 ;
carmlnensis (Glandina) Morel. . . .1, 40
carnea (Achatina) Pfr.

XVII, 109; XIX, 199
carnea (Ferussacia) Risso . . .XIX, 248

carnea (Pegea) Risso XIX, 248

carneola (Achatina) Grat. . . .XVI, 249
Carolina (Stenogyra) Marts. .XVIII, 19
carolinum(Prosopeas) Marts. XVIII, 19
carphodes (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 247
carphodes (Obeliscus) Pfr. .XVIII, 246

carus (Hemibulimus) Pils XX, 116

caslaca (Electra) Bs XVIII, 4

cassiaca (Achatina) Bs XVIII, 3

casslacum (Bacillum) Bs XVIII, 3

castanea (Achatina) Lam XVII, 54

castanea (Subulina) Marts. .XVII, 139
castrolana (Caecllioides) Loc. . .XX, 17
castrolana (Crelestele) Bgt. . .XIX, 344
castroiana (Ferussacia) Loc. .XIX, 223
catarractsE(Curvella)M. & P. XVIII, 59
catarraetffi(Hapalus)M. & P. XVIII, 59

Cataulus calcadensis XVIII, 63

catenata (Splraxis) Pfr XIX, 161

catenata (Streptostyla) Pfr.

I, 251 ; XIX, 161
cnnpregana (Helix) Morlc. XVIII, 283

cazioti (Ferussacia) Loc XIX, 332

cazioti (Hohenwartiana) Loc. XIX, 332

Cecihoides Beck XX, 1

celosia (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 261

centralls (Limicolaria) Germain

XVII, 217

cerea (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 78

cerea (Subulina) Pfr XVIII, 78

CBEAS Dupuis XVII, 155

cereola (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVIII, 99
cereola (Subulina) Morel. . . .XVIII, 99
cereus (Bulimus) Rve. .XVIII, 127, 128

ceylanica (Achatina) Pfr XX, 57

ceylanica (Glessula) Pfr XX, 57

champion! ( Streptostyla) Marts. XIX, 159

cbaperi (Achatina) Anc XVII, 10

chapman! ( Stenogyra )M. & P. XVIII, 93
chapman! (Subulina) M. & P. XVIII, 93
charbonnieri (Limicolaria) Bgt. XVI, 293
charmettensis(Varicella)Pils. XIX, 116
charopia (Ferussacia) Bgt. ..XIX, 255
chathamensis (Leptinaria) Dall.

XVIII, 285

chefneuxi (Limicolaria) Bgt. .XVI, 271
chemnitziana (Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 86

Chersina Beck XVI. 219

Chersina Humph XVII, 1

CHERSOMITRA Marts XIX, 145

chessoni (Achatina) Bs XX, 69

chessonl (Glessula) Bs XX, 68

chiapensis (Achatina) Pfr I, 50

chiapensis (Pseudosubulina) Pfr. .1,50
chiapensis (Streptostyla) Plls. XX, 111

i chiarinii (Subulina) Poll. . . .XVIII, 85

| chillensis (Achatina) Less XI, 8

I Chilogymnus Jouss XVIII, 104

i CHILONOPSIS F. de W XVII, 171

i chinense (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 162

I chlnensis (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 7

1 chinensis (Tortaxis) Pfr. XVIII, 6, 162

1 chion (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 112

chlradzulensis (Subulina) Smith

XVIII, 93

chlriquiana (Glandina) Marts. XIX, 202
chiriqulana (Streptostyla) Marts.

XIX, 151

chiriquiensls (Glandina) DaC. XIX, 202

chittyana (Varicella) Plls XIX, 64

chlttyi (Varicella) Pils XIX, 8

choana (Limlcolaria) Bgt XVI, 277

chromatella (Limicolaria) Morel.

XVI, 263

chromatellus (Bulimus) Morel. XVI, 264
chromatlca( Limicolaria) Pils. XVI, 287
chrysallls (Achatina) Pfr. see Acha-
tlnellidae.

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

125

CHRTSERPES Plls XVIII. 228, 231

chrysoderma (Achatina) Pils. XVII, 46
chrysoleuca (Achatina) Pils. .XVII, 59
churchllllana (Achatina) M. & P.

XVII, 101

clenfuegensis (Varicella) Plls. XIX, 59
clenfuegosensis (Cryptelasmus) Pila.

XVIII, 332

cincta (Ferussacla) Cout. . . .XIX, 229
clngalensls (Digonlaxls) Bs. .XIX, 289
cingalensls (Spiraxis) Bs. . . .XIX, 289
cingulata (Streptostyla) C. & F.

1,45; XIX, 146

clngulatum (Ceras) D. & P. .XVII, 156
cinnamomea(Achatlna)M. & P. XVII.94
clnnamomeofusca (Euglandlna) Try.

XIX, 182

Cionella Jeffr XIX, 309

Cionellida Pfr. & Cless XIX, 211

CIRCINARIIDAE Plls XIX, x

circumstriata (Subullna) Marts.

XVII, 140
clrtana (Ferussacla) Bgt. . . .XIX, 262

clappi (Varicella) Pils XIX, 109

clava (Bulimus) Rve XIX, 34

clavata (Acatina) Gray XVII, 157 |

clavata(Pseudoglessula)Gray XVII, 157
clavata (Subulina) Marts. . .XVII, 139
clavator (Bulimus) Petit. . . .XVII, 200
clavator (Clavator) Petit. .. .XVII, 200

CLAVATOR Martens XVII, 192

clavatula (Streptostyla) Anc. XIX, 160
claviformis(Stenogyra)Kob. XVII, 214

clavula (Columna) Villa XVII, 125

clavulinuin (Opeas) P. & M. XVIII, 135
clavullnus(Bulimus)P. & M. XVIII, 135
clavulus (Bulimus) Turt. . .XVIII, 201

clavulus (Helix) F6r XVIII, 201

clavulus (Helix) Q. & G. . . .XVIII, 127

clavus (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 185

clavus (Bocageia) Pfr XVII, 184

clavua (Obeliscus) Pils XVIII, 266

CLBOSTTLA Ball XVII, 179

cleriei (Glandina) Welnl XIX, 135

cleriel (Oleaclna) Weinl XIX, 134

clesslnl (Caecilioldes) Maltz. .. .XX, 19
cobanensls (Spiraxis) Marts. . .XIX, 21
cobanensis (Spiraxis) Tristr. .XIX, 154
cobanensis (Streptostyla) Tristr.

XIX, 155

cochlea (Achatina) Rve. Carella.
cochleades (Bulimus) Rve. . .XVIII, 16

COCHLICOPA F5r XIX, 308

Cochlicopldse auct XIX, 211

cochlldium (Varicella) Pils. . .XIX, 110
cochllodes (Bulimus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 16

cochliodes (Prosopeas) Pfr. ..XVIII, 18

COCHLITOMA F6r XVII, xiii, 78

Ccelestele Bgt XIX, 338

COELIAXINAE Plls XVIII, 330

COELIAXIS Ad. & Ang. XVIIi, 331, 336

Coelostele auct XIX, 338

cognata (Glandina) Streb I, 39

COILOSTELE Bens XIX, 338

collmense (Opeas) C. & F. ..XVIII, 215
colimensls(Bullmus)C. & F. XVIII, 215

collettse (Glessula) Sykes XX, 60

colllna (Aehatlna) Dr XIX, 322

coloba (Achatina) Pils XVII, 58

colorata (Limicolarla) Marts. XVI, 286
colubrina (Achatina) Morel. ..XVII, 27
columella (Achatina) Desh.^Scalaxls.
columella (Bulimus) Phil. ..XVIII, 248
columella (Cochlicopa) Clesg. XIX, 314
columella (Obeliscus) Phil. .XVIII, 248
columna (Bucclnum) Miill. ..XVII, 122
columna (Cochlicopa) Cless. ..XIX, 319
columna (Columna) Miill. .. .XVII, 121

COLDMNA Perry XVII, 120

columnaris (Lymnea) Lam. ..XVII, 122
communis (Achatina) Mke. ..XIX, 314
comorensls (Achatina) Pfr. .XVII, 188
comorensls (Bocageia) Pfr. ..XVII, 188
comorensls(Caecilloldes)Morel. XX, 47
comorensis (Geostilbia) Morel. .XX, 48

COMOROPBAS Pils XVIII, 123

compressa (Glandina) Mss. . .XIX, 169
compressa (Poiretla) Mss. . . .XIX, 169
compressllabrls (Bulimus) Bens.

XVIII, 201

concentrica( Achatina) Rve. XVIII, 290
| concentrlca (Curvella) Rve. .XVIII, 61
concentrlca (Leptinarla) Rve.

XVIII, 290

concentricus (Bulimus) Rve. XVIII, 51
conferta (Euglandina) Pfr. . .XIX, 210

conferta (Oleaclna) Pfr XIX, 210

confertecostatus (Spiraxis) Streb.

I, 51 ; XIX, 23

confertecostatus (Volutaxis) Streb. I, 51
confertestrlatua (Spiraxis) Streb.

1,52; XIX, 23
confertestrlatus (Volutaxis) Streb. 1,52

confertus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 30

confusa (Achatina) Pfr. . . . A VIII, 225

confusa (Subulina) Pfr XVIII, 225

congolanlca (Limlcolaria) Putz.

XVI, 271
conifera (Achatina) Rve., Tornatel-

llnidse.
conlformls (Streptostyla) Shutt.

1,47; XIX. 148

126

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

connectens (Llmicolaria) Marts.

XVI, 293
connectens (Pseudochatina) Ailly.

XVI, 211

oonoldea (Curvella) Marts. . .XVIII, 56
conoideus (Hapalus) Marts. .XVIII, 56
conradtl (Pseudoglessula) Marts.

XVII, 170

conradti (Subullna) Marts. ..XVIII, 92
consimilis (Achatinia) Rve., Tornatel-
linidae.

consobrina (Achatina) Orb XX, 39

consobrina (Caecilioides) Orb. ..XX, 39
contiguus (Bulimus) Rve. . .XVIII, 105
contiguus (Zootecus) Rve. ..XVIII, 105

contorta (Spiraxis) Chitty XIX, 18

eontractus (Bulimus) Poey

XVIII, 194, 195
contraria (Columna) M. & H. XVII, 125

conularis (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 19T

conularis (Euglandina) Pfr. ..XIX, 197
Conulus(Streptostyla) Marts. XIX, 148

convexior (Glessula) Nevill XX, 79

convexus (Bulimus) Wood

XIX, xxiii ; XX, 113
oonvoluta (Ferussacia) Pal. .XIX, 217
convoluta (Leptinaria) Marts.

XVIII, 320

cordieri (Achatina) Dh XIX, xxil

cordofana (Limicolaria) Sh. ..XVI, 273
cordovana (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XIX, 209
cordovana (Euglandina) Pfr. XIX, 209

coronata (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 185

coronata (Stenogyra) Guppy . .XIX, 72
coronata (Varicella) Guppy . . .XIX, 72
coronatus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 229
coronatus(Synapterpes)Pfr. XVIII, 229

cornea (Achatina) Brum XIX, 169

cornea (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVII, 189

cornea (Aclcula) Hasselt XX, 103

cornea (Bocageia) Morel XVII, 189

cornea (Bulimus) Bgt.

XVII, 214 ; XX, 114

cornea (Glessula) Bttg XX, 103

cornea (Poiretia) Brum XIX, 168

cornea (Streptostyla) C. & F. XIX, 154
corneola (Glandina) Binn. . . .XIX, 188

corrosula (Achatina) Pfr XX, 67

corrosula (Glessula) Pfr XX, 67

corusca (Achatina) Rve XIX, 123

corusca (Varicella) Rve XIX, 123

cossonl (Ferussacia) L. & B. .XIX, 268
costaricana (Leptinaria) Marts.

XVIII, 316
costarlcensls (Streptostyla) DaC.

XIX, 155

costatostriatus (Bulimus) Pfr. XIX, 25
costatostrlatus (Spiraxis) Pfr. XIX, 25
costellata (Poiretia) Sowb. ..XIX, xxill
costellatus (Bulimus) Sowb. XIX, xxlil
costellosa (Tornatellina) Guppy

XVIII, 301

costulata (Achatina) Ad XIX, 68

costulata (Achatina) Greef. .XVII, 187
costulata (Petriola) Greet ..XVII, 187

! costulata (Varicella) Ad XIX, 66

I costulosa (Achatina) Ad XIX, 78

j costulosa (Varicella) Ad XIX, 78

costulosus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 17

coulboisi (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 285
coulterl (Euglandina) Gray . .XIX, 188
coulteri (Glandina) Gray . . . .XIX, 187
couroupa (Achatina) Less. . . .XVII, 56

cousin! (Rhodea) Jouss XVIII, 238

crassa (Burtoa) Marts XVI, 302

crassa (Limicolaria) Marts. . .XVI, 302
crassa (Streptostyla) Streb. ..XIX, 152
crassicostata (Glandina) Sandb.

XIX, xxlll

crassilabris (Achatina) Bs XX, 96

crassllabris (Glessula) Bs XX, 96

crassula (Achatina) Bs XX, 98

crassula (Cochlicopa) Ag XIX, 318

crassula (Ferussacia) Fag. .. .XIX, 318

crassula (Glessula) Bs XX, 98

cravenl (Achatina) Sm XVII, 66

crawfordi (Achatina) Morel. ..XVII, 93
crawfordi (Opeas) M. & P. .XVIII, 149
crawfordi (Stenogyra) M. & P.

XVIII, 149
crenata (Aehatina) Swains. .. .XII, 168

crenata (Helix) Valenc XVI, 208

crenata (Oncaea) Gistel XVII, 71

crenulata (Achatina) Sow. Ant. Pfr.

XX, 112

crenulata (Glandina) Sow. Anton Pfr.

XX, 112

crenulata (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII,311
crenulata (Struthiolarla) Lam.

XVII, 175

crenulatum (Opeas) Smith .XVIII, 146
cristalllna (Caecilioides) Ben. ..XX, 15

cristallina (Pupa) Dup XIX, 296

croslyi (Curvella) Burn XVIII, 59

crosseana(Rhodea)DaCosta XVIII, 237

crossei (Clavator) Kob XVII, 204

crossel (Opeas) Girard XVIII, 115

crossei (Pseudopeas) Girard XVIII, 115
crotalaria (Subullna) Moerch XVIII, 73
crotalarlae (Subulina) Beck ..XVIII, 73
crotallarla (Achatina) Schum. XVII, 71
CKTPTAZECA Folin XIX, 282

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

127

CETPTELASMUS Plls. . .XVIII, 330, 331
crystalllnus(Bulimus)Greef. XVII, 216
crystalllna (Euonyma) M. & P.

XVIII, 45
crystalllna (Subulina) M. & P.

XVIII, 45

cubanlana (Achatlna) Orb. .. .XIX, 143
cubanlana (Spfraxis) Orb. . . .XIX, 143
cubanlana(Streptostyla)Orb. XIX, 143

cubensls (Achatina) Orb XIX, 143

cubensls (Rectoleaclna) Orb. .XIX, 142
cuencanum (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 197
cuencanus (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 197
cumlngiana (Ochroderma) Pfr.

XVIII, 327

cumlngiana (SplraxLs) Pfr. Carella.
cumlngiana (Tornatelllna) Pfr.

XVIII, 328

cumingil (Achatina) Shuttl. XVII, 112
cumlngil (Glandina) Beck. .. .XIX, 195
cumlngl (Euglandina) Beck. .XIX, 195

cuneus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 252

cuneus (Glandina) Marts XIX, 187

cuneus (Obellscus) Pfr XVIII, 252

curta (Cochlicopa) Cless XIX, 319

CURVELLA Chaper XVIII, 46

curvllabris (Glandina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 89
curvilabrls (Varicella) Pfr. . . .XIX, 89
cuspldata (Achatina) Bolssy. Scalaxls.
cyanostoma (Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 131
Cyanostoma (Homorus) Pfr. XVII, 131
cyanozoarla(Oleacina)Gundl. XIX, 140

cyclothyra (Azeca) Bttg XIX, 300

cyclothyra (Cochlicopa) Bttg. XIX, 301
cylichna (Achatina) Lowe . . .XIX, 282
cylichna (Csecillanella) Bgt. .XIX, 282
cylichna (Ferussacia) Lowe . .XIX, 282

CYLICHNIDIA Lowe XIX, 280

cyllndracea (Azeca) Calc XIX, 302

cyllndracea (Glandina) Phill. XIX, 198
cyllndracea (Streptostyla) Pfr. .. .1, 48
cyllndracea (Subulina) Bgt. XVII, 144
cylindraceus (Bulimus) Calc. XIX, 302
cyllndrata (Ccelostele) Bttg. .XIX, 343
cylindrella (Achatina) Morel.

XVIII, 226
cyllndrella( Subulina) Morel. XVIII, 226

cylindrlca (Azeca) Mass XIX, 308

cyllndrlca(Ferussacia)Morel. XIX, 315
cyllndrica (Ferussacia) Mass. XIX, 308
cyllndrica (Pupa) "Hutt." .XVIII, 107
cylindrlcus (Helicites) Schl. .XIX, xxll

Cylindrina Schlueter XVII, 211

cyllndrus( Euglandina) Marts. XIX, 184
cylindrus (Glandina) Marts. .XIX, 184
cypria (Calaxls) Kob XIX, 287

D

dactylophila (Ferussacia) IBS. XIX, 254

dactylus (Achatina) Brod I, 32

dalli (Euglandina) Pils XIX, 207

dalll (Glandina) Pils XIX, 207

daillyana (Curvella) Pils. ...XVIII, 48
dalllyana(Pseudochatlna)Pils. XVI, 214
damarensis (Achatina) Marts. XVII, 22
dammarensis (Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 21
danlca (Stenogyra) Schlesch .. .XX, 10
darnaudi (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVII, 134
darvlnianus (Bulimus) Fbs. .XVII, 176
darvlnianus(Chilonopsis)Fbs. XVII, 177
daudebarti (Achatina) Dh. . .XIX, 195
daudebartl (Euglandina) Dh. XIX, 195
dautzenbergi (Ceras) D. & P. XVII, 155
davidensls (Varicella) Plls. . . .XIX, 64

davidis (Cochlicopa) Anc XIX, 325

davldis (Zua) Anc XIX, 325

dealbertisi (Glessula) Poll. .. .XX, 106
debilis (Ferussacia) Morel. .. .XIX, 264

debllis (Glandina) Morel XIX, 264

decapitatus (Bulimus) Spix .XVII, 213

decepta (Curvella) Rve XVIII, 49

deceptus (Bulimus) Rve XVIII, 49

decldua (Euglandina) Pfr. .. .XIX, 204

decldua (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 204

deciplens (Riebeckia) Sm. .. .XVII, 206
declpiens (Stenogyra) Smith XVII, 208
decollata (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 153

decollata (Helix) L XVII, 212

decollata (Rumina) L. ..XVII, 212, 215
decollata (Stenogyra) auct. ..XVII, 212
decollatus (Bulimus) auct. .XVII, 213
decollatus (Homorus) Morel. XVII, 153
decora (Aohatina) Dh. see Achatinel-

lidae.

decor tica turn (Prosopeas) Rve. XVIII.34
decorticatus (Bulimus) Rve.

XVIII, 35, 12T

decurtata (Curvella) Mlldff. .XVIII, 68
decurtatus (Hapalus) Mlldff. XVIII, 68

decussata (Achatina) D<h XIX, 188

decussata (Bulimus) Lowe

XVII, 214; XX, 114
decussata (Euglandina) Dh. ..XIX, 188
decussata (Glandina) Blnn.

XIX, 188, 190

deflorescens (Glandina) Vend. .XIX, 98
deflorescens (Varicella) Vend. .XIX, 96
delattrei (Streptostyla) auct. XIX, 145
delesserti (Glandina) Bgt. .. .XIX, 167

delesserti (Poiretia) Bgt XIX, 167

dellbuta (Glandina) Morel. ...XIX. 152
delibuta (Streptostyla) Morel. XIX, 152

128

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

delicata (Curvella) Glbb. . . .XVIII, 58

delicata (Glandina) Plls XIX, 194

delicata (Opeas) Gibb XVIII, 58

delicatula (Achatina) Shuttl. XIX, 209
dellcatula ( Euglandlna ) Shuttl. XIX.209

dellcatus (Spiraxls) Plls XIX, 27

delorioli (Achatina) Bonn. . . .XVII, 82
denar!ensis(Ferussacla)Greg. XIX, 221
densespiratus (Bulimus) Mouss.

XVIII, 174
densesplratum (Opeas) Mouss.

XVIII, 174

densestrlata(Stenogyra)Mss. XVIII, 175
dennisonl (Achatina) Rve. C. Icon. t.

32. Hemibullmus XX, 115

dennisoni(Pseudachatlna)Pfr. XVI, 211
dentlculata (Glandina) Welnl. XIX, 116
dentlculata (Varicella) Welnl. XIX, 116
dentlens (Achatina) Rossm. ..XIX, 299
dentiens (Columna) Villa . . .XVII, 125
depressa (Glandina) Mouss. ..XIX, 169
deschiensi (Glandina) Bay. . .XIX, xxil

dlstlnguenda (Glandina) Try. XIX, 179
DISTOECHIA Crosse .. .XVIII, 330, 335
Dlstaectrla Cossm., H. & B. XVIII, 338
distorta (Streptostyla) Plls. .XIX, 154
dlversa (Achatina) Dsh. Scalaxls.

dohrnl (Azeca) Paul XIX, 303

dohertyl (Subullna) Smith ..XVIII, 94
dohertyl (Limicolaria) Sm. ...XVI, 281
dohrniana (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVII, 18
dohrnl (Opeas) Glrard XVIII, 142

DOLICHOLESTES Plls XIX, 348

domlnicensis (Balea) Pfr. . .XVIII, 272
domlnicensis (Obellscus) Pfr. XVIII,272
dominlcensls (Varicella) Gm.

1,26; XIX, 95

domlnicensis (Voluta) Gmel I, 26

donaldsonl (Limicolaria) Plls. XVI, 279
donellii (Achatina) King . . .
dormltzeri (Achatina) Reuss
dormitzeri(Cochlicopa)Reuss.
doumetl (Ferussacla) Bgt. ..
downesi (Bulimus) Gray

deshayesl (Achatina) Pfr XX, 57 j downesi(Pseudachatlna)Gray

deshayesl (Glessula) Pfr XX, 57

dherlcourtiana (Limicolaria) Bgt.

XVI, 274
dlaphana (Achatina) King, Tornatel-

llnldse.
diaphana (Pseudoglessula) D. & P.

XVII, 164

diaphanus (Bulimus) Gass. .XVIII, 130
didyma (Opeas) Westerl. .. .XVIII, 161
dldyma(Stenogyra)Westerl. XVIII, 161

XVIII, 161

dlfficllis (Euglandina) C. & F. XIX, 201
difficilis (Glandina) C. & F. .XIX, 201

DIGONIAXIS Jouss XIX, 288

dllatata (Achatina) Zgl XIX, 166

dilatata (Poiretia) Zgl XIX, 166

dimldiata (Achatina) Marts. .XVII, 32

dlmidlata (Achatina) Sm XVII, 95

dlmidiata(Llmlcolarla)Marts. XVI, 288
diodonta (Ferussacia) Bgt. ...XIX, 257
discernibills (Stenogyra) Marts.

XVIII, 20

dlscrepans (Calaxls) Mouss. ..XIX, 286
dlsparata (Cionella) West. .. .XIX, 338
dlsparata (Hohenwartlana) West.

XIX, 337

disparllis (Bulimus) Sm XVIII, 55

dlsparills (Curvella) Sm XVIII, 54

disparilis (Obellscus) Plls. .XVIII, 270
dlssimllls (Varicella) Plls. . . .XX, 111
dlstlncta (Limicolaria) Putz. XVI, 270
dlstlnguenda (Euglandlna) Try.

XIX, 17B

.XX, 118
.XIX, 311
XIX, 311
XIX, 251

.XVI, 208
XVI, 207

drakensbergensis (Achatina) M. & P.

XVII, 103

dressell (Opeas) Mill XVIII, 194

dromauxl (Limicolaria) Bgt. .XVI, 285
droulti (Limicolaria) Morel. .XVI, 261

dubla (Spiraxls) Pfr XIX, 162

dubia (Stenogyra) A.Ad. .. .XVIII, 172

dubla ( Streptostyla) Pfr XIX, 161

ducoureti (Bulimus) Bgt. . .XVIII, 107

dunkerl (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 347

dunkerl (Obellscus) Pfr XIX, 347

dunkerl (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 348

dupulsl (Burtoa) Putz XVI, 300

dupuisl (Llvlnhacla) Putz. ..XVI, 307

dupuyana (Azeca) Bgt XIX, 307

durbanense (Opeas) Stur. . .XVIII, 149
duseni (Pseudoglessula) Allly.

XVII, 15

dysonl (Achatina) Pfr I, 48

dysonl (Streptostyla) Pfr I, 48

E

eburnea (Achatina) Klein .. .XIX, xxl

eburnea (Aclcula) RUso XX, 11

eburnea (Caecllloides) RIsso. .. .XX, 10
eburnoldes (Achatina) Sganzln.

XVII, 43
ecuadorlana (Glandina) Mill. XIX, 180

edentula (Helix) Lowe XIX, 274

edentula (Pupa) Ruppel . . .XVIII, 111
eduardl (Archachatlna) Plls. .XX, 113
edwardsiana (Streptostyla) C. & F.

I, 45 ; XIX, 140

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

129

ecuadoriana(Euglandina)MilI. XIX.180

egens (Opeas) Ailly XVIII, 117

egens (Pseudopeas) Ailly. . .XVIII, 117
eiseniana (Melaniella) Coop. . . .XIX, 8
elsenlana (Pseudosubulina) Coop.

XIX, 8
ejuncida (Stenogyra) Shuttl. ..XIX, 57

Elasmophora West XIX, 284

elata (Subulina) Gundl XIX, 112

elata (Varicella) Gundl XIX, 111

electa (Achatina) Dh XIX, xxiv

Electra Alb XX, 50

elegans (Achatina) Ad XIX, 84

elegans (Achatina) Klein

XIX, xxiv; XX, 112
elegans (Achatium) Link. .. .XVII, 4,*?>

elegans (Caecllianella) Ben XX, 28

elegans (Salasiella) Marts. . .XIX, 174
elegans (Subulina) Marts. ...XVIII, 87

elegans (Varicella) Ad XIX, 84

elevata (Curvella) Burn XVIII, 60

elisae (Leptinaria) Tristr. ..XVIII, 319
ellerbecki (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.

ellioti (Achatina) Sm XVII, 71

ELMA pachygastra Gredl XVIII, 6

elongata (Agathina) Deb XIX, 228

elongata (Azeca) Tayl XIX, 297

elongata (Csecilioides) Loc XX, 10

elongata (Glandina) Mill. . . .XIX, xxil
elongata (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 291
elongata (Livinhacia) Godet .XVI, 309
elongafa (Metachatina) Godet XVI, 309
elongata(Pseudachatina)Pfr. XVI, 213
elongatula (Subulina) Poll. ..XVIII, 86
elongatulum (Prosopeas) Pfr. XVIII, 17
elongatulus (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 18
emarginata( Achatina) Swains. XII, 164

emiliana (Azeca) Ben XIX, 303

emini (Burtoa) Marts XVI, 301

eminl (Limicolaria) Marts. . .XVI, 302
emini (Stenogyra) Smith . . .XVIII, 89

emini (Subulina) Smith XVIII, 88

emmelinae (Leptinaria) Tristr.

XVIII, 321
emphysematlca (Oleacina) Bab.

XIX, xxiv

enhalia (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 11

ennychia (Ferussaeia) Bgt. . .XIX, 263

enodis (Riebeckia) G.-A XVII, 208

enodis (Stenogyra) G.-A. . . .XVII, 208

eocaena (Coelostele) Opp XIX, 339

episcopalis (Glandina) Morel. XIX, 144
episcopalis (Rectoleacina) Morel.

XIX, 143

equatoria (Euglandina) DaC. XIX, 180
equatoria (Glandina) DaC. .. .XIX, 181

equatorensis (Rhodea) Jouss.

XVIII, 239

erecta (Achatina) Bs XVIII, 8

erectus (Spiraxis) Bs XVIII, 8

erectus (Tortaxis) Bs XVIII, 7

eremiophila (Ferussaeia) Bgt. XIX, 246

EREMOPEAS Pilsbry XVIII, 115, 120

eristalius (Vediantius) Risso XIX, 226
erlangeri (Achatina) M. & K. XVII, 59
erlangeri (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.

erosa (Glessula) Blanf XVIII, 5

erosum (Bacillum) Blanf XVIII, 4

errans (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 41

erythrostoma (Achatina) Swains.

XX, 113
estefaniae (Glandina) Streb. ..XIX, 186

estellus (Bulimus) Bs XVIII, 112

etrusca (Azeca) Paul XIX, 305

eucharista (Ferussaeia) Bgt. .XIX, 333
eucharista (Hohenwartlana) Bgt.

XIX, 333

EUGLANDINA C. & F XIX, 175

Eur,LANDiNA Fisch XIX, xxvi

Eulima (Achatina) Lowe XX, 7

etilima (Caecilioides) Lowe XX, 7

eulissa (Ferussaeia) Let XIX, 244

EUONTMA Melv. & Pons XVIII, 38

euptychus (Spiraxis) Pfr. = sulciferus.

EUSPIRAXIS Pfr XIX, 16

Eutaxis Anc XVI, 218

exarata (Atopocochlis) Mull. XVII, 216
exarata (Atopocochlis) Mull. .XVI, 218
exaratum (Buccinum) Mull. ..XVI, 219

exaratus (Bulimus) Mull XVI, 219

excavata (Glandina) Marts. ..XIX, 198
excisus (Hemibulimus) Mts. ..XX, 115
exigua(Tornatelllna) Marts. XVIII, 309

exiguus (Bulimus) Mke XIX, 322

exilis (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 10

exilis (Pseudosubulina) Pfr XIX, 9

eximia (Achatina) Shuttl. . .XVII, 202
eximia (Limicolaria) Marts. ..XVI, 291
eximia (Spiraxis) Shuttl. . . .XVII, 202
exlmius (Clavator) C. & F. . .XVII, 204
eximius (Clavator) Shuttl. . .XVII, 202
extensa (Prosopeas) Mlldff. .XVIII, 16
extrema (Ferussaeia) West. ..XIX, 230

extrema (Cionella) West XIX, 230

exulata (Achatina) Bens. . . .XVII, 181
exulatus (Chilonopsis) Bens. XVII, 180

facula (Achatina) Bs XX, 78

facula (Glessula) Bs XX, 77

fagoti (Opeas) Mabille XVIII, 160

fairbanki (Achatina) Bens XX, 64

130

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

fairbanki (Glessula) Bens XX, 63

fairmaireanus (Bulimus) Petit.

XVIII, 252

fallsensis (Periderlopsls) XVI, 244

fargesiana( Stenogyra) Hde. XVIII, 169
fargesianum (Opeas) Hde. ..XVIII, 169

fasciata (Achatina) auct XII, 167

fasciatum (Buccinum) Miill. . .XII, 166
fasciatus (Liguus) XII, 166 ; XVII, 71

fasciatus (Liguus) Mull XVII, 216

fatalis (Achatina) Marts XVII, 37

fauveliana( Stenogyra) Hde. XVIII, 169
fauvelianum (Opeas) Hde. .XVIII, 169

felina (Limicolaria) Sh XVI, 266

ferriezi (Stenogyra) Marie . .XVIII, 96
ferriezi (Subulina) Marie . . .XVIII, 96

FERUSSACIA Risso XIX, 215

FEBUSSACIDAE Bgt XIX, 211

ferussacioides (Glessula) Poll. XX, 105
ferussaci(Tornatellina)Pfr. XVIII, 288

Ferussina Grat XIX, 215

festiva (Limicolaria) Marts. ..XVI, 257
festuca (Caecilioides) Porro . . .XX, 10

fllare (Opeas) Heude XVIII, 166

fllaris (Stenogyra) Heude ..XVIII, 166
fllicostata (Lamellaxis) Streb.

XVIII, 313

fllicostata (Leptlnarla) Streb.

XVIII, 313

Sliforme (Opeas) Mlldff. . . .XVIII, 161

filipensis (Varicella) Pils XIX, 54

filosa (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 200

fllosa (Glessula) Blanf XX, 85

filosa (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 200

fimbriata (Varicella) Fbs XIX, 72

fimbriatus (Bulimus) Fbs XIX, 72

fimbriatula (Varicella) Pils. .. .XIX, 67
fischeri (Glandina) Marts. . . .XIX, 200

flammata (Helix) Caill XVI, 282

flammata (Limicolaria) Caill. XVI, 282

flammea (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 9

flammea (Helix) Miill XVI, 255

flammea (Limicolaria) Miill. ..XVI, 255

flammea (Pythla) Oken XVI, 251

flammeus (Limax) Martyn . .XVII, 122

flammigera (Helix) Fer XVI, 232

flammigerus (Pseudotrochus) Fgr.

XVI, 231
flammulata (Bulimus) Bgt.

XVII, 214 ; XX, 114
flammulatus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVI, 260
flammulata (Limicolaria) Pfr. XVI, 259
flavescens ( Streptostylus) DaC. XIX, 151

flavescens (Streptostyla) Sh I, 48

FLAVOLEACINA Pils XIX, xix

flavus (Obeliscus) Pils XVIII, 266

flavus (Pseudotrochus) Pils. .XVI, 240

flexuosa (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 131

flexuosa (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 130

floccata (Euglandina) DaC. ..XIX, 176

floccata (Glandina) DaC XIX, 176

floccosa (Achatina) Splx X, 93

flogera (Achatina) P. & M. . . .XII, 144
florentioe(Hypolysia)M. & P. XVIII, 37
floridana (Melaniella) Pils. . . .XIX, 57

floridana (Varicella) Pils XIX, 57

flucki (Streptostyla) Bartsch XIX, 145

follicularis (Glandina) Morel I, 25

follicularis (Oleacina) Morel I, 25

Folliculiana Bgt XIX, 218

Folliculina Westerl XIX, 218

folliculum (Bulla or Helix) Gron.

XIX, 220

Folliculus Ag XIX, 309

folliculus(Ferussacia)Gron. ..XIX, 219

Folliculus Westerl XIX, 218

forbesi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 229

fordiana (Leptinaria) Anc. .XVIII, 314

fordiana (No thus) Anc XVIII, 314

formicina (Cionella) Rouis .. .XIX, 311
formosa(Peridcriopsis)D. & P. XVI, 243
fortis (Pseudosubulina) Marts. .XIX, 5

fortunei (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 35

fortune! (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 128

fossllis (Oleacina) And XIX, xxiv

foxerofti (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XVII, 146
foxcrofti (Homorus) Pfr. . . .XVII, 146
fragilis (Achatina) Dh.

XIX, xxli ; XX, 113
fragilis (Achatina) Sm.

XVII, 63; XX, 113

Francesla Palad XIX, 338

fraserl (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 150

fraseri (Tornatellina) Bs XIX, 249

fraterculus (Ganomldos) D. & P.

XVII, 129

frechl (Azeca) And XIX, 292

frltschi (Cionella) Mss XIX, 235

; fritschl (Ferussacia) Mss. . . .XIX, 235
frumenturn (Achatina) Rve. . . .XX, 98

frumentum (Glessula) Rve XX, 98

fuchsiana (Stenogyra) Hde. . .XVIII, 9

fulgens (Achatina) Pfr XX, 101

fulgens (Glessula) Pfr XX, 101

fulgurata (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 85

fullca (Achatina) Fer XVII, 55

i fulica (Helix) Fer XVII, 56

fuliginea (Achatina) Pfr. Carella.
fulminatrix( Achatina) Marts. XVII, 67

fulminea (Achatina) Lam XIX, 87

i fulminea (Varicella) Lam XIX, 87

i fulva (Achatina) Brug XVII, 47

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

131

fulvescens (Achatina) Gray. ..XVII, 47

fulvida (Streptostyla) C. & F 1,46

fulvus (Bulimus) Brug XVII, 47

fumiflcatus(Stenogyra)G.-A. XVII, 205
funcki (Achatina) Pfr. XVIII, 288, 290
funiculare (Opeas) Hde. . . .XVIII, 166
funicaloris(Stenogyra)Hde. XVIII, 166

fusca (Achatina) Pfr XX, 101

fusca (Cochllcopa) Moq XIX, 317

fusca (Glessula) H. Ad XX, 83

fusca (Glessula) Pfr XX, 101

fusca (Rumina) Pall XVII, 214

fuscata (Agatina) Raflnesque
fuscescens (Limicolaria) Marts.

XVI, 286

fuscldula (Achatina) Morel. XVII, 160
fuscidula (Pseudoglessula) Morel.

XVII, 160
fuscolabrls (Achatina) Marts. XVI, 309

fuscolineata (Achatina) Lam I, 26

fusiformis (Achatina) Pfr.

XIX, 188; XX, 111
fusiformis (Achatina) Pic.

XIX, 307, 320 ; XX, 111
fusiformis (Euglandina) Pfr.

XIX, 188; XX, 111

fusiformis (Aclcula)Hasselt XVIII, 175
PUSILLUS Lowe XIX, 272

G

gabbiana (Stenogyra) Ang. .XVIII, 189
gabbianum (Opeas) Angas ..XVIII, 192

gabbl (Streptostyla) Pils XIX, 158

gabonensis (Pseudachatina) Shuttl.

XVI, 214

Ganomidos Allly XVII, 125

garamulatae (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.

gattoi (Caecilioides) West XX, 28

gayana (Achatina) Ad XIX, 97

gayana (Varicella) Ad XIX, 98

gemma (Achatina) Rve XX, 97

gemma (Glessula) Rve XX, 97

gemmellariana (Achatina) Ben. XX, 14
gemmellariana (Caecilioides) Ben. XX,14

GEOSTILBIA Crosse XX, 5, 43

gereti (Rhodea) Jouss XVIII, 236

ghiesbreghti (Achatina) Pfr. .XIX, 188
ghlesbreghti (Euglandina) Pfr. XIX.188

gibbosa (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 249

gigantea (Rhodea) Mouss. ..XVIII, 237
gigas (Ochroderma) Marts. .XVIII, 326
gigas (Stenogyra) Poey XVIII, 260, 261
glgas (Tornatellina) Mart. .XVIII, 327
gilbertae (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 247
glnirensis (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.
giraudi (Bulimus) Bgt XVI, 303

giraudi (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 302

giraudi (Limicolaria) Bgt. . . .XVI, 290
glabella (Stenogygra) Morel. XVIII, 97
glabella (Subulina) Morel. ...XVIII, 97

glaber (Turbo) DaC XIX, 315

glabra (Achatina) Pfr.

I, 23 ; XIX, 127

glabra (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 127

gladiolus (Opeas) C. & F. . .XVIII, 214
glandiformis (Streptostyla) C. & F.

1,46

Glandina of authors XIX, 175

Glandina Schum XIX, 127

GLANDINELLA Pfr XIX, 44

glandinopsis (Limicolaria) Bgt.

XVI, 272

glans (Bulimus) Brug XIX, 130

glans (Polyhemus) Montf. . . .XIX, 131

glans (Polyphemus) Say XIX, 191

glaucina (Achatina) Anc XVII, 64

glaucocyanea (Euonyma) M. & P.

XVIII, 43
glaucocyanea (Subulina) M. & P.

XVIII, 43

GLESSULA Martens XX, 50

globosa (Curvella) M. & P. . .XVIII, 61
globosus (Hapalus) M. & P. .XVIII, 61
glomeratum (Opeas) Rve. ..XVIII, 210
glomeratus (Bulimus) Rve. XVIII, 211

gloynii (CMonella) Gibb XVIII, 323

gloynil (Leptinaria) Gibb. ..XVIII, 322

glutinosa (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 61

gnomon (Obeliscus) Beck . .XVIII, 246
gollonsirensis (Riebeckia) G.-A.

XVII, 206
gollonsirensis (Stenogyra) G.-A.

XVII, 206

gompharium(Opeas) Shuttl. XVIII, 205
gompharium (Stenogyra) Shuttl.

XVIII, 205

GOMPHROA Westerl XIX, 290, 306

gonostoma (Obeliscus) Gundl.

XVIII, 276
gonostoma (Stenogyra) Gundl.

XVIII, 276

goodaill (Pupa) Dup XIX, 296

goodalli (Achatina) Rossm. . .XIX, 293

goodalli (Azeca) F6r. XIX, 295

goodalli (Helix) F6r XIX, 295

goodalli (Helix) Mill.

XVIII, 141, 151, 157, 201
goodalli (Opeas) Mill.

XVIII, 141, 157, 183, 200
gorontalense(Prosopeas)Sar. XVIII, 20
gorontalensls ( Stenogyra ) Sar. XVIII.20
gossei (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 66

132

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

gossei (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 65

gouldii (Achatlna) Rve XVI, 235

gouldii (Pseudotrochus) Rve. .XVI, 235
grabhami (Ferussacia) Pils. .XIX, 272
gracilenta(Perussacia)Morel. XIX, 256
gracilenta (Glandina) Morel. .XIX, 256
gracilenta (Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 82
gracilenta (Subulina) Morel. XVIII, 82
gracile (Opeas) Hutt.

XVIII, 125, 172, 174, 183, 198
graclllima (Achatlna) Pfr. . . .XIX, 56

gracillima (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 55

gracillimus(Obeliscus)Beck XVIII, 240
gracilior (Achatina) Ad.

XIX, 69 ; XX, 113
gracilior (Achatina) Marts.

XVII, 111 ; XX, 113

gracilior (Curvella) Marts. . .XVIII, 58
gracilior (Pseudoglessula) Sm.

XVII, 167
gracilior (Stenogyra) Gredl. XVIII, 165

gracilior (Varicella) Ad XIX, 63

gracilis (Bulimus) Hutt. . . .XVIII, 125

gracilis (Bulimus) Pfr XVII, 215

gracilis (Ferussacia) Lwe. . . .XIX, 278

gracilis (Glessula) Bedd XX, 83

gracilis (Helix) Lowe XIX, 278

gracilis (Leptinaria) Pils. ..XVIII, 299
gracilis (Limicolaria) Marts. .XVI, 283

gracilis (Rumina) Pfr XVII, 215

gracilis (Streptostyla) Pils. . .XIX, 148
gracilius (Opeas) Gredl. . . .XVIII, 164
grandidieriana(Achatina)Bgt. XVII, 75
grandidieriana ( Stenogyra ) Bgt. XVII, 76
grandidieri( Bulimus) C. & F. XVII, 195
grandldieri(Clavator)C. & F. XVII, 194
grandidieri (Burtoa) Pils. . . .XVI, 303
grandinata (Pseudachatina) Pfr.

XVI, 209

grandls (Achatina) Mke XIX, 324

granulata (Achatina) Krauss XVII, 79
grateloupi (Bulimus) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 68
grateloupi (Curvella) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 68
grateloupi (Csecilianella) Bgt. ...XX, 5
gravenreuthi (Pseudachatina) Bttg.

XVI, 212

gravida(Ferussacia) Florence, XIX, 224
grayi (Pseudoglessula) Ailly. XVII, 158

gredleri (Acicula) Kuest XX, 23

gredleri (Caecllioides) Kuester .XX, 23

greeffi (Opeas) Girard XVIII, 143

grevillei (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 112

grifflthsil (Achatlna) Ad XIX, 81

grlfflthii (Varicella) Ad XIX, 80

grisea (Cochlicopa) Loc XIX, 318

grisea (Columna) Perry XVII, 122

gronovlana( Ferussacia )Risso. XIX, 225

grossa (Ferussacia) Anc XIX, 260

,?uadeloupensis( Achatina) Pfr. XIX.126
guadeloupensis ( Varicella ) Pfr. XIX.125
guatemalense( Opeas) Streb. XVIII, 213
guatemalensis (Leptinaria) C. & F.

XVIII, 312
guatemalensis (Spiraxis) C. & F.

XVIII, 312
guatemalensis (Streptostyla) C. & F.

XIX, 150
guayaquilensis (Subulina) Mill.

XVIII, 224

guinaica (Limicolaria) Morel. XVI, 258
i guinaicus (Bulimus) Bgt. . . .XVIII, 52
| guineensis (Bulimus) Jonas .XVIII, 52
guineensis (Curvella) Jonas, XVIII, 52

gundlachi (Achatina) Pfr XX, 43

gundlachi (Caecilioides) Pfr. .. .XX, 43
; gundlachi (Obeliscus) Ar. . .XVIII, 277
j gundlachi (Stenogyra) Ar. ..XVIII, 277

j gundlachi (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 115

j gundlachi (Varicella) Pfr. . . .XIX, 115
' gutierrezl (Stenogyra) Arango

XVIII, 268

guttidentata (Varicella) Pils. XIX, 117
gyrata (Stenogyra) Mouss. .XVIII, 184

H
habrawalensis (Limicolaria) Jouss.

XVI, 280

j hachijoensis(Cochlicopa)Pils. XIX, 324
hageumulleri(Ferussacia)Bgt. XIX, 246
hagenmulleri (Hohenwartiana) Bgt.

XIX, 334

hainesi (Columna) Pfr XVII, 124

haitensis (Leptinaria) Pils. XVIII, 301
hamillei (Achatina) Petit. . . .XVII, 53
hamonvillei (Opeas) Dautz. XVIII, 143
hamonvillei (Stenogyra) Dautz.

XVIII, 143

hanleyi (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 229

hanleyi (Synapterpes) Pfr. .XVIII, 228
hannense (Opeas) Rang. . . .XVIII, 141
hannensis (Helix) Rang. . . .XVIII, 141
hapaloides (Leptinaria) Marts.

XVIII, 317

Hapalns Albers XVIII, 46

haplostylus (Bulimus) Pfr. XVIII, 256
haplostylus (Obeliscus) Pfr. XVIII, 255
harterti (Leptinaria) Sm. . .XVIII, 323
harterti (Neosubulina) Sm. XVIII, 323
hartmannl (Limicolaria) Marts.

XVI, 284

hasta (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 273

hasta (Obeliscus) Pfr XVIII, 272

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

133

hasta (Stenogyra) Pfr XVIII, 273

hastaturn (Prosopeas) Bttg. .XVIII, 23

hastula (Achatina) Bens XX, 94

hastula (Glessula) Bens XX, 93

haughtoui (Prosopeas) Bs. . .XVIII, 28

haughtoni (Spiraxis) Bs XVIII, 28

hawaiiense (Opeas) Sykes . .XVIII, 136
headonensis (Cochlicopa ) Edw. XIX, 31 1

hebes (Achatina) Blanf XX, 62

hebes (Glessula) Blanf XX, 62

hebes (Prosopeas) Blanf XVIII, 32

hebes (Spiraxis) Blanf XVIII, 33

hedeium (Opeas) Mab XVIII, 160

hedeius (Opeas) Mab XVIII, 160

heimburgi (Clavator) Kob. ..XVII, 201
helena; (Leptinaria) Pils. ..XVIII, 324

Hemibulimus Mts XX, 114

hendersoni (Obeliscus) Pils. XVIII, 267

henrici (Prose-peas) Anc XVIII, 33

henrici (Stenogyra) Anc XVIII, 33

henshawi (Opeas) Sykes. .. .XVIII, 139
heptagyrum (Opeas) Bttg. ..XVIII, 186
herculeus (Bulimus) Anc. . . .XVII, 203
herculeus (Clavator) Anc. .. .XVII, 202
hericourtiana (Limicolaria) Kob.

XVI, 274
heteracra (Pseudoglessula) Bttg.

XVII, 165

heudei (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 171

heuglini (Achatina) Marts. . .XVI, 276
heuglini (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 276
hexagyrum (Opeas) Bttg. . .XVIII, 180
hidalgo! (Limicolaria) Crosse. XVI, 297
hierosolymarum (Calaxis) Roth.

XIX, 285
hierosolymarum (Tornatellina) Roth.

XIX, 285

hirsutus (Stenogyra) G.-A. . .XVII, 210
hispanica (Ccelestele) Bgt. . . .XIX, 344

histrio (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 119

histrio (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 118

hochstetterl (Bulimus) Zel. ..XVIII, 23
hochstetterl (Prosopeas) Zel. XVIII, 23

Hohenwarthia Bgt XIX, 327

hohenwarthii (Achatina) Schm.

XIX, 328

HOHENWARTIANA Bgt XIX, 327

hohenwartK Achatina) Rossm. XIX, 328
hohenwarti (Hohenwartiana) Rossm.

XIX, 328

hollandi (Ravenia) Hend XIX, 18

holoserlcum (Prosopeas) Bttg. XVIII, 24
homalogyra (Obeliscus) Shuttl.

XVIII, 263
homalogyrus (Bulimus) Shuttl.

XVIII, 263

Homorus Albers XVII. 130

hopii (Achatina) Serres. = Dactylius.

horrida (Varicella) Pils XIX, 54

hortensirc (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 22
hortensis (Bulimus) Ad. . . .XVIII, 200

hugeli (Aohatina) Pfr XX, 91

hugeli (Glessula) Pfr XX, 91

huingensis (Glandina) Pils. . .XIX, 185
humbloti (Bulimus) Anc. . . .XVII, 199
humbloti (Clavator) Anc. . . .XVII, 199
humicola (Pseudoglessula) D. & P.

XVII, 163

hunanense (Opeas) Gredl. . .XVIII, 170
hunauensis (Stenogyra) Gredl.

XVIII, 170
hyadesi (Limicolaria) .Touss. .XVI, 265

hyalina (Achatina) Anton XX, 113

hyalina ( Acicula) Bielz XX, 15

hyalina (Caecilioides) Bielz . . . .XX, 15
hyalina (Cochlicopa) Jeffr. ...XIX, 317
hyalina (Cryptazeea) Folin . .XIX, 284

hyalina (Glessula) Rang XX, 107

.hyalina (Helix) Rang XX, 107

hyalina (Leptinaria) Tate ..XVIII. 309
hyalina (Tornatellina) Tate XVIII, 309

Hydastes Parr XIX, 309

hyemale (Opeas) Heude .. . .XVIII, 165
hyemalis( Stenogyra )Heude XVIII, 165

HYPNOPHILA Bgt XIX, 290, 298

HYPOLYSIA Melv. & Pons. . . .XVIII. 37

HYPSELIA Lowe XIX, 274

hypselia (Perussacia) Pils. . . .XX, 114

iheringi (Glandina) Pils XIX, 210

iickelii (Limicolaria) Poll. . . .XVI, 277
illustris (Achatina) G.-Aust. . . .XX, 95
illustris (Glessula) G.-Aust. . . .XX, 95
immaculata (Achatina) Lam. .XVII, 50
immemorata (Euglandina) Pils.

XIX, 192
Imperforata (Leptinaria) Streb.

XVIII, 317

i imperforatus (Lamellaxis) Streb.

XVIII, 317

! imperialis (Chersina) Beck. XVII, 216

1 impressa (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 119

impressa (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 119

1 impressus (Bulimus) Rve XIX, 3

inaequalis (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XVII, 33

incerta (Achatina) Rve I, 24

Incerta (Azeca) Ben XIX, 304

incerta (Oleaclna) Rve I, 24

incertus (Spiraxis) Mouss. .XVIII, 231
Incertus (Synapterpes) Mouss.

XVIII, 231

134

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

incisa (Oleacina) Pfr I, 25

incoloratus (Perideris) Shuttl. XVI, 230
incoloratus (Pseudotrochus) Shuttl.

XVI, 229
Incomparabllis (Orbitina) Risso.

XVII, 213

Inconspicua (Glessula) Nev XX, 82

indicus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 127

indotata (Achatina) Rve XVII, 83

indusiaca (Oleacina) Try XIX, 185

Indusiata (Euglandina) Pfr. ..XIX, 185

Indusiata (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 185

Inflata (Achatina) Reuss. . . .XIX, xxiv

inflata (Glandina) Marts XIX, 201

inflata (Limicolaria) Bgt XVI, 247

inflata (Leptinaria) Marts. ..XVII, 308
Inflatula (Stenogyra) Hde. .XVIII, 168
inflatulum (Opeas) Hde. . . .XVIII, 167
inflecta (Achatina) Old. Ms., XVII, 185
Infrafusca (Achatina) Marts. XVII, 32
lnfrafusca(Limicolaria)Marts. XVI, 287

Ingallsiana (Achatina) Ad XIX, 96

Ingallsiana (Varicella) Ad XIX, 97

innovata (Caecilioides) Greg. .. .XX, 27

inopinata (Varicella) Pils XIX, 61

Inornata (Achatina) Pfr XX, 53

Inornata (Curvella) Chap. .. .XVIII, 51

inornata (Glessula) Pfr XX, 53

Insculpta (Riebeckia) Sm. ...XVII, 208
insculpta (Stenogyra) Sm. . .XVII, 209

insignis (Achatina) Pfr I, 39

Insignis (Euglandina) Pfr. .. .XIX, 195
insignis (Ferussacia) Babor .XIX, 217
insignis (Luntia) Smith . . .XVIII, 218

insignis (Perideris) Pfr XVI, 240

insignis (Pseudotrochus) Pfr. XVI, 240

insularis (Pupa) Ehr XVIII, 107

insularis (Zootecus) Ehr. .. .XVIII, 106

Integra (Azeca) Mouss XIX, 301

interioris(Pseudopeas)Tate XVIII, 120
interioris (Stenogyra) Tate XVIII, 120
intermedia (Achatina) Zgl. .. .XIX, 313
intermedia (Leptinaria) Pils. XVIII, 304
Intermedia (Subulina) Taylor XVIII, 91
intermedius (Spiraxis) Streb.

I, 51 ; XIX, 23

intermedius (Volutaxis) Streb. . . .1, 51
Interrupta (Glandina) Shuttl. XIX, 126
interrupta (Varicella) Shuttl. XIX, 126
interstinctus (Bulimus) Pfr. XVIII, 50
interstinctus (Bulimus) Gld. .XVI, 239
interstinctus (Pseudotrochus) Gld.

XVI, 239

interstriata ( Leptinaria ) Tate XVIII, 310
interstrlata (Tornatellina) Tate

XVIII, 311

introversa (Pseudoglessula) Sm.

XVII, 169
introversus (Bulimus) Smith

XVII, 170

inusitata (Achatina) Ad XIX, 15

inusitatus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 15

invalida (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVII, 153
involuta (Achatina) Gld. . . .XVII, 150
involutus (Homorus) Gld. .. .XVII, 150

iolarynx (Perideris) S,h XVI, 230

iolarynx (Pseudotrochus) Sh. XVI, 230

iostoma (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 32

iota (Achatina) Ad XX, 38

iota (Caecilioides) Ad XX, 38

iriana (Hohenwartiana) Poll. XIX, 329
iridescens (Ferussacia) Woll. XIX, 275

iridesceus (Lovea) Woll XIX, 276

irregularis (Caecilianella) Sacco. XX, 5
irregularis(Pseudosubulina)Pils. XIX.7

irrigua (Streptostyla) Sh. I, 46

Isabella (Euglandina) Pils. .. .XIX, 183
isabellina (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 203
isabellina (Euglandina) Pfr. .XIX, 203
isabellina (Glandina) Streb. ..XIX, 184

ischna (Varicella) Pils XIX, 82

ISCHNOCION Pils XVIII, 287, 324

isis (Achatina) Hani XX, 71

isis (Glessula) Hani XX, 71

isseli (Caecilioides) Palad XX, 37

isseli (Ccelestele) Bgt XIX, 341

isseli (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 254

isseli (Pseudopeas) Jick. . . .XVIII, 118

isseli (Subulina) Jick XVIII, 119

ivensi (Achatina) Furt XVII, 25

jalapana (Glandina) Marts. . .XIX, 195
jamaicensis (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XIX, 85
jamaicensis (Varicella) Pfr. .. .XIX, 85
jamaicensis (Bulimus) Rve. . . .XIX, 33

jani (Achatina) deBetta XX, 22

jani (Caecilioides) deBetta XX, 22

jaspideus (Bulimus) Morel. . .XVI, 262

javanica (Achatina) XVIII, 138

javanica (Glessula) Bttg XX, 103

javanicum (Opeas) Rve.

XVIII, 138; XIX, 350

jerdoni (Achatina) Rve XX, 75

jerdoni (Glessula) Rve XX, 75

Jessica (Stenogyra) G.-A. . . .XVII, 209
jeyporensis (Glessula) Bedd. . . .XX, 75

jickelii (Subulina) Bgt XVII, 135

joaquinse (Salasiella) Streb. ..XIX, 172

jobie (Glandina) Bgt XIX, xxv

jod (Cecilioides) Pils XX, 41

johannlnum (Opeas) Morel. XVIII, 153

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

135

johanninus(BuIimus) Morel. XVIII, 154

Johnson! (Clavator) Sm XVII, 200

johnsoni (Stenogyra) Sm. ...XVII, 201

johnstonl (Achatina) Sm XVII, 65

jouberti (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 305

jouberti (Burtopsis) Bgt XVI, 305

jouberti (Subulina) Bgt XVII, 144

joubini (Limicolaria) R. & G. XVII, 216
jousseaumei (Curvella) Morg. XVIII, 67
jousseaumei (Hapalus) Morg. XVIII, 67
jousseaume! (Obeliscus) Cousin

XVIII, 256
judalca (Caecilioides) Mouss. . .XX, 33

judaica (Glandina) Mouss XX, 33

junceus (Bulimus) Gld XVIII, 131

junceus (Opeas) Gld XVIII, 184

K

kambeul (Bulimus) Brug XVI, 251

kambeul (Limicolaria) Brug. .XVI, 251
kambul (Bulimulus) Gray .. . .XVI, 251
kassaiana (Subulina) Mab. & Germ.

XVIII, 83

kemense (Opeas) Sarasin ...XVIII, 175
kemensis( Stenogyra )Sarasin XVI 1 1, 176
keniana (Limicolaria) Sm. . . .XVI, 280
kercadonis (Achatina) Grat. .XVI, 226
kercadonis (Pseudotrochus) Grat.

XVI, 226

khasiacus (Bulimus) Aust. . .XVIII, 66
khasiana (Curvella) Aust. .. .XVIII, 65
khasiamis (Bulimus) Aust. ..XVIII, 66

kirkii (Achatina) Sm XVII, 66

kirkil (Achatina) Crav XVII, 166

kirkii (Pseudoglessula) Crav. XVII, 166

kleiniana (Poiretia) Pits XX, 112

knorrii (Achatina) Jonas . . .XVII, 118
kobeltiana (Pseudachatina) Pils.

XVI, 210
kobelti (Limicolaria) Ailly . . .XVI, 262

kobelti (Perideris) Pils XVI, 238

kobelti (Pseudotrochus) Pils. XVI, 237
kordofana (Limicolaria) Parr. XVI, 273

kransii (Achatina) Rve XVII, 88

kraussi (Achatina) Rve XVII, 87

kraussi (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 309

kraussi (Metachatina) Pfr. ...XVI, 308
kretschmeri( Curvella) Marts. XVIII, 55
kretschmeri(Hapalus)Marts. XVIII, 56
kuangsiense (Opeas) Gredl. XVIII, 170
kuangsiensis (Stenogyra) Gredl.

XVIII, 170
kurnoolensis (Glessula) Nev. ...XX, 91

kusaiense (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 182

kyotoense (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 136

L

labida (Glandina) Morel XIX, 150

labida (Streptostyla) Morel. ..XIX, 150
lacryma (Leptinaria) Beck .XVIII, 285

lactaea (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 9

lactea (Achatina) Rve XVII, 35

lactea (Caecilioides) Moit XX, 12

lactifluus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 13

l*ocochlis (Euonyma) M. & P.

XVIII, 39
l!BOCOchlis( Subulina )M. & P. XVIII, 37

LAEVAEICELLA Pils XIX, 123

laevigata (Achatina) Pfr XX, 107

lasvigata (Bulimus) Lowe . . .XVII, 212

Isevigata (Coelestele) Bgt XIX, 344

laevigata (Glessula) Pfr XX, 106

LAEVIGLANDINA Pils XIX, 201

laevissima (Cochlicopa) Mich. XIX, 311

Isevissima (Zua) Mich XIX, 311

LAEVOLEACINA Pils XIX, 131

lasviusculus (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 35-

lasviusculus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 35'

lagariensis (Subulina) Smith XVII, 141
lallemanti (Ferussacia) Bgt. .XIX, 255'
lamarckiana (Achatina) Pfr. .XVII, 42.
lamellata(Achatina)P. & M. XVIII, 288
lamellata (Ferussacia) Bgt. ..XIX, 242
lamellata (Leptinaria) P. & M.

XVIII, 288

LAMELLAXIS Strebel XVIII, 287

lamellifera(Ferussacia)Morel. XIX, 252
lamellifera (Glandina) Morel. XIX, 253
Iamellosa( Achatina )Moric. XVIII, 291
lamellosa (Limicolaria) Bgt. .XVI, 296
lamyi (Euglandina) F. & C. . .XIX, 196

lamyi (Glandina) F. & C XIX, 196

lanceolata (Euonyma) Pfr. ..XVIII, 40
lanceolata (Ferussacia) Bgt. .XIX, 228
lanceolata (Glandina) Marts. XIX, 203
lanceolatus (Bulimus) Bgt.

XVII, 214 ; XX, 114
lanceolatus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 40

lankana (Glessula) Pils XX, 54

lanzarotensis (Cionella) Mouss.

XIX. 236
lanzarotensls (Ferussacia) Mouss.

XIX, 235

lapillina (Stenogyra) Hde. .XVIII, 167
lapillinum (Opeas) Hde. . . .XVIII. 167
largillierti (Achatina) Pfr. ...XIX, 199

lasti (Stenogygra) Smith XVIII, 88

last! (Subnlina) Smith XVIII, 87

lata (Pseudobalea) Gundl. ..XVIII, 273
latebricola (Bulimus) Bens. XVIII, 162
latebricola (Opeas) Bens. . .XVIII, 162
latestriata (Glessula) Mlldff. ..XX, 100

136

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

lattrei (Streptostyla) Pfr. . . .XIX, 145
latus (Obeliscus) Gundl. . . .XVIII, 273
laurentiana( Ferussacia) Pils. XIX, 277

lauta (Acicula) Paul XX, 24

lauta (Caecilioides) Paul XX, 24

lavigeriana (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 304

laxispirum(Prosopeas) Marts. XVIII.26
laxispira (Stenogyra) Marts. XVIII, 26

layardi (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 51

layardi (Cceliaxis) A. & A. .XVIII, 337

layardi (Glessula) Pils XX, 59

layardi (Opeas) Bens XVIII, 158

layardi (Spiraxis) Bens. . . .XVIII, 158
layardi (Subulina) A. & A. .XVIII, 338
leacociana (Achatina) Lwe. . .XIX, 280
Leacociana (Ferussacia) Lwe. XIX, 279
leacockiana (Lovea) Woll. . . .XIX, 280

leaiana (Achatina) Grat XVI, 208

leal (Columna) Tryon XVII, 123

lechaptoisi (Achatina) Anc. ..XVII, 43
lechatelieri (Perideris) Dautz.

XVI, 234
lechatelieri (Pseudotrochus) Dautz.

XVI, 233

lela (Subulina) Putz XVIII, 84

lenta (Subulina) Sm XVII, 143

lentum (Opeas) Smith XVIII, 147

leontinse (Limicolaria) Bgt. ..XVI, 247

LEPTINARIA Beck XVIII, 284

Leptocala Anc XVII, 72

LEPTOCALLISTA Pils XVII, 75

leptospira (Achatina) Bs XX, 66

leptospira (Glessula) Bens XX, 65

leroyi (Stenogyra) Bgt XVII, 168

letourneuxi (Achatina) Bgt. ..XVII, 49
letourneuxi (Caecilioides) Bgt. .XX, 21
letourneuxi (Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 259
letourneuxiana(Cffilestele)Bgt. XIX, 345
leucostyla(Achatina)Pils. XVII,45,216
leucozonias (Voluta) Gmel. . . .XIX, 94
leucozonias (Varicella) Gmel. .XIX, 94

levis (Achatina) Ad XIX, 108

levls (Varicella) Ad XIX, 108

Ihotellerii (Achatina) Bgt. . . .XVII, 53
Ihotelleril (Subulina) Bgt. . .XVII, 135

llberiana (Curvella) Pils XVIII, 50

liebmanni (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 195
llebmanni (Euglandina) Pfr. .XIX, 195

llesvlllel (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 13

ligulata (Streptostyla) Morel.

1,50; XIX, 161

llgata (Achatina) Ad XIX, 82

ligata (Varicella) Ad XIX, 82

llgnarla (Achatina) Rve. XIX, 188

ligulata (Glandina) Morel. .. .XIX, 161
Liguus fasciatus Miill XVII, 216

liljevall (Pseudachatina) Ailly.

XVI, 216
LIMICOLARIA Schum. XVI, 246 ; XVII, xi

Limicularia Schum XVI, 246

limpidum (Opeas) Marts. . .XVIII, 148
limnaeformis (Streptostyla) Marts.

XIX, 159
limnelformis (Streptostyla) Shutt.

XIX, 159

linden! (Oleacina) Pfr I, 23

lindoni (Achatina) Pfr I, 23

lindoni (Oleacina) Pfr I, 23

linearis (Bulimus) Kr XVIII, 45

linearis (Euonyma) Kr XVIII, 44

linearis (Spiraxis) Pfr. .1,52; XIX, 27
lineata (Achatina) Valenc. . . .XII, 168

lineata (Glandina) Streb XIX, 176

lineatus (Bulimus) Perry . . . .XVII, 57
lineolata (Limicolaria) Putz. XVI, 271
llnterse (Achatina) Sowb. . . .XVII, 102

lioderma (Varicella) Pils XIX, 71

lirifera (Achatina) Morel XIX, 2

lirlfera (Pseudosubulina) Morel. XIX, 2

listeri (Helix) Bolt XVII, 122

litauica (Cochlicopa) West. . .XIX, 319
littoralis (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 243
livingstonei (Achatina) M. & P.

XVII, 104

Livinhacia Crosse XVI, 298, 307

locardi (Cochlicopa) Poll XIX, 318

locardi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 330

locardi (Hohenwartiana) Bgt. XIX, 329

locardi (Zua) Poll XIX, 318

lombockensis( Stenogyra) Sm. XVIII, 21

longa (Limicolaria) Pils XVI, 284

longa (Varicella) Pils XIX, 68

longa (Varicella) Pils.

XIX, 106 ; XX, 111

longior (Varicella) Pils XX, 111

longipontiensis (Glandina) Cossm.

XIX, xxil

longipontlna (Glandina) Bay. XIX, xxil
longispira (Achatina) Ad. . . .XIX, 107

longispira (Varicella) Ad XIX, 107

longula (Glandina) F. & C I, 39

longula (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVIII, 152
longulum (Opeas) Morel. .. .XVIII, 152
lorioll (Achatina) Bonnet. . . .XVII, 82

loryi (Azeca) Mich XIX, 292

lotophaga (Bocagela) Morel. XVII, 191
lotophagus (Bulimus) Morel. XVII, 192

Lovea Wats XIX, 269

lowaensis (Periderlopsls) D. & P.

XVI, 243

I lowei (Achatina) Palva XIX, 276

' loxostoma (Achatina) Kl XIX, 292

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

137

loxostoma (Azeea) Kl XIX, 292

lubrica (Cochlicopa) Mull. . . .XIX, 312

lubrica (Helix) Mull XIX, 313

lubricella (Achatina) Brn. . . .XIX, 311
lubricella (Cochlicopa) Brn. ..XIX, 311
lubricella (Cochlicopa) Zgl. . .XIX, 321

lubricella (Columna) Zgl XIX, 321

lubricoides (Achatina) Jan. . .XIX, 329
lubricoides (Achatina) P. & M.

XIX, 328
lubricoides (Bulimus) Stimps. XIX, 313

lubricus (Bulimus) auct XIX, 313

lubricus (Tortaxis) Dautz. . .XVIII, 11
lucalana (Limicolaria) Pils. ..XVI, 262
lucida (Achatina) Poey XVIII,195, 196

lucida (Glandina) Streb XIX, 184

lucida (Stenogyra) Gibb. .. .XVIII, 146
lucidissima(Obeliscella)Pal. XVIII, 101 j
lucidissimus (Bulimus) Pal. XVIII, 101
lucidula (Stenogyra) Hde. .XVIII, 167

lucidulum (Opeas) Hde XVIII, 167

luctuosa (Limicolaria) Pfr. . .XVI, 268

luctuosus (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 269

lugubris (Achatina) Gray, see Acha-

tinellidse.

lugubris (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVII, 154
lunensis (Achatina) Ancon. . .XIX, xxv

LUNTIA E. A. Smith XVIII, 218

lurida (Streptostyla) Shutt. . .XIX, 150

lutea (Achatina) Anton XII, 168

luzonicum(Prosopeas)Mlldff. XVIII, 19
lymneaformis (Euonyma) M. & P.

XVIII, 39
lymneffiformis (Obeliscus) M. & P.

XVIII, 39

LYOBASIS Pils XVIII, 243, 274

lyrata (Glessula) Blf xx, 86

M

mabilleana (Azeca) Fag XIX, 294

mabilliana (Subulina) Bgt. ..XVIII, 85
mabilleana (Ferussacia) Pal. .XIX, 263

macei (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 332

macei (Hohenwartiana) Bgt. .XIX, 332

macer (Glandina) Ball XIX, 192

machachensis (Achatina) Sm. XVII, 84
macilentum (Prosopeas) Rve.

XVIII, 19, 33
macllentus (Bulimus) Rve. . .XVIII, 19

macra (Opeas) Gredl XVIII, 164

Macrosplra Swains XVIII, 220

macrospira (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 31

macrospira (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 31

macrostoma (Achatina) Beck. XVII, 56

maculata (Achatina) Dh XVII, 48

maculata (Achatina) Swains. Exotic
Conch. = Halia priamus.

maderensis (Bulimus) Lwe. . .XIX, 320
maderensis (Caecilioides) Plls. ..XX, 8
maderensis (Cochlicopa) Lwe. XIX, 320
magilensis (Euonyma) Crav. XVIII, 45
magilensis (Bulimus) Crav. ..XVIII, 46
magniflca (Achatina) Pfr.

XII, 185; XX, 117

magniflca (Achatina) Rve XX, 115

magniflcus(IIemibulimus)Pfr. XX, 117

magnificus (Liguus) Rve XX, 115

major (Cochlicopa) Beck and Bgt.

XIX, 324

major (Glandina) Marts XIX, 209

major (Glessula) Blanf XX, 89

major (Glessula) Nevill XX, 93

major (Obeliscus) Mill XVIII, 254

major (Pseudoglessula) Smith XVII, 169
major (Streptostyla) C. & F. .XIX, 150

major (Spiraxis) Marts XIX, 24

major (Spiraxis) Newb XIX, 13

majuscula (Leptinaria) Marts.

XVIII, 312

majus (Opeas) Marts XVIII, 214

malaguettana (Glessula) Rang. XX, 109
malaguettana (Helix) Rang. ..XX, 110

malzani (Cionella) Cless XIX, 337

malzani (Hohenwartiana) Cless.

XIX, 337
mamboiensis (Stenogyra) Smith

XVII, 140
mamillata (Achatina) Crav. XVIII, 73

mandarina (Spiraxis) Pfr XVIII, 7

mandarinus (Tortaxis) Pfr. . .XVIII, 7
mandevillensis (Varicella) Pils.

XIX, 70
mandevillensis (Varicella) Pils.

XIX, 107 ; XX, 111
manyemaense (Ceras) D. & P.

XVII, 155
manzanillensis (Bulimus) Gundl.

XIX, 58
manzanillensis (Varicella) Gundl.

XIX, 58
maresiana (Hohenwarthia) Bgt.

XIX, 328

maresi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 252

maretlma (Csecilianella) Ben. . .XX, 27
margaritacea (Achatina) Pfr. XIX, 171
margaritacea (Salasiella) Pfr. XIX, 171
margaritacea (Stenogyra) Shuttl.

XVIII, 196
margarltaceum (Opeas) Shuttl.

XVIII, 196
marginata (Achatina) Swains.

XVII, 109
marginata (Bulla) Don XVII, 111

138

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

marginata (Ferussacia) West. XIX, 242
marginata (Glandina) West. .XIX, 167
marginata (Poiretia) West. . .XIX, 167
marginata (Oncaea) Gistel. . .XVII, 71

mariei (Achatlna) Anc XVII, 37

mariei (Caecilioldes) Crosse . . .XX, 48

mariei (Geostilbia) Crosse XX, 48

marise (Opeas) Jouss XVIII, 159

marioui (Achatina) Anc XVII, 39

maritima (Columna) Spix. .XVIII, 283

marminii (Achatina) Dh XIX, 195

marmorea (Achatina) Rve. ..XVII, 183
marmorea (Bocageia) Rve. . .XVII, 182
marmorea (Columna) Perry, ..XVII, 122
maroccana (Azeca) Mouss. ...XIX, 306
maroccana (Cionella) Mss. .. .XIX, 306
marteli (Achatina) Dautz. . .XVII, 129
martensiana (Achatina) Sm. .XVI, 290
martensiana(Limicolaria)Sm. XVI, 289
martens! (Bulimus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 308
martensi (Leptinaria) Pfr. .XVIII, 308
martensi(Obeliscella) Jouss. XVIII, 102
martensi (Ochroderma)Dall. XVIII.329
martensi (Leptinaria) Ball. XVIII, 329
martensi (Opeas) Strob. . . .XVIII, 205
martensi (Pseudachatina) Ailly,

XVI, 215

martensi (Stenogyra) Strob. XVIII, 205
martensi (Subulina) D. & P. XVII, 148
massoniana (Ilomorus) Crosse

XVII, 184
matheranica (Glessula) Blf. . . .XX, 87

matoni (Azeca) Lch XIX, 295

mauiensis (Achatina) Pfr. see Acha-

tinellidffi.
maunoiriana (Limicolaria) Bgt.

XVI, 247

inaura (Rumina) Crosse XVII, 214

mauriana (Caecilioides) Bgt. . . .XX, 12
maurltanica (Hohenwarthia) Bgt.

XIX, 328

mauritiana (Achatina) Lam. .XVII, 56
mauritiana (Acicula) H. Ad. . . .XX, 47
mauritiana (Caecilioldes) H. Ad.

XX, 47

mauritianum (Opeas) Pfr. XIX, 13. 133
mauritianus (Bulimns) Pfr. XVIII, 133
maxima (Achatina) Paiva . . .XIX, 270
maxima (Bulimus) Bgt.

XVII, 214 ; XX, 114
maxima (Cochlicopa) Cless. . .XIX, 324
maxima (Limnsea) Sowb. . . .XIX, xxili
maxima (Stenogyra) Poey ..XVIII, 260
maximus (Obeliscus) Poey ..XVIII, 260
mayottense (Opeas) Pils. .. .XVIII, 155
mazatlanica (Glandina) Marts. XIV, 196

mazei (Geostilbia) Crosse XX, 42

mcbeani (Opeas) M. & P. .. .XVIII, 151
mediomaculata (Limicolaria) Marts.

XVI, 289

megalsea (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 284
megalogyra(Subulina)Gundl. XIX, 115
megaspira (Subulina) Mab. ..XVIII, 83
megeanus (Tortaxis) Anc. .. .XVIII, 10
inelampoides( Ferussacia )Lwe. XIX, 270
melampoides (Helix) Lowe. . .XIX, 270

Melaniella Pfr XIX, 50

melanielloides (Spiraxis) Gundl.

XIX, 28

melanioides (Bulimus) Woll. XVII, 178
melanioides (Chilonopsis) Woll.

XVII, 177

rnelanopsoides(Oleacina) Ads. XIX, 270
melanostoma (Achatina) Gray XII, 178
melastoma (Achatina) Swains. XII, 178

Melia Alb XIX, 46

melii (Glandina) Sacco XIX, xxv

melitensis (Caecilioides) Gatto .XX, 29

menkeana (Azeca) Pfr XIX, 292

menkeanum (Carychium) Pfr. XIX, 293
meridana (Glandina) Morel. .XIX, 154
meridana(Streptosty la) Morel. XIX.154
merimeana (Caecilioides) Bgt. .XX, 12

MBTACHATINA Pils XVI, 307

mexicana (Leptinaria) Pfr. XVIII, 306
mexicana (Spiraxis) Pfr. ...XVIII, 307

micans (Achatina) Ad XIX, 42

micans (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 40

micans (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 42

michaudiana (Achatina) Orb. .XIX, 10
michoacanensis (Glandina) Pils.

XIX, 185

michoniana (Caecilioides) Bgt. .XX, 32
michoniana (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XX, 33

micra (Helix) Orb XVIII, 193

micra (Opeas) Orb XVIII, 193

microlestes (Oleacina) Pils. . .XIX, 135
microsculpta (Glessula) Nev. .. .XX, 85
microstoma (Achatina) Beck. XVII, 86
microstoma (Glandina) Kob. .XIX, 167
microstoma (Obeliscus) Gundl.

XVIII, 276
microstoma (Stenogyra) Gundl.

XVIII, 277

microxia (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 261
miliaris (Columna) C. & J.

XVII, 125; XX, 10

miliolum (Azeca) Pal XIX, 292

millerl (Poiretia) Pils XX, 113

milneedwardsiana (Achatina) Rev.

XVII, 38

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

139

milneedwardsiana (Limicolaria) Bgt.

XVI, 247

miltoehila (Glandina) Marts. XIX, 188
mimosarum (Helix) Orb. ...XVIII, 210
mitnosarum (Opeas) Orb. ..XVIII, 210
miugrelica (Glandina) Bttg. .XIX, 168
mlngrelica (Poiretia) Bttg. . .XIX, 168

minima (Achatina) Siem XIX, 321

minima (Salasiella) Pils XIX, 172

minimus (Bulimus) Brug XIX, 11

minimus (Bulimus) C. B. Ad. .XIX, 11

minor (Bulimus) Bgt XVII, 215

minor (Glandina) Binn XIX, 192

minor (Glessula) Bedd XX, 73

minor (Obeliscus) Mill XVIII, 253

minor (Spiraxis) Marts XIX, 24

minuscula(Leptinaria)Pils. XVIII, 323
minuta (Achatina) Ant., Tornatel-
linidse.

minuta (Acicula) Mouss XX, 34

minuta (Caecilloides) Mouss. .. .XX, 33

minuta (Curvella) DaC XVIII, 340

minuta (Stenogyra) Semp. .XVIII, 180
minntissima (Achatina) Barcl., Torna-

tellinidse.
miuutissima (Caecilioides) Guppy

XX, 41

minutissima (Glandina) Guppy XX, 41
minutnm (Opeas) Semp. . . .XVIII, 180

mirabilis (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 16

mirabilis (Plicaxis) Sykes . . .XVIII, 13
mirabilis (Rhodina) Sykes .. .XVIII, 13

mirabilis (Spiraxis) Ad XIX. 16

miradorensis(Glandina)Streb. XIX, 105
miradorensis (Spiraxis) Streb. XIX, 23
miradorensis(Volutaxis)Streb. XIX, 23

mira (Stenogyra) Gredl XVIII. 9

mirus (Tortaxis) Gredl XVIII, 8

mitescens (Pseudosubulina) Marts.

XIX, 5

mitrseformis (Streptostyla) Sh. ..1,45
mitriformis (Achatina) Lowe XIX, 272
mitriformis(Ferussacia)Lwe. XIX, 272

mitriformis (Glandina) Ang I, 35

modesta (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 172

modesta (Salasiella) Pfr XIX, 172

modestior (Achatina) Bttg.^Metacha-

tina adelinse XVII, 118

modestus(Lamellaxis) Streb. XVIII, 308
moellendorffl (Caecilioides) Pils. XX, 50

mohriana (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 160

mohriana (Streptostyla) Pfr. .XIX, 160
moitessierl (Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 330
moitessieri (Hohenwartiana) Bgt.

XIX, 330
molllcella (Achatina) Morel.

XVII, 73, 29

monacha (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 188
monacha (Bocageia) Morel. ..XVII, 188
monetarla (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 19
monile (Achatlua) Swains. . . .XX, 117
monilifera (Glandina) Pfr. . .XIX, 210
monoceros (Subulina) Beck.

XVIII, 221, 224
monochromatica (Achatina) Pils.

XVII, 10
monocraspedon (Azeca) Slav. XIX, 292

monodon (Bulimus) Ad XVIII, 292

monodon (Leptinaria) Ad. ..XVIII, 291
monodonta(Cryptazeca)Folin XIX, 283
montana (Achatina) Marts. .. .XX, 104
montana (Caecilianella) Ben. . . .XX, 28
montana (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 247
montana (Glessula) Marts. . . .XX, 104
montaua (Stenogyra) Semp. XVIII, 180
montanum (Opeas) Semp. . .XVIII, 179
monticola (Achatina) Morel. XVII, 187
monticola (Bocageia) Morel. XVII, 186
moreletiana (Achatina) Dh. . .XVI, 228
moreletianus (Pseudotrochus) Dh.

XVI, 228
moreletianus (Spiraxis) Pfr.

1,49; XIX, 46

moreleti (Bulimus) Dh XVII, 198

moreleti (Clavator) Dh XVII, 198

moreleti (Ferussacia) Pall. . .XIX, 231
moreleti (Subulina) Girard. .XVIII, 74

morseana (Cionella) Doh XIX, 316

morseana (Cochlicopa) Doh. .XIX, 316
mossambica(Achatina)Branc. XVII, 42
moulinsii (Achatina) Grat. ...XVI, 226
moussoniana (Calaxis) Bgt. . .XIX, 286
moussoniana( Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 286

mucidus (Bulimus) Gld XVI, 234

mucidus (Pseudotrochus) Gld. XVI, 234
mucronata (Achatina) Ravenel. see

Achatinellidse.

mulled (Oleacina) Maltz. XIX, 132, xix
mullorum (Achatina) Blanf. . . .XX, 84

mullorum (Glessula) Blanf XX, 84

multicosta (Bulimus) Gundl. ..XIX, 61
multicosta (Varicella) Gundl. .XIX, 61
multifida (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 291
multllatus (Bulimus) Say. . .XVII, 213
multilineata (Varicella) Pils. XIX, 114
multiplicata (Spiraxis) Anc. XVIII, 10
multispira (Euglandina) Pfr.

1,30; XIX, 207

multispira (Oleacina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 207
multistrlata (Varicella) Pils. ..XIX, 68
munipurensis( Bulimus )Aust. XVIII, 65
mumipurensis (Curvella) Aust.

XVIII, 65
munlta (Helix) FeT XIX, 249

140

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

munzingeri (Caecilioides) Jick. = Subu-

lina XX, 36

munzingeri (Stenogyra) Jick. XVIII, 88
munzingeri (Subulina) Jick. .XVIII, 86

murrea (Achatina) Rve XII, 168 j

mussecola (Achatina) Morel, see Strep- j

taxidse.

muscorum (Achatina) Morel. XVII, 161
muscorum (Pseudoglessula) Morel.

XVII, 161

mutilatus (Bulimus) Binney, XVII, 213
mvulaensis (Perideriopsis) D. & P.

XVI, 245

myosotls (Bnliminus) XIX, 234

myoxus (Bulimus) Shuttl. .. .XVII, 176

N

nachtigali (Pseudachatina) Kob.

XVI, 207

naja (Glessula) Blanf XX, 90

nana (Glandina) Shuttl I, 35

nana (Glessula) Bedd XX, 82

nankingense (Opeas) Hde. ..XVIII, 166
nankingensis (Stenogyra) Hde.

XVIII, 166

nanodea (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 21

nasimoyensis (Achatina) Bgt. XVII, 44
natalensis (Achatina) Pfr. . .XVII, 102
natalensis (Euonyma) Burn.

XVIII, 41, 339
natalensis (Obeliscus) Burn. XVIII, 41

naudoti (Limnea) Mich XIX, xxii

nautica (Cionella) West XIX, 337

nautica (Hohenwartiana) West.

XIX, 336

nebrodensis (Achatina) Ben. .XIX, 232
nebrodensis(Ferussacia)Ben. XIX, 232
nebulosa (Stenogyra) Morel. XVII, 148
nebulosa (Streptostyla) Ball. XIX, 150
neglecta (Oleacina) Klika ...XIX.xxlv
nemorensis (Achatina) Ad. .. .XIX, 100
nemorensis (Varicella) Ad.

XIX, 100 ; anatomy XIX, xvi

NEOBELISCUS Pils XVIII, 280

neocaledonicum (Opeas) Pils. XVIII, 130

NEOGLESSULA Pils XX, 108

NEOSUBULINA Smith . .XVIII, 287, 322
neumanni (Achatina) Marts. .XVII, 45
neumanni(Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 296
nevilli (Stenogyra) G.-Ad. ..XVIII, 157
newcombi (Achatina) Pfr. Carella.
newtoni (Subulina) Girard ..XVIII, 75
newtoni (Thomea) Girard ..XVIII, 333
nlcobarica (Opeas) Morch . .XVIII, 128

nicoleti (Streptostyla) Sh I, 43

nigella (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVII, 147
nigellus (Homorus) Morel. . .XVII, 147

nigricans (Streptostyla) Pfr I, 45

nilagarica (Achatina) Rve XX, 91

nilagarica (Glessula) Rve XX, 90

nilagirica (Glessula) Auct XX, 91

nilotica (Burtoa) Pfr XVI, 300

niloticus (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 300

nilssoni (Cochlicopa) Malm. ..XIX, 322

nitens (Achatina) Gray XX, 55

nitens (Achatina) Kok XIX, 323

nitens (Cochlicopa) Kok XIX, 323

nitens (Glessula) Gray XX, 55

nitida (Achatina) Ad XIX, 102

nitida (Achatina) Marts XVII, 76

nitida (Subulina) Marts XVII, 140

nitida (Varicella) Ad XIX, 102

uitidissima (Achatina) Fbs. ..XIX, 230
nitidissimus (Bulimus) Kryn. XIX, 228
nitidiusculus( Bulimus) Ad. XIX, 33, 34
nitidula (Subulina) Klika . . .XIX, xxiv
nitidum (Opeas) Q. & M. . . .XVIII, 181
nitidus (Spiraxis) Streb. 1,52; XIX, 24

nitidus ( Volutaxis) Streb I, 52

nodosaria (Caecilioides) Bttg. ..XX, 12
nonpareil(Chilonopsis)Perry XVII, 174
nonpareil (Melania) Perry ..XVII, 175
normalis(Pseudotrochus)Pils. XVI, 236
normalis (Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 82
normalis (Subulina) Morel. .XVIII, 82

NOTHAPALUS Martens XVIII, 221

Nothus Albers XVIII, 284

notigena (Achatina) Bs XX, 66

notigena (Glessula) Bs XX, 66

noueli (Glandina) Den XIX, xxili

nouletiana (Azeca) Dup XIX, 295

novemgyrata (Stenogyra) Mouss.

XVIII, 183

novenaria( Achatina) Schum. XVIII, 224
novoleonis(Streptostyla)Pils. XIX, 147
nsendweensis (Perideriopsis) D. & P.

XVI, 242

numldlca (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 266
numidica (Limicolaria) Rve. ..XVI, 260
numldicus (Bulimus) Rve. . . .XVI, 260

nutans (Opeas) Gredl XVIII, 164

nutans (Stenogyra) Gredl. ..XVIII, 164

nyasana (Curvella) Sm XVIII, 56

nyctelia (Ccecilioides) Bgt XX, 7

nyikaensis (Achatina) Pils. . .XX, 113

nympha (Glandina) C. & F I, 38

nympharum (Ferussacia) L. & B.

XIX, 244
nystiana (Achatina) Pfr XX, 112

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

141

O

oahuensis (Achatina) Green, see Acha-

tinellidae.

OBELISCELLA Jouss. XVIII, 100 ; XIX, x
OBELISCUS Beck. XVIII, 240 ; XIX, 346
Obeliscus Humphrey .. .XVIII, 240, 241 j
obeliscus (Achatina) Rve. Carella.
obeliscus (Bulimus) P. & M. XVIII, 283
obeliscus (Obeliscus) Moric. XVIII, 245

obesa (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 87

obesa (Ferussacia) L. & B. ...XIX, 241 j
obesa (Streptostyla) Marts. . .XIX, 149 j

obesispira (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 134 :

obesus (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.

obliqua (Burtoa) Marts XVI, 303

obliqua (Limicolaria) Marts. .XVI, 303 ,
obliquata(Leptinaria)Marts. XVIII, 309 '
obliteratus (Bulimus) Woll. .XVII, 177 |
oblitterata (Achatina) Dautz. XVII, 13

oblonga (Burtoa) Marts XVI, 302

oblonga (Euglandina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 205
oblonga (Limicolaria) Marts. .XVI, 302

oblonga (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 205 |

oblonga (Streptostyla) Pfr. . .XIX, 159 [

oblonga (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 159

obovata (Perussacla) Pal. . . .XIX, 217
obsoleta (Limicolaria) Morel. XVI, 251
obsoleta (Spiraxis) Pfr. see Achatinel-

lldse.
obsoletus (Bulimus) Morel. ...XVI, 251

obtusa (Achatina) Blanf XVIII, 2

obtusa (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 204

obtusa (Glandina) Pfr XIX, 204 |

obtusa (Glandina) Dep XIX, xxv

obtusa (Glessula) Blanf XX, 52

obtusata (Caecllioides) West. .. .XX, 31

obtusata (Cionella) West XX, 31

obtusata (Helix) Gmel XVII. 196

obtusatus (Clavator) Gmel. ..XVII, 196
obtusum (Bacillum) Blanf. . . .XVIII, 1
occidentalis (Achatina) Pils. .XVII, 23
occidentalis (Pseudosubulina) Pils.

XIX, 3
OCHRODEKMA Anc XVIII, 325

OCHRGDEHMELLA Pils XVIII, 327

octogyrum (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 206

octogyrus (Bulimus) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 206
octona (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVIII, 73

octona (Helix) Gmel XX, 10

octona (Subulina) Brug. XVIII, 72, 222
octonoides (Bulimus) Ad. . .XVIII, 193
octonoides(Stenogyra)auct. XVIII, 193
octonula (Stenogyra) Weinl. XVIII, 195
octonus (Bulimus) Brug. .. .XVIII, 223

odiosum (Opeas) Pils XIX, 25

odioBus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 25

Odontalus Parryss XIX, 290

oleacea (Achatina) Desh XIX, 137

oleacea (Oleacina) Desh XIX, 136

OLEACINA Bolt XIX, xvll, 127

OLEACINIDAE Gray I, 19 ; XIX, xil

oleata (Stenogyra) Marts. .. .XVII, 146
oligostropha( Achatina )Reuss. XIX.xxv

olivacea (Bocageia) Pils XVII, 189

olivacea (Glandina) Schum.

XIX, 128, 130

oliva (Glandina) Morel XIX, 145

olivea (Cochlicopa) Loc XIX, 318

Omphalostyla Schluet XVI, 246

onager (Periderls) Sh XVI, 231

onager (Pseudotrochus) Sh. . .XVI, 230

Oncoea Gistel XVII, 1

onychina (Glandina) Morel I, 23

opaca (Cochlicopa) Loc XIX, 318

opalescens (Leptinaria) Shuttl.

XVIII, 293

oparanum (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 183

oparanus (Bulimus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 183
oparica (Opeas) Pfr., Sykes XVIII, 183

opeas (Homorus) Pils XVII, 151

OPEAS Albers XVIII, 122

opella (Opeas) P. & V XVIII, 186

oranensis (Ferussacia) Bgt. ..XIX, 247

Orbitina Risso XVII, 211

orci (Opeas) Eocene.

oreas (Achatina) Bens., Rve. ..XX, 80

oreas (Glessula) Bs., Rve XX, 80

orizabse (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 199

orizabae (Euglandina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 199
orizabensls (Pseudosubulina) Pils.

XIX, 7

Orizosoma Pils XIX, 163

ornata (Achatina) Pfr I, 32

ornata (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 181

ornata (Stenogyra) Morel. .. .XVIII, 99

ornata (Subulina) Morel XVIII, 99

orobia (Achatina) Bens XX, 97

orobia (Glessula) Bens XX, 96

orophila (Achatina) Rve XX, 79

orophila (Glessula) Rve XX, 79

orthoceras (Bacillum) G.-A. . .XVIII, 2

orthoceras (Glessula) XVIII, 2

orum (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 112

oryza (Achatina) Lowe XIX, 274

oryza (Bulimus) Brug. .XVIII. 189, 191

oryza (Ferussacia) Lwe XIX, 274

ORYZOSOMA Pilsbry XIX. 163

osculans (Achatina) Ad XIX, 70

osculans (Varicella) Ad XIX, 70

ottonis (Achatina) Pfr I, 25

ottonis (Oleacina) Pfr I, 25

ovampoensis (Caecilioides) M. & P.

XX, 3

142

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

ovampoensls (Cionella) M. & P. XX, 36
ovata (Achatlna) Pfr., Tornatellinidae.

ovata (Cochllcopa) Jeffr XIX, 318

ovata (Curvella) Putz XVIII, 51

ovata (Glandina) Dall XIX, 192

ovata (Glandina) Mill.

XIX, xxiii ; XX, 113

ovatus (Hapalus) Putz XVIII, 51

oviformis (Limicolaria) Anc. .XVI, 279
ovuliformis (Ferussacia) Lwe. XIX, 280

ovuliformis (Helix) Lwe XIX, 281

ovulina (Oleacina) Mill XIX, xxii

ovum (Achatlna) Pfr XVII, 111

Oxycheilus Albers XVIII, 227

oxynter (Prosopeas) Bs XVIII, 28

Oxystrombus auct XVI, 219

Oxystyla XX, 118

pacensis (Glandina) Marts. . . .XIX, 45
pachycheila (Achatina) Bens. . .XX, 58
pachycheila (Glessula) Bens. .. .XX, 58
pachygastra(Cochlicopa)Stab. XIX.317
pachygyra (Stenogyra) Gredl. XVIII, 5

Pachyotus auct XVII, 171

pacbyspira(Leptinaria)Pils. XVIII, 305
pagoda (Prosopeas) Semp. . .XVIII, 18
pagoda (Stenogyra) Semp. .. .XVIII, 18
palrensis (Obeliscus) Higg. .XVIII, 255
pairensis (Rumina) Higg. . .XVIII, 255
paivffi (Bulimus) Lowe

XVII, 213 ; XX, 114
palvana (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVII, 17

paivana (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 136

paioense (Prosopeas) Bock. ..XVIII, 25
paloensis (Bulimus) Bock. .. .XVIII, 25
paladilhiana (Coilostele) Nev. XIX, 340
paladllhi (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 333
paladilhi (Glandina) Mich. ...XIX.xxv
paladilhi (Hohenwartiana) Bgt.

XIX, 332

pallens (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 190

pallens (Glessula) Bedd XX, 74

pallescens (Achatlna) Dautz. XVII, 129

pallida (Achatina) Swalna XII, 168

pallida (Cochllcopa) Loc. . . .XIX, 318
pallida (Leptinaria) Ad. . . .XVIII, 294
pallida (Perlderiopsis) D. & P. XVI, 244
pallldior(Pseudotrochus)Pils. XVI, 229
pallidior(Streptostyla)C. & F. XIX, 159
pallidlstriga (Limicolaria) Marts.

XVI, 290

pallldula (Varicella) Pils XIX, 67

pallidus (Bulimus) Ad XVIII, 294

pallldus (Streptostylus) DaC. XIX, 151
palmer! (Streptostyla) Dall. ..XIX, 146

paludlnoides( Achatlna) Orb. XVIII, 296
paludinoides (Leptinaria) Orb.

XVIII, 295
paludinoides (Bulimus) Anton

XVIII, 296
paludosa (Limicolaria) Putz. .XVI, 270

palus (Stenogyra) Hde XVIII, 6

palustris (Achatina) Parr. . . .XIX, 227

panaetha (Achatina) Bens XX, 56

panamensis (Achatina) Miihlf.

XVIII, 224

panayense (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 131

panayensis (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 132

panthera (Achatina) Fer XVII, 41

pantherina (Achatina) Nevill. XVII, 42
papyracea (Achatina) Pfr. . .XVII, 117

parabilis (Achatina) Bens XX, 55

parabilis (Glessula) Bens XX, 54

PARACHATINA Bgt XVII, 1, 5, 17

paradoxa (Cylindrella) Ar. .XVIII, 275
paradoxa (Spiraxis) Pfr. Carelia.
paradoxus (Obeliscus) Ar. . .XVIII, 275
parallela (Glandina) Binn. . . .XIX, 192

parallelus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 41

parana (Subulina) Pils XVIII, 225

parisiensis(Cylindrella)Dh. XVIII, 335
parisiensis (Distoechia) Dh. XVIII, 335

paritura (Achatina) Gld XX, 108

paritura (Glessula) Gld XX, 108

paroliniana ( Achatina) W. & B. XIX, 273
parolinianus (Bulimus) Orb. ..XIX, 274

PAEOPEAS Pils XVIII, 14

parthenia(Achatlna)M. & P. XVII, 100

parvula (Achatina) Chitty XIX, 19

parvulus (Spiraxis) Chitty. . . .XIX, 19
parvula (Spiraxis) Pfr.

XIX, 159 ; XX, 111
parvula (Streptostyla) Pfr.

XIX, 159; XX, 111

passargei (Achatina) Marts. ..XVII, 70
pattalus (Homorus) Pils. . . .XVII, 147
pattalus (Obeliscus) Pils. ..XVIII, 249

patzcuarense (Opeas) Pils XIX, 26

patzcuarensis (Spiraxis) Pils. .XIX, 26
paucispira (Subulina) Marts. XVIII, 95
paulucciana( Ferussacia) Poll. XIX, 251
paupercula (Achatina) Blanf. . .XX, 82
paupercula (Glessula) Blanf. .. .XX, 81

pauperculus (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 37

pauperculus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 37

pauper (Opeas) Dohrn XVIII, 142

pauper (Stenogyra) Dohrn. .XVIII, 142

paviel (Glessula) Morel XX, 100

pavonina (Achatina) Splx. . . .XII, 189

paxillus (Achatina) Rve XVII, 186

paxillus (Bocagela) Rve XVII, 186

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

143

pazensis (Achatina) Perez . . . .XIX, 45

pealei (Opeas) Tryon XVIII, 29

pealei (Prosopeas) Tryon XVIII, 29

pechaudi (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 256
pechaudi (Hohenwartiana) L. & B.

XIX, 334
pedemontana(Caecilioides)Poll. XX, 24

PEGEA Risso XIX, 239

peguensis (Achatina) Blf XX, 99

peguensis (Glessula) Blf XX, 99

PELATEINIA Pils XVIII, 287, 324

pellita (Stenogyra) Gredl. . .XVIII, 171

pellitum (Opeas) Gredl XVIII, 171

pellucens (Achatina) Ad XIX, 109

pellucens (Varicella) Ad XIX, 108

pellucida (Ganomidos) Ailly. XVII, 128
pellucidus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 206
pellucidum (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 206

peneckei (Azeca) And XIX, 292

penestes (Achatina) M. & P. XVII, 100

pentheri (Achatina) Stur XVII, 81

perakensis (Rhodina) Morg. .XVIII, 13

perdix (Achatina) Lan XVII, 9

peregrinus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 258
peregrinus (Obellscus) Pfr. .XVIII, 258
perelongata (Pseudachatina) Rolle

XVI, 213

perfecta (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVII, 15
perforata (Curvella) Mlldff. .XVIII, 70
perforata (Leptlnaria) Pfr. XVIII, 302
perforata (Tornatellina) Pfr. XVIII, 302
perforatus (Hapalus) Mlldff. XVIII, 70
pergracilis (Subulina) Marts. XVIII, 91

PERIDBRIOPSIS Putz XVI, 241

Perideris Shuttl XVI, 219

perlucens (Glandina) Guppy ..XIX, 125
perlucens (Varicella) Guppy .XIX, 125

permlra (Spiraxis) Anc XVIII, 10

permlrus (Tortaxis) Anc XVIII, 10

perottetl (Achatina) Rve XX, 78

perplexa (Achatina) Ad XIX, 39

perplexa (Oleacina) Tryon,

I, 31 ; XIX, 39

perplexus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 39

perpusilla (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 173

perpusllla (Salasiella) Pfr. .. .XIX, 173
perrleriana (Limicolaria) Bgt. XVI, 247
perrierianus (Subulina) Bgt. XVII, 137

PERBIERIA Tapp. Can XVIII, 36

perrottetl (Achatina) Pfr XX, 65

perrotteti (Glessula) Pfr XX, 65

perslanil (Clonella) Tib XIX, 328

perstrlatus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 40

perstrlata (Subulina) Marts. XVIII, 89

pertenuls (Achatina) Blanf XX, 89

pertenuis (Glessula) Blanf XX, 89

pertica (Bulimus) Bs XVIII, 113

peruviana (Achatina) Lam. . . .XIX, 86
peruviana (Streptostyla) Pfr.

1,43; XIX, 86

peruviana (Varicella) Lam. . . .XIX, 85
perversa (Achatina) Swains. ..XII, 179

PETENIELLA Pils XIX, xxvl, 161

petersi (Achatina) Marts XVII, 62

pethericki (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 301

pethionis (Glandina) Weinl. ..XIX, 134
pethionis (Oleacina) Weinl. . .XIX, 134

Petitia Jouss XVII, 72

petitia (Achatina) Jouss XVII, 73

petitia (Petitia) Jouss XVII, 73

petitiana (Achatina) Ben XX, 26

petitl (Achatina) Dh XIX, 195

petiti (Clavator) C. & F XVII, 200

petrensis (Achatina) Morel. ..XVIII, 78

PETRIOLA Ball XVII, 216

Pfaffla Behn XIX, 175

pfeifferi (Achatina) Dkr XVII, 24

pfeifferi (Cionella) Weinl. . . .XIX, 323

pfeiffieri (Homorus) Kob XVII, 24

pfeifferi (Rhodea) Crosse ...XVIII, 236

pfeifferi (Salasiella) Pils XIX, 173

1 pfeifferi (Spiraxis) Mke XVIII, 12

pfeifferi ( Streptostyla) C. & F. XIX, 148

, pfeifferi (Tortaxis) Mke XVIII, 12

phaea (Pseudoglessula) Putz. XVII, 163

, philippiana (Achatina) Ad XIX, 84

' philippiana (Varicella) Ad XIX, 84

phillppinensis (Caecilioides) Semp.

XX, 49

philippinensis (Cionella) Semp. XX, 49,
philippinensis (Glessula) Cooke XX, 52
philippinica (Caecilioides) Moell. XX, 49
philipplnica (Curvella) Pils. .XVIII, 70
philippinica (Geostilbia) Moell. XX, 50

phillipsii (Achatina) Ad XIX, 99

phillipsii (Varicella) Ad XIX, 99

Phylacus West XIX, 239, 240

Physella Pfr 1, 19

physodes (Streptostyla) Shuttl.

XIX, 159

plchardi (Bulimus) Arango .. . .XIX, 55
pichardi (Varicella) Arango ...XIX, 55

PlCHARDIELLA FiSCh XIX, 50

picta (Achatina) Rve XII, 168

plleata (Stenogyra) Marts. .XVIII, 339
pileatus (Homorus) Marts. .XVIII, 338
pilosa (Stenogyra) Semp. . .XVIII, 179

pllosum (Opeas) Semp. XVIII, 179

pllsbryi ( Spiraxis) Anc XVIII, 11

pllsbryl (Tortaxis) Anc XVIII, 10

plnguls (Subulina) Marts. .. .XVIII, 88
plnicola (Glandina) F. & C I, 37

144

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

PINTOA Bgt XVII, 24

pintoi (Achatina) Bgt XVII, 63

PITTIERIA Martens XIX, 162

plttieri (Glandina) Marts. . . .XIX, 199
plttieri (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 308
pittieri (Ochroderma) Marts.

XVIII, 328
pittieri (Opeas) Martens . . .XVIII, 213

pittieri (Spiraxis) Marts XIX, 24

pittieri (Tornatellina) Marts. XVIII, 328
placostyloides(Clavator)Kob. XVII, 195
planogyra(Prosopeas)Mlldff. XVIII, 16
planospirus (Bulimus) Pfr. XVIII, 247
planospirus (Obeliscus) Pfr. XVIII, 247

planti (Achatina) Pfr XVI, 310

plant! (Metachatina) Pfr XVI, 309

plebeia (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVIII, 116
plebeium(Pseudopeas) Morel. XVIII, 116
pllcatella (Stenogyra) Guppy

XVIII, 207

plicatula (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 182

plicatula (Euglandina) Pfr. . .XIX, 182

plicatula (Streptostyla) Streb 1,47

plicatum (Opeas) Gldg XVIII, 204

plicatus (Bulimus) Guild. . .XVIII, 204
plicatus (Bulimulus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 204

PLICAXIS Sykes XVIII, 12

plicifera (Curvella) Blf XVIII, 63

plicifer (Bulimus) Blf XVIII, 63

podolica (Cionella) Lorn XIX, 311

poeyana (Achatina) Pfr XII, 166

poeyana (Oleacina) Pfr I, 25

poeyanus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 45

poeyanus ( Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 45

poiretl (Aehatina) Rossm. . . .XIX, 169

POIBETIA Fischer XIX, xx, 164

poiretl (Helix) Per XIX, 166

politum (Carychium) Jeffr. . .XIX, 295

politus (Bulimus) Parr XIX, 300

pollonerse (Caecilioides) Gatto .XX, 29
pollonerae (Ferussacia) Sacco XIX, 217
polonica (Csecilianella) Lomn. .. .XX, 5
polychroa (Achatina) Morel. ..XVII, 26
polygyratus (Bulimus) Rve. XVIII, 113
polygyratus (Zootecus) Rve. XVIII, 113
polyodon (Ferussacia) L. & B. XIX, 250

Polyphemus Montf XIX, 127

Porphyrobaphe XX, 115

porphyrostoma (Achatina) Shuttl.

XVII, 115

porrecta (Achatina) Gob. . . .XIX, xxlv
porrecta (Subulina) Marts. .XVIII, 226
portoricensis (Achatina) Pfr. XIX, 122
portoricensls (Varicella) Pfr. XIX, 122
potoslana (Euglandina) Pils. .XIX, 206
potosiana (Streptostyla) Dall. XIX, 146

poupillieri (Caecilioides) Serv. XX, 18
praclustris (Stenogyra) Nev. . . .XX, 68
prseclara (Caecilioides) West. . .XX, 34

prselustris (Achatina) Bs XX, 68

praelustris (Glessula) Bs XX, 68

praetexta(Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 261

prestoni (Opeas) Sykes XVIII, 134

prestoni(Pseudoglessula)Sm. XVII, 167
preussi (Pseudachatina) Kob. XVI, 213
princeps (Obeliscus) Pils. . .XVIII, 261
problematica (Pseudosubulina) Pils.

XIX, 10

procera (Achatina) Ad XIX, 80

procera (Varicella) Ad XIX, 80

procerula (Ferussacia) Mor. ..XIX, 243
procerula (Glandina) Mor. . . .XIX, 243

Proceruliana Bgt XIX, 239

procerus (Bulimus) C. B. Ad. .XIX, 33
procerus (Spiraxis) C. B. Ad. .XIX, 33
producta (Achatina) Lowe . . .XIX, 221
producta (Achatina) Lwe

XIX, 275 ; XX, 114
producta (Achatina) Reuss.

XIX, xxiv ; XX, 114
producta (Ferussaeia) Lwe. ..XIX, 275
proechia (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 228
PROMOUSSONIUS Pils. ..XVIII, 228, 230
pronyense (Opeas) Gass. ...XVIII, 177
pronyensis (Bulimus) Gass. XVIII, 178

propinqua (Achatina) Ad XIX, 74

propinqua (Subulina) Beck. XVIII, 221

propinqua (Varicella) Ad XIX, 74

PROSOPEAS Morch XVIII, 14

Protobeliscus Pils XVIII, 243, 251

proxima (Achatina) Ad XIX, 76

proxima (Varicella) Ad XIX, 76

prulnosum (Opeas) Mlldff. .XVIII, 181

prunum (Achat ^ ~>ve XVII, 119

psathyrolena (Az-.-ca) Bgt. . . .XIX, 305

PSEUDACHATINA Albers XVI, 205

Pseuda/eca Pfr XIX, 239

pseudoalgira(Glandina) Sacco XIX, xxv
pseudoalgira (Poiretia) Sacco

XIX, xxv, 166
PSEDDOBALEA Shuttlw. XVIII, 243, 271

PSEUDOGLESSULA Bttg XVII, 156

pseudopsis (Lovea) Woll XIX, 281

PSEDDOPEAS Putzeys .. .XVIII, 114, 216
Pseudostreptostyla, Nevlll ..XIX, 218
PSEUDOSUBULINA Streb XIX, 1

PSEUDOTROCHUS Ads.

XVI, 219; XVII, x
pseudoturrls (Glandina) Streb. . . .1, 35

psilia (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 329

psllla (Hohenwartiana) Bgt. .XIX, 329
pseudoreas (Stenogyra) Nev. . . .XX, 80

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

145

pseudoreas (Glessula) Nev XX, 80

ptychoraphe (Glandina) W. & M.

XIX, 117
ptychoraphe (Varicella) W. & M.

XIX, 117

puella (Achatina) Ad XIX, 77

puella (Varicella) Ad XIX, 77

pulchella (Achatina) Marts. XVI, 73, 74

pulchella (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 173

pulchella (Achatina) Spix XII, 136 ;

pulchella (Bulirnus) Moq XIX, 2L>1

pulchella (Cionella) Hartm. ..XIX, 322
pulchella (Ferussacia) Moq. . .XIX, 221

pulchella (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 173

pulchella (Salasiella) Pfr. . . .XIX, 173
pulchellum (Pseudopeas) Putz.

XVIII, 118
pulcherrima (Glandina) Streb. XIX, 208

pulla (Glessula) Blanf XX, 81

pullus (Bulimus) Gray XVIII, 110 :

pullus (Zootecus) Gray XVIII, 110

pumila (Azeca) Slavic XIX, 292

pumilus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 202

punctogallana (Achatina) Pfr. ..XX, 56 '
punctogallana (Glessula) Pfr. . .XX, 56

punica (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 250 i

pupaeformis (Azeca) Cantr. . .XIX, 298
pupaeformis (Bulimus) Cantr. XIX, 299
pupseformis(Subulina)Beck. XVIII, 221
pupoides (Bulimus) Anton ..XVIII, 285
purcelli (Euonyma) M. & P. .XVIII, 42 j
purcelli (Suhulina) M. & P. ..XVIII, 43
purpurascens(Achatina)Fisch. XX,113 '
purpurascens(Bu!imus)Brug. XVII, 114 i
purpurea (Archachatina) Gmel.

XVII, 114; XX, 113 i
purpurea(Achatlna)Rve. XVII, 113, 116

purpurea (Bulla) Gmel XVII, 114

purpurea (Helix) Fe> XVII, 114 j

pusilla (Achatina) Pfr. Auriculidae?

pusilla (Achatina) Scac XX, 10 i

pusilla (Curvella) Blf XVIII, 64 ;

pusilla (Glessula) Bedd XX, 84 :

pusilla (Helix) Scacchi XIX, 328 '

pusilla (Rumina) H. Ad. . . .XVIII. 257

pusilla (Spiraxis) Blf XVIII, 04 i

pusilla (Stenogyra) Morel. ..XVIII, 119 i
puslllum(Pseudopeas)Morel. XVIII, 119 ,
pusillus (Obeliscus) H. Ad. .XVIII, 257

puta (Curvella) Bs XVIII, 63

putus (Bulimus) Bs XVIII, 64

pygmsea (Achatina) Pfr XX, 40

pyramidalis(Limlcolaria)Bgt. XVI, 278
pyramidalis (Stenogyra) Morel.

XVIII, 98
pyramidalls(Subulina)Morel. XVIII, 98

pyramidata (Glandina) Paul. XIX, 167
pyramidata (Pseudachatina) Kob.

XVI, 210
pyramidella (Achatina) Marts.

XVII, 154
pyramidella (Homorus) Marts.

XVII, 153

pyramis (Achatina) Bs XX, 93

pyramis (Glessula) Bs XX, 92

PYKGELLA Lowe XIX. 279

PYRGINA Greef XVIII, 330, 334

pyrgiscus (Bulimus) Pfr.

XVIII, 184, 185
pyrgula (Opeas) Schm. & Bttg.

XVIII, 173

pyrrha (Limicolaria) Alb XVI, 298

pyrrhus (Bulimus) Alb XVI, 298

pyrum (Helix) Gmel XVII, 122

Py thia Oken X VI, 246

Q

quadras! (Curvella) Mlldff. . .XVIII, 69
quadras! (Hapalus) Mlldff. ..XVIII, 69
quadrasi (Prosopeas) Hid. . .XVIII, 18
quadrasi (Stenogyra) Hid. .. .XVIII, 18

quagga (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 86

qulrozl (Streptostyla) Streb.

I, 44 ; XIX, 146

R
rabaudi (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 24T

raddei (Caecilioides) Bttg XX, 31

raddei (Cochllcopa) Bttg XX, 32

raffrayi (Achatina) Jouss XVII, 75

ragazzii (Homorus) Poll XVII, 132

ramentosa(Columna)Coop. XI, 153, 154

ramentosa (Rhodea) Coop XI, 154

randabeli (Achatina) Bgt XVII, 69

randalli (Spiraxis) Newb XIX, 13

rangiana (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 271
rangianus (Obeliscus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 271

raphidea (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 20

raphidia (Coelestele) Bgt XIX, 345

rarum (Opeas) Miller, XVIII, 208-

RAVENIA Crosse XIX, 19

reclsa (Stenogyra) Morel. . .XVIII, 144

recisum (Opeas) Morel XVIII, 144

rectistrlgata (Limicolaria) Sm. XVI, 293

RECTOLEACINA Pils XIX, 142

rectus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 29

rectus (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 29

redfieldi (Curvella) Pils XVIII, 49

rediviva (Achatina) Mab XVII, 57

reeveana (Achatina) Pfr XVI, 226

reeveanus(P8eudotrochuB)Pfr. XVI.226

146

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

XVII, 34

---- XX, 35

.XVIII, 103

.XVIII, 104

XVI, 247

XVI, 301

regina (Achatlna) Pfr ........ XII, 181

regulare (Opeas) Pfr ....... XVIII, 192

regularis (Bulimus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 189

regularis (Ferussacla) Bgt. .. .XIX, 222

reissi (Cionella) Mss ........ XIX, 229

reissi (Ferussacla) Mss ...... XIX, 229

retifera (Stenogyra) Marts. ..XVII, 164

reticulata (Achatina) Pfr

retterl (Caecilioides) Rosen

retterl (Obeliscella) Rosen

retteri (Stenogyra) Rosen .

revoili (Llmicolarla) Bgt

reymondl (Bulimus) Bgt

reymondi (Burtoa) Bgt ....... XVI, 301

rhabdota (Achatlna) M. & P. .XVII, 91
rhabdus (Splraxis) Plls ....... XIX, 27

RHAPHIDIELLA Maltz ........ XX, 6, 18

rhoadsse (Opeas) Plls ......... XIX, 26

rhoadsse (Splraxis) Pils ....... XIX, 26

rhoadsi (Glandlna) Plls ...... XIX, 192

RHODBA Adams, ........... XVIII, 234

Rhodlna de Morgan ........ XVIII, 12

rhodinaeforme (Prosopeas) Mlldff.

XVIII, 17

rhodostoma (Achatlna) Phil. XVII, 115
RHYTIDIDAH Plls ............. XIX, xl

rlbelrol (Caecilioides) Serv ..... XX, 17

rlchardl (Achatlna) Pfr ....... XIX, 86

richardl (Varicella) Pfr. I, 43 ; XIX, 86
rlchil (Bulimus) Lam ........ XVI, 232

RIEBECKIA Martens ........ XVII, 204

rllsel (Achatlna) Pfr ........ XIX, 122

rillyensls (Achatlna) Boissy, type of

Scalaxls.
riparius (Bulimus) Pfr ..... XVIII, 253

rlparlus (Obeliscus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 253

rlsso (Achatlna) Dh ......... XIX, 220

ritchlel (Leptlnaria) Plls. . .XVIII, 304
rlzzeana (Achatlna) Ben ....... XX, 25

robertsl (Leptinaria) Plls. ..XVIII, 298
robusta(Pseudosubulina) Marts. XIX, 4
rochebrunl (Llmlcolaria) Bgt. XVI, 247
rodatzl (Achatlna) Dkr ...... XVII, 60

roepstorfl (Bulimus) Mch. .. .XVIII, 27

roepstorfi (Prosopeas) Mch. ..XVIII, 27
rohlfsl (Llmicolarla) Marts. ..XVI, 288
romblonlcum (Prosopeas) Mlldff.

XVIII, 18
roperl (Varicella) Plls ........ XIX, 78

rosea (Euglandina) F6r. ..XIX, 191, xli
rosea (Glandina) auct ........ XIX, 195

rosea (Helix) Fer ........... XIX, 191

roseus (Obeliscus) Hutt. See Pyrami-

dellldae.
roulsiana (Polretla) Pila ...... XX, 113

rothl (Calaxls) Bgt .......... XIX, 286

rothi (Ferussacla) Bgt XIX, 288

rubella (Glandlna) Morel XIX, 210

rubicunda (Llmicolarla) Sh. . .XVI, 267
rubicundulus (Bulimus) Gld. .XVI, 239
rubicundulus (Pseudotrochus) Gld.

XVI, 239

rugata (Glessula) Blanf XX, 86

rugosa (Achatina) Putz XVII, 30

rugulosa (Glandina) Sandb. .XIX, xxiv

RUMINA Risso XVII, 211

runssorina (Glessula) Marts. . .XX, 104
ruppelliana (Limicolarla) Pfr. XVI, 275
ruppellianus (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVI, 275
rurlcola (Achatlna) Lowe . . . .XIX, 222
rurlcola (Ferussacia) Lowe . .XIX, 222

sabatlerl (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 277

sabatieri (Limlcolaria) Pfr. . .XVI, 277

saccata (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 180

saccata (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 180

saharlca (Rumina) Deb XVII, 213

sallaei (Streptostyla) Marts. ..XIX, 145

SALASIELLA Strebel XIX, 170, xxv

salleana (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 300
salleana (Leptinaria) Pfr. ..XVIII, 300
salleanus (Bulimus) Rve. .. .XVIII, 270
salleanus (Obeliscus) Rve. ..XVIII, 269
sallei (Streptostyla) C. & F.

1,44; XIX, 145

salvlnl (Pseudosubulina) Marts. XIX, 6
sanctithomensls( Varicella) Pils. XIX.57
sandbergerl(Achatlna)Thom. XIX, xxlv
sandwicensis (Achatina) Pfr. See

Achatinellidse.

sandwlchensis (Splraxls) Pfr. .XIX, 13
santanense (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 204
santanensis (Bulimus) Pfr. .XVIII, 204
sargi (Pseudosubulina) C. & F. . . .1, 50

sargl (Streptostyla) C. & F 1,49

sargl (Subullna) C. & F I, 50

1 sarissa (Achatina) Bens XX, 93

sarlssa (Euonyma) Plls XVIII, 44

sarissa (Glessula) Bens XX, 93

satsumense (Opeas) Pils. .. .XVIII, 172

sattaraensls (Achatina) H. & T. XX, 83

! sattaraensis (Glessula) H. & T. XX, 82

saturata (Glandina) Gundl I, 24

j saturata (Llmlcolaria) Sm. .. .XVI, 286

saturata (Oleacina) Gundl I, 24

; saulcydi (Achatina) Joan XVI, 238

i saulcydi (Pseudotrochus) Joan. XVI, 235

! saulcyi (Ferussacla) Bgt XIX, 287

: saulcyi (Calaxis) Bgt XIX, 287

saxatlle(Pseudopeas) Morel. XVIII, 115
; saxatllis (Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 116

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

147

sayea (Ferussacia) Risso XIX, 218

sayulana (Glaudina) Marts. ..XIX, 200
scsevola (Achatina) M. & P. . .XVII, 98
ecalarioides (Achatina) Nev. ..XVII, 57

scalare (Opeas) Desh XIX, 349

ecalarlna (Varicella) Gundl. ...XIX, 59
scalarlnus (Bulimus) Gundl. . .XIX, 59

scalaris (Bulimus) Desh XIX, 350

scalaris (Coilostele) Bs XIX, 339

scalarls (Curvella) Q. & M. ..XVIII, 69
scalaris (Hapalus) Q. & M. . .XVIII, 70
scalarlopsis (Bulimus) Morel. .XIX, 21
scalariopsis (Spiraxls) Morel. .XIX, 21
scalariforme (Pseudopeas) Putz.

XVIII, 118

scalella (Spiraxls) Marts XIX, 22

scaptobia (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 267
ecaturigium (Physa) Drap. .. .XIX, 220
sceptrum (Obeliscus) Beck.

XVII, 193 ; XVIII, 240
schenckl (Achatina) Marts. .. .XVII, 96
schensiense (Opeas) Stur. . .XVIII, 163
schinziana (Achatina) Mss. .. .XVII, 16
schnelderi( Strep tosty la )Streb. XIX.150
schwelnfurthi (Achatina) Marts.

XVII, 61

schwelnfurthi (Burtoa) Marts. XVI, 300
schweinfurthl (Llmicolaria) Marts.

XVI, 301

Bciaphlla (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 262
scrobiculata (Curvella) Blf. ..XVIII, 64
scroblculatus (Bulimus) Blanf.

XVIII, 65

serutillus (Achatina) Bs XX, 81

scrutlllus (Glessula) Bs XX, 81

sculpturata(Limicolaria)Anc. XVI, 297

seabrai (Subulina) Nobre XVIII, 84

sebasmla (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 305

Selaniella Anc XIX, 170

Selaslella Streb., Tryon XIX, 170

sellovli (Achatina) King . . .XVIII, 244
semldecussata( Achatina) Mke. XVII, 80
eemigranosa (Achatina) Pfr. ..XVII, 80
semisculpta (Achatina) Pfr. . .XVII, 15

semlstriata ^ Glandina) Morel I, 25

semlstrlatum( Opeas) Morel. XVIII, 212
semistrlatus (Bulimus) Morel.

XVIII, 212

semlsulcata (Achatina) Desh. XIX, 210
eemisulcata (Euglandlna) Pfr.

I, 33 ; XIX, 210

semltarum (Helix) Rang XIX, 124

semitarum (Varicella) Rang. .XIX, 124
semper! (Opeas) Hidalgo . . .XVIII, 178
semperl (Stenogyra) Hid. . .XVIII, 179
senaarensls (Llmleolarla) Marts.

XVI, 282

senaarica (Llmlcolaria) Bgt. .XVI, 282

senator (Achatina) Hani XX, 71

senator (Glessula) Hani XX, 70

senensis (Glandlna) Stef XIX, xxv

sennaariensls( Achatina) Pfr. XVIII, 85
sennaariensis (Bulimus) Parr. XVI, 282
sennaariensis (Subulina) Pfr. XVIII, 85
septenarlus (Bulimus) Brug. XVIII, 244
sepulchralls(Limicolaria)Bgt. XVI, 294

serena (Achatina) Bens . .XX, 59

serena (Glessula) Bens XX, 59

serlcata (? Subulina) Beck. .XVIII, 221
sericina (Glandina) Jonas. . . .XX. 110

sericina (Glessula) Jonas XX, 110

SERPAEA Bgt XVII, 1, 21

serpentina (Achatina) Beck.

XVII, 71, 216

servalni (Ccelestele) Bgt XIX, 344

servaini (Subulina) Mab XVIII, 12

servalni (Tortaxis) Mab XVIII, 12

setchuanense (Opeas) Hde. .XVIII, 169

shlplayl (Achatina) Pfr XX, 62

sblplayi (Glessula) Pfr XX, 61

shrencki (Achatina) Gude. . . .XVII, 97
shuttleworthi( Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 127
: shuttleworthl (Limicolaria) Allly.

XVI, 268
i shuttleworthi (Streptostyla) Pfr. .1,44

; sicilis (Glandina) Morel I, 26

sicula (Glandina) Bgt XIX, 166

siderata (Achatina) Rve XVII, 117

SIGMATAXIS Pils XIX, 31

sikkimensis (Bulimus) Rve. ..XVIII, 67
sikklmensis (Curvella) Rve. .XVIII, 66

silllmani (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 224

i silvlcola (Cionella) West XIX, 304

1 silvlcola (Subullna) Marts. . .XVII, 141

| silvicula ( Azeca) Ben XIX, 304

| similaris (Varicella) Pils.

XIX, 106; XX, 111
similaris (Spiraxls) Streb. 1,51; XIX.23

similaris (Volutaxis) Streb I, 51

slmills (Achatina) Ad.

XIX, 105; XX, 111
slmills (Achatina) Bolssy. Scalaxls

XX, 111
! slmllls (Streptostyla) Streb.

1,45; XIX, 146

I slmills (Varicella) Ad XIX, 104

j simoni (Glessula) Jouss XX, 61

[ simoni (Synopeas) Jouss. .. .XVIII, 191

simplex (Achatina) Sm XVII, 98

simplex (Glandina) Streb XIX, 197

simplex (Leptinaria) Guppy XVIII, 301
simplex (Spiraxis) Guppy . .XVIII, 301
j simplex (Stenogyra) Morel. ..XVIII, 97
simplex (Subulina) Morel. .. .XVIII, 97

148

INDEX. VOLS. XVI-XX.

simpsoni (Leptinaria) Anc. .XVIII, 314

simpsoni (Notlius) Anc XVIII, 314

simpsoni (Oleacina) Pils XIX, 133

simpsoni (Obeliscus) Pils. . .XVIII, 267
simpularia( Achatina) Morel. XVII, 190
simpularia (Bocageia) Morel. XVII, 190
sinensis (Cochlicopa) Hde. ...XIX, 326

sinensis (Zua) Hde XIX, 326

singhurensis (Glessula) Blf. . XX, 76 j
singleyana (Glandina) Binn. .XIX, 189
singnlaris(Tornaxis)Marts. XVIII, 219
Sinatra (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 3.1.1
sinistrorsa (Achatina) Grat. .XVII, 57
sinistrorsa (Achatina) Pfr. ..XVII, 108
sinistrorsa(Cochlicopa)Goldf. XIX, 319
sinulabris (Curvella) Marts. .XVIII, 53
sinulabris( Stenogyra) Marts. XVIII, 53
sinuosa (Curvella) M. &. P. .XVIII, 61
Sira Schmidt ..XVII, 211; XVIII, 223
sjostedti (Pseudoglessula) Ailly.

XVII, 165

sloauenana (Varicella) Pils. ..XX, 111
smithiana (Oleacina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 133

smithii (Achatina) Crav XVII, 91

smithi (Achatina) Sowb XVII, 73

smithi (Limicolaria) Pils XVI, 283

socotorana (Stenogyra) Marts.

XVII, 207

sodeni (Pseudachatina) Kob. .XVI, 209
sokotorana( Achatina) Marts. XVII, 205
sokotorana(Riebeckia) Marts. XVII, 205
soleilleti (Bulimus) Bgt. . . .XVIII, 108

soleilleti (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 36

soleilleti (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 272

solida (Achatina) Say XII, 168

solida (Leptinaria) Marts. ..XVIII, 318
solida (Limicolaria) Marts. . .XVI, 296
solidiuseula (Subulina) Sm. .XVII, 142

solidula (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 141

solidula (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 140

solimanus (Bulimus) Morel. . .XVI, 223
solimanus (Pseudotrochus) Morel.

XVI, 223

solitaria (Achatina) Ad XIX. 104

solitarla (Varicella) Ad XIX, 104

sololensis (Streptostyla) C. & F. ..1,46
solumna (Cochlicopa) Babor. .XIX, 314
soluta (Leptinaria) Beck. . .XVIII, 285
sordlda (Achatina) King. ...XVIII, 244
sorgum (Leptinaria) Beck. .XVIII, 285

soror (Opeas) Smith XVIII, 177

soror (Subulina) Smith XVIII, 177

souverbianus (Bulimus) Gass.

XVIII, 129

souverblei( Stenogyra) Gass. XVIII, 129
sowerbyana (Achatina) Pfr. .XIX, 186

sowerbyana(Euglandina)Pfr. XIX, 186
sowerbyana (Stenogyra) Morel.

XVII, 145

sowerbyi (Achatina) Smith ...XVII, 73
spadaforensis (Caecilianella) Ben.

XX, 27

Spartina H. & B XVIII, 335

speciosa (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 210

speciosa (Euglandina) Pfr. ...XIX, 210

speciosus (Bulimus) Parr XVI, 254

spectralis (Bulimus) Rve XVI, 249

spectralis (Limicolaria) Rve. .XVI, 249
specularis (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 74
spekeaua (Limicolaria) Mts. .XVI, 283

spekei (Achatina) Dohrn XVII, 68

spekiana (Limicolaria) Grand. XVI, 283

Sphalerostoma Girard XVIII, 336

spinula (Opeas) Morel XVIII, 155

spinula (Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 156

spiculum (Achatiua) Bens XX, 6

spiculum (Csecilioides) Bens XX, 6

spina (Varicella) Pils XIX, 111

Spiraxis auct XVIII, 5

SPIRAXIS C. B. Ad XIX, 11, 14

Spiraxis Newberry XIX, 11

Spirobulla Anc I, 19

splendens (Achatina) Brn. . . .XIX, 311
splendens (Csecilianella) Ben. . .XX, 28
splendens (Cochlicopa) Brn. ..XIX, 311
splendens (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 240
splendida (Achatina) Ant., Tornatel-

linidse.
splendida (Archachatina) Pils. XVII, 116

sp'.endidula (Pupa) Costa XIX, 220

spoliata (Stenogyra) Hde. . .XVIII, 167

spollatum (Opeas) Hde XVIII, 167

STENOGYRA Shuttl. XVIII, 240, 243, 258
STEMOGYRINAE Pils.

XVIII, vil; XVII, xvl
stenophya (Cionella) Westerl. XIX, 230
stenophya (Ferussacia) Westerl.

XIX, 230

stenostoma (Coelestele) Jouss. XIX, 341
stenostoma (Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 249
stenostoma (Stenogyra) Smith

XVIII, 148

stenostomum (Opeas) Smith XVIII, 147
stephanlana lAchatina) Ben. ...XX, 27
stephaniana (Caecilioides) Ben. XX, 20
stewartl (Achatina) Green. See Acba-

tinellidae.

stigmatica (Achatina) Shuttl. XIX, 210
stigmatlca (Euglandina) Shuttl.

XIX, 210

Stobilus Ads XIX, 239

stolli (Leptinaria) Marts. ..XVIII, 320

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

149

.XVIII, 62

XIX, ixs
.XIX, 138

; XIX, 188

stolli (Subulina) Marts XVIII, 226

straminea (Achatina) Dh XIX, 139

straminea (Curvella) Burn,
straminea (Euglandiua) Try.
straminea (Oleacina) Dh. ..
straminea (Oleacina) Try.

1,36

STKEBELIA C. & P. . . .1, 22 ; XIX, xxvii
strebeliana(Leptinaria)Pils. XVIII.313

strebeli (Glandina) Ang XIX. 100

strebeli Marts XVIII, 223, 224

strebeli (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 27

STHEFTAXIDAE Gray XIX, x

streptosteloides (Opeas) Marts.

XVIII, 148

STREPTOSTYLA Shuttl. . .XIX, xxvi, 144
streptostyla ( Streptostyla) Pf r. XIX, 148

STEEPTOSTYLELLA Pils XIX, 161

striatapex (Varicella) Pils. . . .XIX, 67

striata (Achatina) Lea XVIII, 77

striata (Euglandina) Miill. .. .XIX, 176

striata (Glandina) Miill 1,32

striata (Leptospira) Swains. XVII, 1!>7

striata (Subulina) Lea XVIII, 77

striatella (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 30

striatella (Helix) Rang XVIII

striatella (Subulina) Rang. . .XVIII

striatella (Varicella) Pils XIX, 95

striatissa(Stenogyra)Gredl. XVIII, 138
striatissima (Stenogyra) Gredl.

XVIII, 36, 138
striatissimum (Prosopeas) Gredl.

XVIII, 35

striatocostatus (Bulimus) Orb. XIX, 56
striatula (Limicolaria) Miill. .XVI, 248
striatulum (Buccinum) Miill. .XVI, 248
striatum (Buccinum) Miill. .. .XIX, 176
striatus (Polyphemus) " Montf "

XIX, 166

strictus (Bulimus) Poey XVIII, 262

strictus (Obeliscus) Poey .. .XVIII, 262
strigata (Achatina) King .. .XVIII
strigata (Limicolaria) Miill. ..XVI
strigatella (Achatina) Rve. ..XVII

76
75

244
258
161

strlgatum (Buccinum) Miill. ..XVI, 259
strigilis (Opeas) M. & P. . . .XVIII, 150
strigilis (Subulina) M. & P. XVIII, 150
strigosa (Achatina) Morel. . .XVII, 161
strigosa (Glandina) Marts. .. .XIX, 176
strigosa (Pseudoglessula) Morel.

XVII, 161

striolata (Opeas) Pse XVIII, 140

striolata (Stenogyra) Pse. ..XVIII. 184

striosa (Achatina) Ad XVIII, 297

striosa (Leptinaria) Ad XVIII, 296

struthiolaris (Bulimus) Mke.

X, 103 ; XVII, 175

stubeli (Glandina) Marts XIX, 179

studleyi (Achatina) M. & P. . .XVII, 14
stuhlmanni (Achatina) Marts. XVII, 68
stuhlmanni(Caecilioides)Marts. XX, 48
stuhlmanni (Geostilbia) Marts. XX, 49
stuhlmanni (Limicolaria) Marts.

XVI, 282

Stylifer XVI, 71

stylodon (Leptinaria) Shuttl.

XVIII, 292

Styloides Fitz XIX, 309 ; XX, 9

stylus (Obeliscus) Beck. . . .XVIII, 240
suaveolans (Stenogyra) .Tick. XVII, 136
subamblya (Ferussacia) Nev. XIX, 226
subangulata (Subulina) Putz. XVIII, 84

subbrevis (Glessula) Nev XX, 79

subcallosa (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 161

subcallosa (Streptostyla) Pfr. XIX, 160
subcarinif era ( Stenogyra ) Sm. XVII, 169
subcarnea (Ferussacia) Poll. .XIX, 252
subconica (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 264
subcrenata (Achatina) Greet XVII, 187
subcrenatus(Homorus)Bttg. XVII, 152
subcrenata (Pseudoglessula) Bttg.

XVII, 152

subcrenata (Subulina) Marts. XVIII, 90
subcrenulata (Achatina) Crosse

XVII, 187
subcrenulatum (Opeas) Mlldff.

XVIII. 181

subcylindrica (Cionella) auct. XIX, 313
subcylindrica (Cryptazeca) Folin

XIX, 284
subcylindrica (Ferussacia) auct.

XIX, 313

subcylindrica(Salasiella)Pils. XIX, 174
subcylindricoides (Cochlicopa) Pal.

XIX, 311
subcylindricoides (Ferussacia) Pal.

XIX, 311

subdeshayesiana (Glessula) Nev. XX, 80
subdiaphana (Pupa) King. ..XVIII, 109
subdiaphanus (Zootecus) King.

XVIII, 109
subemarginata (Achatina) Dh.

XVIII, 229

subfilosa (Glessula) Bedd XX, 86

subfolliculus( Ferussacia) Nev. XIX, 226
subforbesi (Ferussacia) Nev. .XIX, 226
subfusiformis (Achatina) Blf. . .XX, 94
subfusiformis (Glessula) Blf. ...XX, 94
subgracilenta (Ferussacia) Bgt.

XIX, 257

subinornata (Glessula) Bedd. .. .XX, 73

subjerdoni (Glessula) Bedd XX, 83

submajor (Lovea) Woll XIX, 239

150

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

subobtusatus (Bulimus) C. & F.

XVII, 197
subobtusatus (Clavator) C. & F.

XVII, 197

subovale (Opeas) Marts XVIII, 197

subperotteti (Glessula) Bedd. ...XX, 71
subplicata(Cochlicopa)Sowb. XVII, 179
subplicatus (Chilonopsis) Sowb.

XVII, 178

eubrlmata (Achatina) Reuss. .XIX, 311
subrimata(Cochlicopa)Reuss. XIX, 311
subsaccata (Ferussacia) Anc. XIX, 245
subsaxana (Caecilioides) Bgt. . .XX, 31

subserena (Glessula) Bedd XX, 75

substrigata(Limicolaria)Kob. XVI, 252
subspiralis (Bulimus) Woll. .XVII, 176
subsulcosa (Acbatina) Thorn. XIX, xxv
subsuturalis (Archachatina) Plls.

XVII, 111

subtilis (Achatina) Shuttl. . .XIX, 120
subtruncatus(Bulimulus)Sm. XVII, 180
subtruncatus (Chilonopsis) Sm.

XVII, 180

subula (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 199

subula (Achatina) Lowe XIX, 277

subula (Bulimus) C. B. Ad. . . .XIX, 33
subula (Ferussacia) Lowe .. . .XIX, 277

subula (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 127

subnlata (Achatina) Pfr. , I, 24

subulata (Glandina) Weinl. . .XIX, 135
subulata (Oleacina) Pfr.

I, 24 ; XIX, 141

eubulata (Opeas) " Pfr." . . .XVIII, 127
subulatoides (Achatina) Orb. XIX, 113
subulatoides (Varicella) Orb. .XIX, 112
subulatus (Stenogyra) Jick. .XVII, 136
subuliformis (Helix) Moric. XVIII, 251
subuliformis (Obeliscus) Moric.

XVIII, 251

SUBULINA Beck XVIII, 71, 220

SUBDLONA Marts XVII, 138

subvaricifera (Pseudoglessula) Marts.

XVII, 169

subvaricosa (Glandina) Alb. ..XIX, 177
subvaricosa (Obeliscella) Marts.

XVIII, 103

subvaricosum ( Opeas) Marts. XVIII, 103
subviridescens( Bulimus) Sm. XVIII, 53
subviridescens(Curvella)Sm. XVIII, 53
subviridula (Cochlicopa) Bgt. XIX, 317
succinea (Curvella) Burn. .. .XVIII, 62
succlnea (Subulina) Gundl. ...XIX, 115
succinea (Varicella) Gundl. . .XIX, 115
euccinealis (Leptinaria) Beck.

XVIII, 285
suffusus (Bulimus) Rve XVI, 249

sulcata (Achatina) Gray XVIII, 81

sulcata (Chilonopsis) F. de W.,

XVII, 175, 177

sulcata (Curvella) Chap XVIII, 48

sulcifera (Glandina) Marts. ..XIX, 201
sulciferus (Bulimus) Morel.

1,51; XIX, 21
sulciferus (Spiraxis) Morel.

1,51 ; XIX, 21

sulculosa (Glandina) Shuttl. .XIX, 122
sulculosa (Varicella) Shuttl. .XIX, 121
sultana (Achatina) Swains. . .XII, 189
sumatrana (Ciouella) Marts. . .XX, 102
sumatrana (Glessula) Marts. ..XX, 102
sumichrasti (Streptostyla) Anc.

XIX, 151, 211
sumichrasti (Streptostyla) C. & F.

XIX, 211

superba (Stenogyra) Mlldff. ..XVIII, 6
superbus (Tortaxis) Mlldff. .. .XVIII, 6
suturale (Prosopeas) Mlldff. .XVIII, 15
suturalis (Achatina) Phil. .. .XVII, 111

suturalis (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 224

suturalis (Curvella) Marts. . .XVIII, 54
suturalis (Hapalus) Marts. ..XVIII, 54
suturalis (Polyphemus) Pfr. .XIX, 143
suturalis (Rectoleacina) Pfr. .XIX, 143
suturalis (Varicella) Pils. . . .XIX, 211
swettenhami (Stenogyra) Morg.

XVIII, 32

swifti (Euglandina) Pils XIX, 178

swiftiana (Varicella) Pils. . . .XIX, 114
swiftianum (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 157
swiftianus (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 268
swiftianus (Obeliscus) Pfr. XVIII, 268

sykesi (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 157

sylvatica (Columna) Spix. & Wagn.

XVIII, 248

SYNAPTEEPES Pils XVIII, 220

Synopeas Jousseaume XVIII, 188

syriaca (Ca?cllianella) Bgt XX, 32

sylvatica (Achatina) Putz. . . .XVII, 28

sylvatica (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 124

sylvaticus (Obeliscus) Spix. & Wagn.

XVIII, 247

T

tabiense (Oryzosoma) Pils. .. .XIX, 163
tabiensis (Streptostyla) Plls. .XIX, 163
tseniolata (Limicolaria) Bttg. 1905.
tamaulipensis(Glandina)Pils. XIX, 207
tamaulipensis (Leptinaria) Pils.

XVIII, 306

tampicoensis(Coilostele)Pils. XIX, 346
tamplcoensis (Splraxis) Pils.

XIX, 24, 3*6

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

151

tamullca (Achatlna) Blanf XX, 65

tamullca (Glessula) Blanf XX, 64

tandoniana( Achatlna) Shuttl. XIX, 274

taprobanica (Glessula) Pils XX, 58

tassarollana(Ferussacia)Sacco XIX.217

tastensls (Melanlella) Coop XIX, 9

tastensis (Pseudosubulina) Coop.

XIX, 9

taurinensis (Glandina) Sacco XIX, xxv
tavaresiana (Achatiua) Morel. XVII, 21

taylorl (Glandina) Vend XIX, 102

taylori (Varicella) Vend XIX, 101

tchehelense (Prosopeas) Morg.

XVIII, 31
tchehelensls (Stenogyra) Morg.

XVIII, 32

tenebrica (Limicolaria) Rve. ..XVI, 264
tenebricus (Bulimus) Rve. . . .XVI, 264

tenella (Ferussacia) Anc XIX, 265

tenella (Glandina) Streb XIX, 188

tenera (Achatina)Ad XIX, 77

tenera (Varicella) Ad XIX. 77

tenuecostatus (Spiraxis) Streb.

I, 51 ; XIX, 23
tenuecostatus (Volutaxis) Streb. .1,51

tenuis (Lignus) Gray XVI, 224

tenuis (Pseudotrochus) Gray XVI, 224

tenuis (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 21

tenuispira (Achatina) Bens XX, 87

tenuispira (Glessula) Bens XX, 88

terebella (Acbatina) Lowe . . .XIX, 276

terebella (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 30

terebella (Ferussacia) Lowe ..XIX, 276

terebella (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 29

terebella (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVIII, 98
terebella (Subulina) Morel. ..XVIII, 98
terebellum(Cocblicopa)Sowb. XVII, 179
terebraeformis (Glandina) Shuttl.

XIX, 120
terebrseformls (Varicella) Shuttl.

XIX, 119

terebrale (Prosopeas) Theob. XVIII, 31
terebralis( Stenogyra )Theob. XVIII, 31
terebraster (Bulimus) Lam. XVIII, 264
terebraster(Obeliscus)Lam. XVIII, 264

TBEEBBELLA Maltz XX, 5, 19

teres (Bulimus) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 105, 106

teres (Columna) M. & II XVII, 125

teres (Oleacina) Pfr. 1,25; ...XX, 113
teres (Oleacina) Rouis

XIX, xxii: XX, 113

teres (Prosopeas) H. Ad XVIII, 34

teres (Rumina) H. Ad XVIII, 34

ternatanum (Opeas) Bttg. ..XVIII, 176

terrestre (Buccinum) Mont XX, 10

terrulenta (Curvella) Mor. . .XVIII, 52

terrulentus (Bulimus) Mor. ..XVIII, 52
terveri (Achatina) Bgt.

XIA, 259 ; XX, 114
terveri (Achatina) Boissy

XIX, xxii ; XX, 114

terveri (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 259

terveriana (Ferussacia) Pils. .XX, 114

TESTACELLIDAE Gray XIX, vlll

texasiana (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 190

texasiana (Euglandina) Pfr. ..XIX, 190
texoloensis (Pseudosubulina) Pils.

XIX, 4

texta (Glandina) Weinl XIX, 87

texta (Varicella) Weinl XIX, 87

textilis (Achatina) Blf XX, 70

textilis (Glessula) Blf XX, 69

thalassina(Cochlicopa) Jouss. XIX, 326

thalassina (Zua) Jouss XIX, 327

thamnophila( Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 331
thamnophila (Hohenwartiana) Bgt.

XIX, 331

theobaldiana( Achatina) Hani. XVIII, 4
theobaldi (Achatina) Hani. .. .XVIII, 4
theobaldi (Baclllum) Hani. . . .XVIII, 4

THOMEA Girard XVIII, 330, 333

thomsoni (Acbatina) Sm XVII, 69

thomsoni (Streptostyla) Anc. .XIX, 156
tiberiana (Caecilioides) Ben. . . .XX, 14

tigrlna (Achatina) Cum XVII, 86

tincta (Achatina) Rve XVII, 12

tishis (Turbo) Chier XIX, 220

togcensis (Limicolaria) Kob. .XVI, 257

TOMOPEAS Pils XVIII, 123

tornatellina ( Ferussacia) Lwe. XIX, 270
tornatellina (Helix) Lowe. . . .XIX, 271

Torriatellinoides Pfr XIX, 285

Tornatelloides Pfr XIX, 284

TORNAXIS Martens XVIII, 219

tornensis (Achatina) Blf XX, 69

tornensis (Glessula) Blf XX, 69

torridus (Bulimus) Gld XVI, 238

torridus (Bulimus) Rve XVI, 238

torridus (Pseudotrochus) Gld. XVI, 238

torta (Caecilioides) Mouss XX, 32

torta (Glandina) Mouss XX, 32

TORTAXIS Pils XVIII, 5

tortillana (Achatlna) Pfr XIX, 201

tortillana (Euglandina) Pfr. .XIX, 201
totistriata (Subulina) Pils. ..XVIII, 81
tournoueri (Glandina) Den. .XIX, xxiil
toussaintianus(Obeliscus)Pils. XIX, 349
translucida (Glandina) Gundl. . . .1, 24

translucida (Oleacina) Gundl I, 24

transvaalensis (Achatina) Sm. XVII.99
travankoricus (Hapalus) Theob.

XVIII, 63

152

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

Trichodina Anc XVII, 216

tridens (Azeca) auct XIX, 293, 295

tridens (Odontalus) Parr XIX, 293

ti-idens (Turbo) Pult XIX, 295

TRIGONOOHLAMYDIDAE XIX, viii

trigonostoma (Azeca) Fag. .. .XIX, 296
trinitaria (Achatina) Gundl. .XIX, 113
trinltaria (Varicella) Gundl. .XIX, 113

trinitatis (Varicella) Pils XIX, 59

Tripachatina Anc., type vignoniana

XVI, 254

Tripachatina Bgt XVII, p. 5

TBISTANIA Bttg XVIII, 217

tristensis (Balea) Gray . . . .XVIII, 217
tristensis (Tristania) Gray XVIII, 217 I
triticea ('Ferussacia) Lwe. . . .XIX, 273

triticea (Helix) Lowe XIX, 273 '

trochlea(Achatina)Pfr. XVIII, 223, 224 !
trochlea (Pseudosubulina) Pfr.

I, 51 ; XIX, 3

truncata (Bulla) Gmel XIX, 177

truncata (Euglandina) Gmel. XIX, 177

truncata (Glandina) auct XIX, 191

truncatella (Orbitina) Risso XVII, 213
truncatus (Bulimus) Ziegl.

XVII, 213, 215

tryoniana (Euglandina) Pils. .XIX, 203
tryonlana (Limicolaria) Pils. XVI, 250
tryonianum (Opeas) Tate. . .XVIII, 196
tryonianus (Bulimus) Tate. XVIII. 196

trypanodes (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 3

trypanodes (Pseudosubuliua) Pfr.

XIX, 3

triptyx (Leptinaria) Pils. . .XVIII, 324
tuberculata (Achatina) Lwe. .XIX, 274
tuberculata(Melaniella) Gundl. XIX, 60
tuberculata (Varicella) Gundl. XIX, 60

tuckeri (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 121

tuckeri (Pseudopeas) Pfr. . .XVIII, 120
tuckeri (Stenogyra) Garr. . .XVIII, 183
tugelensis (Opeas) M. & P. .XVIII, 150
tugelensis (Subulina) M. & P.

XVIII, 150

tnlipa (Limicolaria) Jouss. .. .XVI, 292
tumidula (Coelestele) Bgt. . . .XIX, 345

tumidula (Lovea) Woll XIX, 236

tumidus (Polyphemus) Pfr., Villa.

XIX, 166

tumulorum (Caecilioides) Bgt. ..XX, 30
tunetana (Hohenwartiana) L. & B.

XIX, 333

tnrbinata (Achatina) Lea XVI, 253

turbinata (Limicolaria) Lea ..XVI, 253
turbinatus (Bulimus) Rve. . . .XVI, 267

turgida (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 199

turgida (Oleaclna) Pfr XIX, 199

turgida (Stenogyra) Grecll. .XVIII, 164
turgidum (Opeas) Gredl. . . .XVIII, 163

turgidula (Streptostyla) Pfr I, 46

turgidula (Stenogyra) tide. XVIII, 168
tm-gidulum (Opeas) Hde. ...XVIII. 168
turricula (Achatina) Migh. See Carelia.
turricula (Prosopeas) Marts. XVIII, 30
turricula (Stenogyra) Marts. XVIII, 30
turriformis (Bulimus) Kr. ...XVIII, 43
turriformis (Euonyma) Kr. ..XVIII, 43
turriformis (Limicolaria) Marts.

XVI, 295

turrls (Achatina) Pfr I, 33

turris( Euglandina) Pfr. 1,33; XIX, 196

turris (Limicolaria) Pfr XVI, 252

turrita (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 307
turritellata (Achatina) Dh. . .XIX, 348
turritellatus (Obeliscus) Dh. .XIX, 348

turtoni (Bulimulus) Sm XVII, 181

turtoni (Chilonopsis) Sm. . . .XVII, 181

U

uhdeana (Glandina) Marts. . .XIX, 187
umbilicata (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVII, 57
umbilicata (Curvella) Mlldff. XVIII, 71
umbilicata (Perideriopsis) Putz.

XVI, 242

umbilicata (Pyrgina) Greef. XVIII, 334
umbilicatus(Hapalus)Mlldff. XVIII, 71
uncta (Subulina) Smith . . . .XVIII, 93
underwood! ( Euglandina )Fult. XIX, 201
underwood! (Oleacina) Fult. .XIX, 202
undulata (Achatina) Gldg. . . .XII. 106

unicolor (Achatina) Ad XIX, 97

unicolor (Limicolaria) Kob. . .XVI, 256

unicolor (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 36

unicolor (Varicella) Ad XIX. 98

unidentata (Calaxis) .Tick. . . .XIX, 287
unideutata (Ferussacia) Jick. XIX, 288
unilamellata (Helix) F<r. . .XVIII, 288
unilamellatus (Bulimus) Orb.

XVIII, 288, 290

uniplicata (Caecilioides) Bgt. . .XX, 15
unizonata (Achatina) C. & J.

XVII, 216

unus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 44

upolensis (Bulimus) Mouss. XVIII, 131
upolensis( Stenogyra )Mouss. XVIII, 183

Urceus Klein, Jous XVII, 1

urichi (Leptinaria) Sm XVIII, bJl

urichl (Subulina) Sm XVIII, 302

uruapamensis (Spiraxis) Pils. .XIX, 22
usagarica (Stenogyra) Sm. . .XVII, 142
usambarensis(Achatina)Rolle. XVII, 52
usambarica (Achatina) Marts. XVII, 52
ustulata (Achatina) Rve XVII, 89

INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.

153

utllensis (Leptinaria) Pils. .XVIII, b^7

utriculus (Opeas) Hde XVIII, 168

utriculus (Stenogyra) Hde. .XVIII, 169

V

vadalica (Achatina) Bens XX, 64

vadalica (Glessula) Bens XX, 64

valenzuela (Leptinaria) Jouss.

XVIII, 291

valida (Cionella) Mss XIX, 234

valida (Ferussacia) Mss XIX, 234

vanattai (Limicolaria) Pils. . .XVI, 275
vandalitise (Caecilioides) Serv. .XX, 16
vanuxemensis (Achatina) Lea XIX, 185
vanuxemensis (Euglandina) Lea

XIX, 185

vanuxemii (Glandina) auct. ..XIX, 185
variabilis (Stenogyra) Jick. .XVII, 134

VARICELLA Pf r XIX, xvi, 46

VARICELLARIA Pils XIX, 79

VARICELLIDEA Pils XIX, 86

VARICELLIXA Pils XIX, 88

VARICELLOPSIS Pils XIX, 85

VARICELLULA Pils XIX, 73

VARICOGLANDINA Pils XIX, 204

varicosa (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 92

VARICOTURRIS Pils XIX, 161

variegata (Achatina) Lam XVII, 9

variegata (Agatina) Raf XII, 168

vasconica (Azeca) Kob XIX, 308

vasconica (Ferussacia) Kob. ..XIX, 308
vayssierei (Clavator) Anc. . .XVII, 195

Vediantius Risso XIX, 218

venezuelensis (Leptinaria) Pfr.

XVIII, 305

venezuelensis ( Spiraxis) Pfr. XVIII, 305
ventricosa (Achatina) Paiva .XIX, 277
ventricosa (Achatina) Fisch.

VIII, 10; XX, 118
ventricosa (Achatina) Gld. . .XVII, 113

ventricosa (Balea) Gray XVIII, 218

ventricosa (Bulimus) Bgt. .. .XVII, 214
ventricosa (Caecilioides) Loc. . .XX, 10
ventricosa (Ferussacia) Paiva XIX, 277
ventricosa (Limicolaria) Sm. .XVI, 295
ventricosa (Streptostyla) Marts.

XIX, 146

ventricosa (Tristania) Gray XVIII, 217
ventricosula(Glandina)Morel. XIX, 153
ventricosula (Streptostyla) Morel.

XIX, 153

venusta (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 96

venusta (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 96

venustum (Opeas) Smith. . .XVIII, 146
veracruzensis (Caecilioides) C. & F.

XX, 40

verberatus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 43

vercoi (Ferussacia) Pal XIX, 227

verdieri (Perideris) Chap XVI, 241

verdieri (Pseudotrochus) Chap.

XVI, 240

vermlcula(Columna)M. & H. XVII, 125

I vernicosa (Stenogyra) Jick. ..XVII, 132

vernicosus (Homorus) Jick. ..XVII, 132

veruina (Achatina) Bens XX, 60

veruina (Glessula) Bens XX, 60

vescoi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 227

vescoi (Glandina) Bgt XIX, 227

vesiculata (Glandina) Semp. .XIX, 233
vesperus (Mesembrinus) Jouss.

XVIII, 234
vesperus (Synapterpes) Jouss.

XVIII, 234

vestita (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 81

vestitum (Opeas) Heude XVIII, 165

vestitus (Stenogyra) Hde. . .XVIII, 165

vexans (Streptostyla) Streb I, 49

vexillum (Achatina) auct. XII, 164, 167

vexillum (Achatina) Dek XII, 164

vialai (Achatina) Serr XIX. xxiil

vicina (Achatina) Ad XIX, 89

vicina (Varicella) Ad XIX, 89

victoriana (Glandina) Pils. .. .XIX, 193

vieirai (Opeas) Nobre XVIII, 145

vignoni (Achatina) Morel XVI, 233

vignoniana (Achatina) Morel. XVI, 255
vignoniana (Limicolaria) Morel.

XVI, 254

villas (Caecilianella) Ben XIX, 336

villaj (Hohenwartiana) Ben. ..XIX, 336

violacea (Achatina) Pfr XVI, 228

virens (Achatina) Pfr XX, 102

virens (Glessula) Pfr XX, 102

virescens (Obeliscus) DaCosta

XVIII, 257
virescens (Stenogyra) DaCosta

XVIII, 257

virgata (Columna) Gray XVII, 122

| virginea (Achatina) auct XII, 163

virginea (Achatina) Lam XII, 163

virginea(Femssacia) Westerl. XIX, 225
Virginia! (Achatina) Blainv. . .XII, 163
virginicum (Achatium) Link .. .XVII, 2
viridescens (Achatina) Anc. .XVII, 115
viridula (Cochlicopa) Jeffr. . .XIX, 317
viridula (Streptostyla) Ang. .XIX, 156

vitrea (Achatina) Lwe XIX, 278

vitrea (Achatina) W. & B. . . .XIX, 238

vitrea (Azeca) Klika XIX, 292

vitrea (Ferussacia) W. & B. . .XIX, 238
vitrea (Pseudachatina) Greef. = A.
exarata, XVI, 219

154

INDEX, VOLS. XV1-XX.

XVII, 216
.XVIII, 95
.XVIII, 94
XVIII, 189
..XII, 166
.XVIII, 80
.XVIII, 80
XVIII, 216
XVIII.216
. XVI, 288
..XIX, 130
..XIX, 129
..XIX, 130
...XIX, 20
XVIII, 155
XVIII, 155

vltrea ( Pseudachatlna ) Greef .
vitrea (Stenogyra) Mouss. .
vltrea (Subullna) Mouss. . . .
yltreus (Bulimus) Anton . . .
vlttata (Achatina) Swains,
vlvlpara (Achatina) Sowb. ..
vlvipara (Subulina) Sowb. ..

vlviparum (Opeas) Mill

viviparum(Pseudopeas)Mill.
volkensi (Limicolaria) Marts

voluta (Bulla) Gm

voluta (Oleacina) Gm

volutata (Oleacina) Bolt. .

Volutaxls Strebel

vulgare (Opeas) Morel. . . .
vulgaris (Stenogyra) Morel.

w

wagnerl (Glandlna) Mill XIX, xxiii

walker! (Prosopeas) Bs XVIII, 29

walker! (Spiraxis) Bs XVIII, 30

Wallace! (Glessula) Pfr XX, 104

wallisiana (Rhodea) Dohrn. XVIII, 236
wallisl (Stenogyra) Mouss. .XVIII, 230
wallisi(Synapterpes) Mouss. XVIII, 230

watersl (Bulimus) Ang XVII, 198

watersl (Clavator) Ang XVII, 197

wathenensis (Limicolaria) Putz.

XVI, 269

webbii (Cionella) Mouss XIX, 234

welwitschi (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 17
welwitschi (Opeas) Nobre ..XVIII, 145
westerlundiana (Ferussacia) Anc.

XIX, 265

weynsi (Achatina) Dautz XVII, 11

whytei (Curvella) Sm XVIII, 57

wollastoni (Lovea) Wats XIX, 220

woodi (Poiretia) Plls XX, 113

wrlghtl (Bullnus) Sowb XVI, 200

wrlghti (Pseudachatlna) Sowb. XVI, 206
wrlghtl (Oleacina) Pfr I, 25

xanthollnus (Bulimus) Ziegl. .XVI, 252

yatesl (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 225

yatesi (Subulina) Pfr XVIII, 225

yeffriana (Ferussacia) Pall. ..XIX, 257
yucatanense (Opeas) Pils. ..XVIII, 212
yucatanensis (Achatina) Pfr. XIX, 199
yucatanensis (Leptinarla) Pils.

XVIII, 315
yucatanensis (Streptostyla) Pils.

XIX, 153

zaclnthla (Azeca) Bgt XIX, 299

zacynthia (Azeca) Roth XIX, 299

zakynthia (Cionella) Hesse. . .XIX, 299
zanzibarlca (Achatina) Bgt. . .XVII, 51

zaza (Obeliscus) Pils XVIII, 264

zebra (Achatina) Brug XVII, 85

zebra (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 86

zebra (Bulimus) Brug. . . .XVII, 44, 86

zebra (Limicolaria) Pils XVI, 266

zebrina (Helix) Fer XVII, 56

zebriolata (Achatina) Morel. ..XVII, 26

zebroides (Achatina) Sm XVII, 83

zebrula (Achatina) Marts XVII, 90

zegzeg (Bulimus) Morel XVI, 228

ZONIFERELLA Pils XVIII, 228,233

ZOOTECUS Westerlund. .XVIII, 104, 336

Zootocus Marts XVIII, 336

Zua Leach XIX, 309

Ferussaeidse

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Partulidae

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Partuliciae

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PARTULID^E. 155

Family PARTULID^E Pilsibry.

Partulidce PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 564.

Orthurethra in which the kidney is triangular, equal to the
pericardium in length. Genitalia of the haplogonous type,
the penis without an appendix. Shell Buliuioid, with the
outer lip expanded or reflexed in known forms; the eolumellar
lip reflexed, curving into the basal margin, simple or nodu-
lous; parietal wall often dentate, but the aperture never has
entering lamellae

Jaw very thin, formed of many narrow flat plaits, converg-
ing downward towards the middle. Radula broad; the cen-
tral tooth is not much smaller than the laterals, and has a
long middle and small side cusps; lateral teeth with the
mesocone long, ectocone well developed, but no entocone;
marginal teeth oblique with three cusps directed outward, the
inner one largest.

Distribution entirely insular, confined to high islands of
the southern and western Pacific. Nearly all the species are
arboreal, living on trees and bushes, but some species of
Raiatea, Tahaa, Tahiti and perhaps the Caroline Islands, are
terrestrial.

This family is co-extensive with the following genus.

Genus PARTULA Ferussac.

Partula FEE., Tableau Systematique de la Famille des
Limagons p. 65, for P. pudica, australis, gibba, fragilis, ota-
heitana and auricula. HERRMANNSEN, Indieis Gen. Malac.
ii, p. 204, P. faba (P. australis Fer.) selected as type.
HARTMAN, Catalogue of the genus Partula Fer., 1881 ; Ob-
servations on the genus Partula, etc. Bull. Mus,. Comp. Zool.
ix, p. 171; Catalogue of the genus, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1885, p. 206-223. H. H. SMITH, Annotated Catalogue of
shells of the genus Partula in the Hartman collection, be-
longing to the Carnegie Museum, Annals of the Carnegie
Museum i, p. 422-485, March, 1903. Bibliography of Hart-
man's writings on Partula on p. 424.

Characters those of the family. Type P. faba Martyn.

156 PARTULA.

Soft anatomy of Partula.

The first anatomical observations on Partula were by
Ferussac, who discovered that these snails are viviparous. He
erroneously states that they have no tentacles, only the eye-
pedicels. The next work was by Heynernann, who figured
the teeth of P. Urata.

The following species of Partula were dissected by Dr. C.
Semper (Reisen im Archipel Philippinen, Landmollusken,
pp. 158, 159) : P. canalis semilineata, recluziana, Urata (pi.
17, f. 18, jaw), hyalina (pi. 16, f. 21, genitalia), lineata,
otaheitana (pi. xii, fig. 21, genitalia), vanikorensis (pi. 17,
f. 17, teeth) . P. lineata was probably not correctly identified.

In 1875 (Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., p. 244) Mr. W. G.
Binney examined the anatomy of numerous Raiatean species :
P. fusca (pi. 19, f. 9, genitalia), citrina, planilabrum ab-
breviata, umbilicata (pi. 19, f. 7, genitalia), bilineata (pi. 19,
f. 10, genitalia), amanda (pi. 19, f. 4, teeth), virginea (pi.
19, f. 8, genitalia, f. 11, jaw), and gracilis, besides several
unidentified species. Some of the same information is re-
peated in Annals, of the N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 127.

I have examined more or less fully P. rosea, P. varia, P.
arguta and some unidentified Raiatean species received with-
out the shell.

We have therefore some knowledge of the soft parts in
species of the sections Partula, Leptopartula, Samoana, and
Thakombaua, inhabiting the Society, Samoa and Fiji groups.

Animal externally like that of Bulimulidcu or Helicidcs;
blunt before, the tail long, gradually tapering. There are
no pedal furrows, and the sole is undivided. Dorsal grooves
weak, but the genital furrow is well developed. Genital pore
behind the right tentacle, as usual. The labial processes are
rather large. The mantle has very small right and left
lobes. The tentacles are as well developed as usual in land
snails (pi. 32, fig. 10, P. canalis}.

Garrett writes: "The examination of the animals of the
various species has convinced me that they possess no re-
liable external features that will aid in their determination.

PARTULA. 157

The coloration in all the species varies from pale cinereous,
through all the intermediate shades, to black or dusky slate.
The 'arboreal species are generally lighter colored than the
ground species, and have a more expanded creeping-disk.
The animals of P. arguta, annectens, turgida and attenuata,
have the ocular tentacles longer and more slender than the
other species, and the exudation of mucus is much more
copious and more viscid or tenacious than usual, resembling
in that respect the same difference as exists between the typi-
cal Helices and the arboreal Naninae. "

The pallial organs are characterized by the short, more
or less triangular kidney, with a direct ureter which does not
extend to the collar, and opens by a lateral pore. The peri-
cardium is as long as the kidney. The surface of the lung
shows no visible venation. It is densely peppered with
light dots (probably calcareous) arranged in irregular lon-
gitudinal lines. In P. arguta these light dots are present in
spots and stripes (pi. 42, fig. 4), but in other species examined
they are equally and densely spread over the whole surface.

In P. rosea (pi. 42, fig. 5, x 3) the kidney is very short
and strictly triangular. According to Semper, that of P.
canalis seems to be of the same form. In P. arguta (pi. 42,
fig. 4) the kidney is relatively larger, and the pericardium
lies parallel to its longer axis. The ureter also is longer.
In an undetermined Raiatean species (doubtless of the re-
stricted section Partula) the kidney approaches the band-
like type (pi. 42, fig. 6), yet it is somewhat triangular, and
equal to the pericardium in length. This is probably the
prevalent shape of kidney, since Semper mentions that all
the species examined by him except canalis had the kidney,
"bandformig. " In most of the subgenera the kidney is
unknown.

The alimentary canal is of the usual four-folded type.
There is a fusiform crop (pi. 42, fig. 5).

The jaw is very thin and transparent, varying from slightly
arcuate to horseshoe-shaped, similar to that of Drymczus
and Zaplagius, formed by the union of many narrow delicate

158 PARTULA.

plates, which converge towards the middle, so that there are
short plates where the two series meet (pi. 42, fig. 1 jaw of
P. lirata, after Semper; fig. 2, central portion of jaw of
P. gracilis Pse., after Binney).

The num'ber of plates on the two sides is unequal, there
being in lineata 27.36, in recluziana 34.38, in otaheitana 40.50
according to Semper.

The radula is broad. The teeth form thrice bent transverse
rows, as shown in pi. 15, fig. 11, a half row of teeth of
P. lirata. The central teeth have the usual quadrate basal
plates. In P. amanda, P. rosea, P. varia etc. the length of
the basal plate is about twice its width in the middle; the
middle cusp is long, reaching to or over the posterior border
of the basal plate. Side cusps represented by cutting-points,
only. The lateral teeth are larger, with the mesocone longer,
outer cusp well developed with a strong cutting-point (pi.
43, fig. 1, P. varia huaheinensis Garrett; fig. 2, P. rosea
Brod.). There are 11 lateral teeth on each side in P. rosea
and planilabrum; 10 in abbreviata, amanda, otaheitana; 8 or
9 in varia, umbilicata, virginea, bilineata, kyalina, lineata,
recluziana, canalis; 5 in gracilis. The marginal teeth are
peculiar in form, having a long, curved basal plate and 3
cusps, the inner largest, the other two directed outward (pi.
15, fig. 8, 13th to 15th teeth of P. rosea}. They are numer-
ous, over 120 in P. virginea.

The Fijian P. lirata differs from the Society Island species
examined by Binney and myself by having the central and
lateral teeth shorter and wider, the central scarcely longer
than wide. There are 7 lateral and over 50 marginal teeth,
the latter of typical shape (pi. 15, figs. 11, 12, P. lirata after
Heynemann) .

The radula has been examined in numerous species from
the Society, Fiji and Samoan Islands, 'by Heynemann, Binney,
and Semper. I have examined it in P. rosea and varia.

Genitalia (pi. 43, fig. 5, P. rosea). The penis is well de-
veloped. It is more or less distinctly contracted near the
distal end, which is swollen. Internally the lower portion is

PARTULA. 159

Coarsely wrinkled, the upper portion densely granulose and
coarsely plicate. The retractor muscle is terminal. The vas
deferens opens below a papilla situated at about the lower
third of the granulose portion ; it is therefore not terminal on
the penis. It is superficially bound to the penis, to the
vagina and the basal part of the spermatheca, then free as
far as the upper end of the oviduct, where it is again adnate
for a short distance. The ovisperm duct is strongly knotted,
as usual. The 'basal part of the spermatheca-duct is much
swollen in P. rosea and P. fusca, the distal end tapering;
but in P. bilineata (pi. 43, fig. 3, after Binney) umbilicata,
virginea, otaheitana and hyalina the spermetheca is oblong,
obtuse distally, and seated upon a slender duct. In all the
species which have been examined the duct is short.

Reproduction seems to 'be ovo-viviparous. The upper part
of the oviduct contains oblong egg-capsules having a cal-
careous shell, which lower down in the oviduct becomes dis-
solved or is consumed by the embryo. From one to five eggs
or young are found in one individual.

Free muscles: In P. rosea (pi. 43, fig. 4). The pharyngeal
retractor is free to its proximal insertion. At about the
middle of its length the left ocular and tentacular retractor
band joins it, and a little farther out the anterior pedal re-
tractors branch off. The broad posterior pedal retractor
(tail retractor or columellar muscle) remains united far
forward with the right ocular and tentacular retractor, which
gives off a group of small anterior pedal retractor muscles.
The right ocular band passes between the male and female
branches of the genitalia.

This muscle system differs from that of Achatinella dolei
chiefly by the union of the right ocular with the tail retractor.
In Achatinella both ocular bands are free.

Relationships of Partulidc?.

This family is one of the most sharply defined in the
Orthurethra. By its short kidney, about equal to the
pericardium, it differs conspicuously from the Enidce,

160 PARTULA.

Ferussacidce, Amastrida and Achatinellidce, all of which
have the kidney very long, far exceeding the pericar-
dium. For comparison I figure the pallial region of Ena
reiniana (Bidiminus reinianus Kob.), pi. 42, fig. 3, x 2. In
the genitalia, the Partulida are remarkable for the absence
of an appendix, the penis being simple. This organ is pres-
ent and highly developed in all the other families. The vas
deferens is practically free from the oviduct, its adhesions
being merely superficial. This is a somewhat unusual con-
dition, and where found it seems to be associated with vivip-
arous reproduction. The shell is rather characteristic; in
form some En-idce are similar, yet the spirally striate em-
bryonic whorls are unlike that family, and are an invariable
feature of Partulidce, though occasionally this sculpture is
lost by wear in adult or old shells. This is not in itself a
feature of much importance, yet so far as I know, there is
no other Bulimoid snail with an expanded or reflexed lip
which has spirally striate embryonic whorls.

From these comparisons it will be seen that the Partulidce
stand somewhat isolated. There is no family of Bulimoid
or Achatinoid Orthurethra which can be said to be nearer
than any other to the Partidida, so far as present informa-
tion goes.

Hybridism.

In dealing with Society Island species both Mr. G-arrett
and Dr. Hartman have called attention to certain specimens
of intermediate character which they looked upon as hybrids
between species commonly considered to be distinct. Garrett
writes as follows: " Hybrids between P. elongata and P.
tceniata, and between P. garretti and P. thalia, are so com-
mon where those species come in contact, that I am inclined
to believe they possess a certain degree of fertility. I have
also detected several hybrids between P. faba var. subangu-
lata, and P. virginea ; one between the arboreal P. imperforata
and the terrestrial P. lugubris; two between P. lineata var.
strigosa, and P. tceniata ; about a dozen between the arboreal

PARTULA.

161

P. faba and the terrestrial P. radiata; a number between
P. faba and P. fusca, and many between the latter and P.
navigatoria, as well as many between the latter and P. faba.
I failed to detect hybrids between the Tahitian species, and
found none at Huaheine. ' '

As a general proposition, apparent evidence of hybridism
among land snails is so unusual in a state of nature that
one is inclined to believe that well-established species very
rarely hybridize. In the few species tested experimentally
(such as Lang's crosses between Helix nemoralis and
hortensis) the progeny are not abundant and crosses between
them are almost sterile. It must be remembered, however,
that the Moorean and Raiatean species mentioned as hybrid-
izing by Garrett are very closely related forms, which have
for the most part scarcely reached the "specific" stage of
differentiation; hence it is not inherently improbable that
hybrids occur.

In the case of species between which supposed hybrids are
"common," I would rather explain the intermediate forms
occurring on the overlapping confines of the two "pure"
races as an undifferentiated remnant of the parent stock
which has elsewhere become "specifically" differentiated.
Pending experimental evidence to the contrary, this view
seems in accordance with what seems to occur in a multi-
tude of other cases, whereas hybridism on an extensive scale
is certainly a very rare condition.

Variation in Partula.

Extended study of variation does not come within the plan
of the present work, the purpose of this Manual being the
definition of species and their systematic classification.
Moreover, the materials for a study of variation large, un-
selected series of shells are not accessible to me; my per-
sonal knowledge of them is restricted to museum specimens,
which as usually preserved and labelled give little idea of the
assO'ciation of forms or the conditions of their existence.
Some general considerations bearing upon variation may how-
ever be in order.

162 PARTULA.

Most species of Partula are neither more nor less variable
than the generality of snails living in exposed situations
elsewhere. It is only in the Society Islands that species oc-
cur having a variety of well-developed color-patterns. In this
respect they resemble many other genera of arboreal snails,
such as Ampliidromus, Liguus, Hemitrochus, Polymita,
Drymccus etc., etc. All arboreal snails were derived from
terrestrial forms ; and almost invariably, with arboreal habits
they assume variegated color-patterns. In many cases the
colors or patterns seem to be protective (cryptic or warning),
but as often they are not so, to our eyes. The color-patterns
in arboreal snails seem to be very readily modified, new
sports or mutations arising, which are perpetuated, prob-
ably in Mendelian ratio, in the parent colonies. This has
not yet been tested experimentally in Partula; yet from the
complex nature of many colonies, in which snails of several
distinct color-patterns co-exist and interbreed (being found
together in the uterus of a single mother) , I have little doubt
that pedigree cultures would reveal a Mendelian mixture.

Another common 'condition among tree-snails is the sim-
plification or absence of pattern, by variation in the "color-
factor," whereby patterns characteristic of species or phyla
become in part or entirely latent in individuals or races.
Cf. the Pentata-nmte snails, Drymcuus, Ampliidromus etc.
Some species of Partula, such as P. liyalina, are apparently
albinistic; but in at least a part of these (P. arguta) the
mantle is variegated, showing through the transparent shell,
which in life should vicariously show a pattern.

Probably most "species" of snails and other sedentary
animals are in reality more or less complex groups, though
in plain-colored forms their composite constitution is not
obvious. In some of the plain, ground-living American snails,
such as Omphalina, the diversity in number of teeth of the
radula among different colonies points to this conclusion.

In the Society Islands, where alone the distribution of
Partula has been studied, most species and races are strictly
limited to small areas, a single valley, or several 'contiguous

PARTULA. 163

valleys. The topographic barriers (ridges unsuitable for
Partula?) are evidently older than the races so isolated, which
are the modified descendants of stocks once widely diffused.
Diverse mutations soon result in racial differentiation in
such isolated colonies, whether the process can be aided by di-
versity of environment or not. On a small scale this is illus-
trated by the colonies of Helix nemoralis in Burlington, New
Jersey, all descended from a single colony planted about 50
years ago, yet now showing incipient racial traits in the
several colonies scattered over the town.

Gulick, in his "Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal" p. 220
has directed attention to the fact that arboreal snails do not
have the facility in migrating enjoyed by terrestrial species,
and hence are more subject to local differentiation brought
about by isolation.

Dr. A. G. Mayer writes: "It is probable that geographical
isolation plays a most important part in the formation of
new species. If two valleys be adjacent, their snails are
closely related each to each, whereas the wider the separation
between any two valleys, the more distant the relationship
between their snails. The ridges between the valleys, being
either barren or covered with vegetation unsuitable to the
snails, affords barriers over which the animals must find it
more or less difficult to pass. Thus the Partuke in the
Tahitian valleys are isolated very much as. are the Achati-
nellidas of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands.

"In Tahiti the snails are most abundant in the valley-
bottoms, where they usually occur on the under sides of the
leaves of Caladium and Plantain, although in some valleys
they are frequently found on Dracaena and Turmeric. Al-
though more abundant in the bottom, they extend for some
distance up the sides of the valley and appear to be present
in most places where the plants which they affect are found.
As far as the very limited observation of the writer goes,
there appears to be no difference in the character of the
snails in different parts of the same valley. The difference
between any two adjacent valleys is, however, very marked."

164 PARTULA.

(Mayer, Some Species of Partula from Tahiti; a study in
variation, in Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvi, 1902) .

Fossil Partulida:.

No fossil Partulge are known. The ancestors of this family
lie buried under the South Pacific. Several Eocene and
Oligoeene species have been described as Partulas, as follows :

Partula americana Heilprin, Trans. Wagner Free Institute
of Science i, p. 115, pi. 16, f. 60 (1887) = Hyperaulax
americanus (Heilprin), Man. Conch. XIV, p. 103. Oligocene,
Tampa Silex bed, Florida.

Partula vicentina Oppenheim, Denkschriften der Kaiser-
lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften vol. 57, 1890, p. 125,
pi. 2, f. 10-10&. Zeitschrift Deutschen Geol. Gesellschaft,
vol. 47, 1895, p. 104. Eocene. Red tuffs of Capitello, Sta.
Catterina above Altissimo, etc.

Partula dautzenbergi Cossmann, Annales de la Societe
Royale Zoologique et Malacologique de Belgique, xli, 1906,
p. 280, pi. 8, f. 267&is-l. Sparnacien stage of the Eocene,,
at Grauves, Paris Basin.

The reference of these forms to Partula is purely fanciful.
The American species is referable to a genus of Bulimulidre,
Hyperaidax. Well-preserved specimens have not the char-
acteristic apical sculpture of all known Partulidge. The
European Eocene forms offer no character whatever separ-
ating them from ''Buliminus" (Enidae). Their reference
to Partula rose from the fallacious method of trying to exactly
match the fossil shell with some recent species, ignoring the
obvious fact that details of contour are constantly changing
in the evolution of any group, and offer no features diagnostic
of genera in Bulimini, Bulimuli or Partulae. The Eocene
forms in question have not been shown to have the embryonic
sculpture of Partula.

Classification of Partulidce.

This family contains the single genus Partula. It is quite
possible that when the forms of Micronesia, Melanesia etc.

PARTULA. 165

are investigated anatomically, a further generic division
may foe made. There are two rather dissimilar forms of
kidney among the Polynesian species, though at present we
do not know enough species anatomically to utilize this fact
m taxonomy. By conchological characters nine divisions are
indicated, herein called "sections." In all cases these sec-
tions are geographically limited to single island-groups, or
to several adjacent groups. Five of the nine sections of
Partula have already been named by Dr. Hartman, who
unfortunately used preoccupied names, and in most cases
understood the groups in limits different from mine. He
also split the typical group of Partulas into numerous sub-
genera which seem to me superfluous. The subgenera here-
in established are as follows.

MARQUESANA Pilsbry. Embryonic whorls coarsely pitted
along the spirals ; post-embryonic whorls with very well de-
veloped spiral lines ; lip .thin but often widely reflexed ; colors
not bright, a subperipheral band frequently present, but
no others; cuticle thin, often deciduous. Type P. gany-
medes. This group includes all known Marquesan species,
no. 1 to 6.

LEPTOPARTULA Pils. Shells ovate with short spire, com-
posed of few (4 to 4^/2) whorls; very thin and fragile, sub-
transparent, pale colored ; aperture large, ovate, toothless,
lip expanded, not thickened. Type P. arguta. Huaheine and
Raiatea, Society Is. Species no. 7 and 8.

PARTULA s. sir. Shell ovate, usually solid and with opaque
coloring, often in bands or streaks; lip thickened within, the
callus not extending to the upper insertion ; parietal wall
often toothed. Society, Austral and Hervey Is., species 9-
52, and probably Samoan and Tonga Is., species 60-62.

SAMOANA Pils. The shell is very openly umbilicate, dex-
tral or sinistral, with flatly reflexed lip and no teeth. Type
P. canalis. Samoan Is., species 53 to 58.

THAKOMBAUA Pils. Shell rimate, long-ovate, the later
whorls sculptured with coarse spiral cords. A low callous
tubercle on the parietal wall far within. Type P. lirata, no.

166 PARTULA.

63. Fiji Is. This is the only group having raised spiral
sculpture.

MELANESICA Pils. Shell rimate or umbilicate, ovate or
pyramidal, thin, corneous, greenish-yellow or pale brown,
uniform or obliquely streaked, not banded; aperture simple,
the peristome expanded or reflexed. Type P. turneri. Me-
lanesia, one species in Samoa. Species no. 59, 64 to 101.

A large group of species simple in form and coloring.

PALAOPARTULA Pils. Long forms with the spire
straightly conic, embryonic whorls high, the later ones
deeply engraved spirally, saccate below. Umbilical area
very ample, deeply perforate ; aperture unusually long, tooth-
less, the lip thin and very broadly reflexed. Type P. thetis.
Pelew Islands. Species 102 to 104.

CAROLINELLA Pils. Perforate, rather solid, opaque and
ventricose species of dull or brown coloration, aperture large
and toothless. They have the appearance of ground snails.
Type P. guamensis. Caroline Islands. Species 105 to 107.

MARIANELLA Pils. Shell ovate or inflated, with a small
umbilicus, the lip somewhat thickened within, parietal wall
plain or bearing a low nodule deep within; colors rather
bright. Type P. gibba. Marianne Is. Species 109 to 111.

Geographic distribution of the Partulidce.

Snails of this family are confined to the high islands of the
south and western Pacific. Not one species has ever been
found on an atoll or low island. In most island groups all
of the Partulae belong to a single stock, but in a few, notably
the Society and Samoan groups, several phyla are repre-
sented. Each of the subgenera or sections is confined to a
single archipelago, or to several adjacent island- groups; and
with the single exception of P. hyalina, no species is known
to inhabit more than one island-group, while a great majority
of the forms live on but one island. The distribution of
Partulas is remarkably consistent, and lends no support to the
idea that their dispersal has been due to drifting by ocean
currents, or any other "accidental" means of over-sea carri-

PARTULA. 167

age. Their distribution is what would be expected were the
present archipelagos remnants of a former continent, now iso-
lated by subsidence. This continent, from the absence of all of
the higher families of land snails on the islands remaining, I
have conjectured to have been isolated since Palaeozoic times,
though the final dismemberment of its various components
was doubtless much later. (See Pilsbry, The Genesis of
Mid-Pacific Faunas, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 568) .
Such groups as the Society Islands or Fijis may well have
existed as rather large land masses as late as middle Tertiary
times. Indeed, this hypothesis would seem to be an essen-
tial part of any attempt to explain the distribution of land
snails in most of the groups of high islands.

The most convenient grouping of species for the purposes
of this monograph is by geographic range. The following
divisions are used.

I. Marquesas Islands, species 1 to 6.

II. Society Islands, species 7 to 50.

III. Austral and Hervey Islands, species 9, 52.

IV. Samoan Islands, species 53 to 60.

V. Fiji Is., Kotuma and Tonga Is., species 61 to 63.
VI. New Hebrides and Santa Cruz groups, species 64 to 80.
VII. Solomon Islands, species 81 to 91.
VIII. New Ireland, New Britain, etc., and Admiralty Is.,

species 92 to 96.
IX. Louisiade Archipelago, including Trobriand and

Woodlark Is. ; New Guinea, Species 97 to 100.
X. Talauer Is., species 101.
XI. Pelew Islands, species 102 to 104.
XII. Caroline Islands, species 105 to 108.

XIII. Marianne Islands (Guam), species 109 to 111.

XIV. Snails of other genera described as Partulse.

XV. Species of uncertain or unknown habitat, species 12,
21, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 72, 86, 94.

168 PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS.

Species of the MARQUESAS ISLANDS.

Section MARQUESANA n. sect.
HARTMAN, Catalogue of the Genus Partula, 1881, p.

11, type P. decussatula (not ^Ega Leach, 1815). Latia
Hartm., op. cit. p. 12, type P. ganymedes Pfr. (not Latia
Gray, 1849).

Partulas having the embryonic shell coarsely pitted along
the spirals; post-embryonic whorls with very well developed
spiral striation; lip thin but often wide. Colors not bright;
the cuticle thin, often deciduous; a subperipheral band fre-
quently present, but no others. Type P. ganymedes.

Species of Partula are known from five of the nine high
islands of the Marquesan group, the others being unknown
conchologically. They are distributed as follows:

Nukuhiva : P. strigata varieties.

Huapu: P. strigata (?), P. bellula.

Hivaoa: P. inflata, P. ganymedes, P. bellula, P. decussatula.

Tahuata: P. inflata.

Fatuhiva: P. magdalinae.

The predominance of species on Hivaoa may be due to its
being more fully explored. It is the largest island next to
Nukuhiva. The proportion of species recorded as common to
two islands is remarkable, if indeed it proves to be the fact.
It seems likely that further research would greatly augment
the brief list of Marquesan Partulas.

P. spadicea Reeve, reported from the Marquesas, is a
Society Island form.

Key to Marquesan Partula.

Whorls over 5 ; peristome broad, white, strongly calloused
within ; shell opaque.

a. Very obese, the diam. more than % the length ; last whorl
humped. P. inflata, no. 1.

aa. Oblong-conic, the last whorl rounded.

&. Surface partly nude, but having a band of cuticle ;
length 20-23 mm. P. ganymedes, no. 2.

PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS. 169

&&. Surface covered with a pale greenish cuticle, length
about 21.5 mm. P. recta, no. 3&.

Whorls less than 5 ; peristome narrower or tinted, not very
strongly calloused,
a. Aperture less than two-thirds the length of the shell.

&. Olive-brown, brown or white, opaque; lip narrow;
length 17 to 21 mm. P. strigata, no. 3.

6&. Pale olive or greenish-yellow, thin, somewhat trans-
lucent; length 14 to 17 mm., whorls 4i/o.

P. bellula, no. 4; P. decussatula, no. 5.

aa. Aperture two-thirds the length of the shell; shell thin,
fragile, with a pale yellowish cuticle ; length 14 to 15 mm.

P. magdalince, no. 6.

1. P. INFLATA Reeve. PI. 30, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell openly umbilicate, globose-conic, rather thin, luster-
less or nearly so, varied in color: (1) white, usually with
some trace of an olive subperipheral band. (2) white, suf-
fused and obliquely streaked with brown in a broad median
belt, abruptly darker below the periphery; spire corneous.
(3) reddish or dull chestnut brown, more or less streaked,
and sometimes white below the sutures; reverse of the lip
and columella white. Of the 2y 2 embryonic whorls the first
half whorl or more is smooth, the rest pitted along the spirals.
The rest of the shell is sculptured with very distinct, close
waved spiral striae. Spire is straightly conic, suture moder-
ately impressed. Whorls 5%, convex, the last whorl sivollen
in the peripheral region except for the space of a third or
fourth of a whorl behind the lip, where it is compressed ; this
gives a humped appearance to the back of the shell. Aper-
ture ovate; lip broad, white, flatly reflexed, thickened with-
in; columella broad, with a deep-seated fold above, visible
in oblique view.

Length 23, diam. 17 mm.

Length 21, diam. 16.7 mm.

Marquesas Is.: Taiwata, (Tahuata), on trees at about 1500
ft. elevation; also Dominique or Hivaoa (G-arrett).

170 PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS.

Partula in flat a RVE., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 197; Conch. Syst.
ii, pi. 175, f . 11, 12 ; Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f . 3. PFR., Monogr.
iii, p. 452; Conchyl. Cab. p. 267, pi. 64, f. 5, 6. HARTMAN,
Oatal. p. 12. GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iv, 1887, p.
25. Bulimus thersites PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel. ii, p. 52
(1842) ; Monogr. ii, p. 75.

Remarkable for its gibbous last whorl and broad white lip.
The very thin cuticle is more or less wholly lost in most
adult shells. The examples described are from the island of
Taiwata (=> Tahuata) ; whether those reported from Dom-
inique, the next island of the group, are identical with them
in all respects I do not know.

2. P. GANYMEDES (Pfeiffer). PI. 30, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.

Shell umbilicate, oblong-conic, thin, minutely, strongly, de-
cussated with close growth-lines and extremely close, im-
pressed, wavy, spiral lines; dead white under a very fuga-
cious greenish-yellow epidermis. Spire conic, rather acute.
Whorls 51/0, a little convex, the last about as long as the spire,
very obsoletely angular in the middle, ornamented with one
rather wide chestnut band. Columella straightened. Aper-
ture oblong, obliquely truncated above ; peristome simple, thin,
broadly expanded throughout. Length 23, diam. 10y 2 , aper-
ture inside 10^x5 mm. (P/V.).

Marquesas Is.: Dominique or Hivaoa, on trees (Garrett).

Bulimus ganymedes PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 39 ; Monogr. ii,
p. 72. Partula ganymedes PFR., Monogr. iii, 447; iv, 511;
vi, 160. REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 3, f. 16. HARTMAN
Cat. Gen. Partula p. 11, with figure. GARRETT Bull. Soc.
Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 26. Partula fasciata PEASE,
Amer. Journ. of Conch, ii, p. 202, 293.

This species is variable in size, the degree to which the
cuticle is lost, and the color of what remains. Specimens of
one lot measure :

Length 22, diam. 13, length aperture 12.8 mm. ; whorls

Length 20, diam. 11.3, length aperture 11.1 mm. ; whorls

In the typical form, the very thin pale green cuticle is.

PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS. 171

either entirely lost, or only a belt remains at and below the
periphery, in adult shells. The upper edge of the subperi-
pheral brown band often shows as a thin line above the sutures
of the spire; but frequently a mere brown line replaces the
band, and is concealed on the spire (fig. 5).

In another form of the species, the cuticle is removed in a
zone below the suture. This zone may be wide or narrow;
the remaining portion of the last whorl usually half to three-
fourths --is covered with greenish or dull brown cuticle.
These variations seem to be characteristic of different colonies.

The beautifully developed spiral striation is characteristic
of all forms. The lip is flatly reflected, thickened at the inner
rim, and rather abruptly narrowed near the upper angle.
The umbilical crevice is widely open.

3. P. STRIGATA Pease. PI. 30, figs. 8, 12.

The shell is openly umbilicate, acutely ovate, rather thin,
dingy olive-brown, the latter part of the last whorl light
cream-brownish with a few darker oblique streaks, and an
orange streak in the angle behind the lip. Sculpture of fine,
waved spiral lines. Embryonic shell of 2y 2 whorls, coarsely
pitted in spiral lines except the smoothish initial half whorl.
Whorls 4%, convex, the last evenly rounded. The aperture is
ovate, oblique, peristome flesh-tinted, flatly reflexed, rather
narrow, thickened within except near the upper angle.
Length 19, diam. 10.8, aperture 10.8 mm.

Marquesas (Pease). Huapu (Garrett).

Partula strigata PEASE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, iv, 1868,
p. 155, pi. 12, f . 7 ; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473. PPR., Monogr. viii,
p. 202. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila, ix, 1884, p. 80.

The types, one of which was figured in A. J. C. iv, are before
me. The above description and figs. 8 and 12 were drawn
from them. Pease gave simply Marquesas as the habitat, but
Garrett istated that ' ' Pease 's shells were collected by a native
missionary residing on Woapo. " This island lies south of
Nukahiva. In his Marquesan catalogue of 1887 Garrett
places strigata as a synonym of recta, without remark.

172 PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS.

Whether the specimens were actually taken on Huapu
("Woapo") or not remains uncertain.

Compared with the type lot of Pease's P. recta, P. strigata
is thinner, darker colored, dull 'brownish instead of pale green,
with a narrower flesh-tinted peristome. The two lots seem
to he specifically distinct, until studied in connection with a
large series from Nukahiva, subsequently obtained, which
seem to be partially intermediate.

3a. P. STRIGATA OBESIOR Pils. PI. 30, figs. 11, 14, 15, 16.

A lot of 27 examples from Nukahiva consists of shells which
are generally more globose than either recta or strigata, thin,
variable in color as follows :

a. White, denuded of cuticle (fig. 14).

&. White, covered with a very thin straw, cream or brown
tinted cuticle, the spire often corneous (fig. 15).

c. Rusty brown, having a whitish belt below the suture (fig.
16).

d. Dark brown (fig. 11).

In nearly all of this lot the lip is thin and narrow, as in
strigata. Specimens measure:

Length 21,. diam. 12.8, aperture 11.8 mm., whorls 5.

Length 20.8 diam. 12, aperture 11 mm., whorls 5.

Length 19, diam. 11.8, aperture 11 nun., whorls 5.

Length 18.5, diam. 10.5, aperture 10 mm., whorls 4%.

Length 17, diam. 10.5, aperture 10 mm., whorls 4%.

A few examples among these shells are typical recta.
Probably a collector who would keep his shells from different
colonies separate would find that there are several races on
Nukahiva.

3&. P. STRIGATA RECTA Pease. PI. 30, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is openly umbilicate, acutely long-ovate, solid, the
typical form -white under a very thin, very pale green cuticle,
which is often deciduous on the last half whorl. The spire is
straightly conic, whorls 5*4 convex, the last one equably
curved from suture to base. The initial half whorl is smooth,

PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS. 173

next two whorls of the embryonic shell are rather coarsely
pitted in spiral lines, following whorls marked with fine
growth-lines and very fine spiral strise, most distinct at the
base. The aperture is oblique, ovate ; peristome broad, white
flatly reflexed, thickened within except near the upper angle.
Length 21.5, diam. 12.5, aperture 12 mm.

Marquesas: Nukahiva, abundant on trees.

P. recta PSE., Amer. Journ. of Conch, iv, 1868, p. 155, pi.
12, f. 8; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473. Hartman, Catal. Gen. Par-
tula p. 12 ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 220. GARRETT, Bull.
Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 25.

4. P. BELLULA Hartman. PL 30, figs. 17, 18, 19.

The shell is rather narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, thin,
covered with a very pale olive or greenish-yellow cuticle with
inconspicuous darker streaks, the embryonic whorls pale
flesh-tinted. Surface somewhat shining, with sculpture of
fine spiral striae which are crowded and wavy on the base,
but separated by spaces much wider than the impressed lines
on the upper part of the last whorl. 2^ embryonic whorls
(fig. 19) have the coarse pitting of other Marquesan species.
Spire short, straightly conic ; whorls 4^, moderately convex,
the last inflated, almost equably convex, 'but the base is es-
pecially so. Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome reflected,
gray, in fully adult shells having a narrow white callous rim
at the inner edge, not extending to the upper termination of
the outer lip. Columellar lip dilated.

Length 14.2, diam. 9.7, aperture 8.5 mm., (type).

Length 16, diam. 9.9, aperture 9 mm.

Length 14.5, diam. 9.7, aperture 9 mm.

Marquesas Is. : Huapu I., type loc. ; Dominique or Hivaoa
Island (Garrett).

Partula bellula HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p.
203, fig. in text (Sept. 1, 1885). GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac.
France iv, 1887, p. 27.

This species is more slender than P. decussatula, with a
smaller aperture, and the spiral striation is much less crowded

174 PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS.

on the upper half of the last whorl. The type specimen (no
4264 Carnegie Mus.) is not completely mature, wanting the
narrow callous inner rim of the peristome, but there are
several fully adult shells with younger ones in the collection
of the Academy, taken by C. D. Voy. An egg shaken from
one of them is very shortly oval, 3 x 2.5 mm., matt white, and
smooth under an ordinary lens.

5. P. DECUSSATULA (Pfeiffer). PI. 31, figs. 1, 4.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin, very minutely decus-
sated with growth-lines and spiral strias, slightly shining,
fulvous-whitish, diaphanous. Spire short, conic, rather ob-
tuse. Suture moderate. Whorls 4%, convex, the last five-
ninths the total length, rounded. Columella subplicate, reced-
ing. Aperture angularly oval. Peristome simple, thin, the
margins converging, right margin with a bell-like expansion,
columellar margin reflexed over the perforation. Length 15,
diam. 8%, aperture 9x6% mm. (Pfr.)

Marquesas Is.: Dominique (Hivaoa), abundant on leaves
( Garrett) .

Bulinms decussatulus PFR., P. Z. S. 1849, p. 131. Partula
decussatula PFR., Monogr. iii, 453 ; Conchy 1. Cab. p. 274, pi.
65, f . 8, 9. EEEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 4, f . 23. HARTMAN,
Catal. Gen. Partula p. 11, fig. ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885,
p. 217. GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iv, 1887, p. 24.

A thin, inflated species, yellowish-corneous slightly brown
tinted towards the summit, with a pale border below the
suture denuded of cuticle, and a narrow very faint brown
band just below the periphery. This band is sometimes very
inconspicuous. Old shells lose much of the cuticle, becom-
ing whitish and opaque. The aperture is ample. The peris-
tome is corneous, thin, well expanded but not thickened with-
in except in quite old shells. Several examples measure:

Length 16.5, diam 10.3, aperture 10 mm., whorls 4%.

Length 15.3, diam. 10, aperture 9.9 mm., whorls

Length 15, diam. 9.9, aperture 9.9 mm., whorls

The sculpture of rippled spiral striae is particularly well
developed in this species.

PARTULA, SOCIETY ISLANDS. 175

6. P. MAGDALIN^; Hart/man. PI. 31, figs. 2, 3.

The shell is rather narrowly umbilicate, globose, with a
short, conic spire, thin, fragile; 'white with some corneous
streaks under a very thin pale yellowish cuticle, which seems
to be usually deciduous above the periphery on the last whorl.
Sculpture of minute, close spiral striae much as in P. decus-
satula, but weaker above the periphery. Embryonic whorls
as in decussatula. Spire very short; whorls somewhat con-
vex, the last very much inflated, prominent in the peripheral
region, convex beneath Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome
reflexed, gray, thin, just noticeably thickened within.

Length 14.8, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm.

Length 15, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm., whorls 4 1 /.

Length 14, diam. 10.3, aperture 9.3 mm., whorls 4*4.

Marquesas Is. : Santa Magdalina or Fatuhiva Island
(Garrett).

P. magdaliua: HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 203,
fig. in text. GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iv, 1887, p. 27.

This very delicate snail is related to P. decussatula Pfr., but
it is very much more inflated, shorter, with a narrower um-
bilicus. Of the four examples originally composing the type
lot, one has been broken; the example figured by Hartrnan
is also damaged by a hole in front (not shown in my figure
of this specimen). Perhaps none of the specimens is quite
fully mature, but it is evidently a very thin shell at any stage
of growth. Figured from cotypes, no. 4263 Carnegie Museum.

II. SPECIES OF THE SOCIETY ISLANDS.

The Society Islands are wonderfully rich in Partulas.
Both species and individuals are developed in profusion, and
differentiation of form and color has been carried further
than in any other island group, though there has been no
great structural divergence. Probably all of the Society
species are referable to two stocks, herein regarded as "sec-
tions. ' ' These sections may be defined thus :
I. Shell ovate, with short spire, composed of 4 to 4=y 2 whorls,
very thin, fragile and subtranslucent ; color pale and

176 PARTULA, SOCIETY ISLANDS.

simple; aperture ample, peristome expanded, not thick-
ened. Section Leptopartula, species 7 and 8.
II. Shell composed of more than 4.y 2 whorls, usually solid,
with opaque coloring, but sometimes white ; lip thickened
within. Section Partula, species 9 to 50.
Up to this time we owe our knowledge of the distribution
and variation of Society Island Partulae to Andrew Garrett,
whose residence at Tahiti gave him unusual facilities for their
study. In the following account I have quoted largely from
his writings and except in a few cases, have accepted his esti-
mate of the rank of the several species and races. In a case
like this, where races in all degrees of differentiation abound,
the rank to be assigned to any given race is, in the last re-
sort, a matter of opinion. The criterion of intergradation is
often difficult of application, as where the racial divergence
is expressed chiefly in slightly different tendencies of varia-
tion. In Raiatea and Tahaa especially, there seems to be a
good deal of intergradation between the races and so-called
species.

Section LEPTOPARTULA n. sect.

Echo HARTMAN, Cat. Gen. Partula, 1881, p. 11 ; not of
Selys. 1853.

The shell is ovate with short spire, and composed of few
(4 to 4!/2) whorls; very thin, fragile and somewhat trans-
parent, pale; aperture large, ovate; lip expanded, not thick-
ened. Type P. arguta.

Two species, the most fragile of the genus, compose this sec-
tion, which is confined to Huaheine and Raiatea,

7. P. ARGUTA (Pease). PL 24, figs. 14, 15.

The shell is narrowly but deeply perforate, short, ovate,
extremely thin, fragile, corneous usually with a faint buff tint,
and imperfectly transparent. Surface rather glossy, marked
with weak growth-lines and microscopic incised spiral stride
which are weak on the last whorl but distinct and close on
the spire. The spire is very short, conic; whorls 4, convex,
the last evenly convex, globose. The aperture is somewhat

PARTULA, SOCIETY ISLANDS. 177

oblique, more than half the total length, broadly ovate. The
peristome is thin and expanded throughout, whitish-corneous.
Outer lip equably arched, basal margin more strongly arcuate.
Columellar margin reflexed and dilated above. Columella
concave, bending towards the right above. Parietal film
hardly perceptible.

Length 13, diam. 8.1, length of aperture 7.7 mm.

Length 12, diam. 8, length of aperture 7.5 mm.

Huaheine: "The metropolis of this very fragile species is
in the upper portion of a mountain ravine, on the west coast
of Huaheine, where it is rather common on the leaves of low
shrubs and ferns. It occurs much more rarely in a neighbor-
ing valley south of its specific center. Mr. Pease's habitat
'Tahiti,' as given in his list of Polynesian land shells, is
decidedly wrong." (Garrett}.

Bulimus argutus PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 670 ; 1871,
p. 473. PFEIPPER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 46. Partula arguta
SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. MARTENS and LANGK.,
Don. Bismarkianum, 1871, p. 55, pi. 3, fig. 7. HARTMAN,
Cat. Part., p. 11 (with woodcut) ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus.
Com. Zool., ix, p. 179. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix,
1884, p. 62, pi. 3, f. 57.

Though referred by Pease to the genus Bulimus, it is, never-
theless, a true Partula. "The animal, which is viviparous,
has very long, slender, ocular tentacles, long lance-pointed
foot, and that portion of the animal occupying the whorls
of the translucent shells is beautifully maculated with black
and white spots on grayish yellow ground. The shell, which
is very uniform in all its specific characters, may be readily
distinguished by its very thin pellucid texture, ovate form,
abbreviated spire, turgid body-whorl, uniform pale yellow-
ish horn-color, thin, slightly expanded lip and large simple
aperture. ' ' ( Garrett) .

Pease gave the following description. Specimens received
from him are before me. "B. testa ovata, tenuissima pel-
lucida, membranacea, nitida, anguste umbilicata; anfr. iv,
convexis, ultimo ventricoso, suturis impressis; apertura

178 PARTULA, SOCIETY ISLANDS.

ampla, ovata ; labro simplici, reflexo ; pallide straminea. Long.
13, diam 8i/ 2 mill."

8. P. TUEGIDA Pease. PI. 24, fig. 16.

The shell is shortly, openly rimate, not perforate, short,
obliquely ovate, extremely thin, fragile, corneous, faintly
tinted with pale brown, slightly transparent. The surface
is glossy, marked with growth-lines and minute, close, spiral
striae. Spire very short, conic; suture marked with a fine
white line. Whorls 4^2, convex, the last very large, evenly
swollen. Aperture oblique, broadly ovate, two-thirds the
length of the shell. Peristome thin, narrowly expanded, the
columellar margin dilated and flattened above. Length 17,
diam. 11.6, length <of aperture 11.5 mm.

Baiatea: though widely diffused it is excessively rare.
( Garrett) .

Bulimus turgidus PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 670;
1871, 473. PFEIPFER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 12. Partula turgida
HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 12 ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus, Com.
Zool., ix, p. 188. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p.
56, pi. 3, f. 74.

This delicate shell is larger and more opaque than P. arguta,
and differs in the non-perforating umbilical fissure. Garrett
remarks that "Like P. clara and P. annectens, it appears to
be gradually becoming extinct. ' '

Section PARTULA s. str.

Partula FER., Tabl. Syst. p. 65 (1821). HERRMANNSEN,
Indicis Gen. Malac. ii, p. 204, type P. faba. Nenia HART-
MAN, Cat. Genus Partula, 1881, p. 7, type P. auriculata
Brod. ; not Nenia, H. & A. Adams. Astrcea HARTMAN, t. c. p.
7, type P. dentifera Pfr. ; not Astraa Gmelin. Clytia HART-
MAN, t. c. p. 8, type P. umbilicata Pse. ; not Clytia Lam.
Ilia HARTM., t. c. p. 8, type P. lutea Less. ; not Ilia Leach,
1817. CEnone HARTMAN, t. c. p. 9, type P. hebe Pfr. ; not
Oenone Savigny. Helena HARTM., t. c. p. 9, type P. otahei-
tana. Pasithea HARTM., t. c. p. 10, type P. spadicea Rve. ;

PARTULA, TAHITI. 179

not of Lamarck. Mat at a HARTMAN, t. c. p. 14, type P. rosea
Brod. ; not Matuta Fabric! us.

The typical group of Partula is restricted to the Society
and Hervey Islands. Each island has its minor type of
shell, except Moorea and Tahaa, which have Tahiti an and
Raiatean types respectively ; 'but the entire series is so closely
interrelated that the named subgenerie divisions proposed by
Dr. Hartman cannot be sustained.

A small group of white, translucent species includes

No. 9, P. hyalina Brod. Tahiti, Hervey and Austral
Islands.

No. 16, P. clara Pse. Tahiti.

No. 17, P. attenuata Pse. Tahiti and Raiatea.

No. 44, P. annectens Pse. Huaheine.

These forms may have some exceptional means of distribu-
tion, or they may be conservative stocks, which have altered
little since the original radiation over the mountain ranges
which are now islands. They approach the simply colored
southwestern forms of Partula, such as those of the Solomon
Islands, in appearance, and seem to be little-changed mem-
bers of an old stock.

The species are here treated in geographic order, as follows :

1. Tahiti, species 9 to 17.

2. Moorea, species 18 to 21.

3. Raiatea and Tahaa, species 22 to 41, 8.

4. Huaheine, species 42 to 44, 7.

5. Borabora, species 45.

6. Species of uncertain habitat, species 46 to 50.

1. Partulce of Tahiti.

"On Tahiti, the largest island in the group, we find eight
species only, six of which are endemic. One (P. clara},
which has a limited range, appears to be gradually becoming
extinct. Four species (P. filosa, nodosa, producta and stolida)
are each restricted to a single valley. All the above species
are well-defined, and exhibit but little variation. On the
contrary, P. otaheitana, which has its centre of distribution

180 PARTULA, TAHITI.

in Fa.utaua valley, has spread all round the island, and is sub-
ject to so much variation that no less than fourteen species
have 'been proposed for the different forms. Two species
(P. hyalina and attenuata) are common to other islands;
the former is found in the Austral and on one of the Cook's
group ; the latter occurs on Raiatea, but does not inhabit the
two intermediate islands. It is a .noteworthy fact that, not-
withstanding both species have spread nearly all round
Tahiti, yet they have not developed a single varietal feature,
but, on the contrary, are remarkably uniform in all their
specific characters.

"Here we have three species ranging round the island, and
all subject to the same conditions of life, yet two have not
shown the slightest tendency to depart from the typical forms,
and the other, which is very variable in its metropolis, has
developed many local varieties. The above facts, which are
common to other species, seem to suggest that physical con-
ditions are not the primary cause of variations, but that it is
the operation of some unknown law." (Garrett).

Numerous forms of Tahiti and Moorea are sinistral. The
species of all the other islands are invariably dextral. Sin-
istral Partulae also occur in the Samoan group.

9. P. HYALINA Broderip. PI. 24, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.

The shell is perforate, acutely long-ovate, thin but rather
strong, corneous-white or bluish-white throughout. The
spire is straightly conic, apex acute. Whorls 5, weakly con-
vex, the last convex, becoming somewhat compressed laterally
in the last half, base convex. Sculpture of fine growth-lines
decussated by minute, close spiral incised lines. . The aper-
ture is very oblique, ovate. Peristome rather broadly re-
flexed, strongly thickened within, the columellar margin
weakly nodose.

Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 9 mm.

Length 16, diam. 9i/o, aperture 9 mm.

Society Islands : Tahiti, throughout the island in small
numbers (Garrett). Austral Is.: Tubuai (Grarrett), and

PARTULA, TAHITI. 181

Rurutu or Oheteroa (type loc. ; Cuming). Cooks or Hervey
Is.: Mangaia (Garrett) ; Rarotonga (C. D. Voy).

Partula hyalina BROD., P. Z. S. 1832, p. 32. REEVE, Conch.
Syst. ii, pi. 175, f. 1, 2; Conch. Icon. pi. 3, f. 14. PFR.
Monogr. iii, 451; Conchyl. Cab. p. 271, pi. 64, f. 19, 20.-
GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1879, p. 18 (Austral Is.) ;
Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 65. MAYER, Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zool. xxvi, no. 2, p. 122, figs. 1, 2, la-lc (1902).-
Bulinus hyalinus SOWB. Conch. Illustr. f. 9.--Bulimus
hyalinus PPR. Monogr. ii, p. 67.

Quite distinct 'by its milk-white color, and the very oblique
aperture, contracted in adult shells by a strong inner rib of
the lip. It might form a separate subgenus.

The distribution of this snail on several widely separated
groups is remarkable. Such distribution is unparalleled by
any land snail of its size in Polynesia. I have not seen
specimens from Mangaia or Rurutu, but those collected by
Voy at Rarotonga seem indistinguishable from Tahitian ex-
amples. It seems possible that it has been distributed by hu-
man agency, since it is not likely that a snail of this size could
be carried far over sea by hurricanes, as the minute forms
(Tornatellina, Pupidce etc.) no doubt have been. Still an-
other hypothesis : P. hyalina may be an ancient and conserva-
tive stock, which has survived from the time when these
mountain islands formed the sierras of a larger land mass.

10. P. COMPRESSA 'Pfr.' Reeve. PI. 41, figs. 19, 20, 21.

"Shell acuminately oblong, rather thick, obliquely pro-
duced towards the base, rather largely, compressed umbili-
cate. Whorls convex, obliquely striated, very slightly
spirally lineated ; last whorl rotundately angulated at the base.
Aperture oblong, lip reflected in a slanting direction, a little
contracted in the upper part. Dark chestnut brown, lip
and interior of the aperture livid purple." (Reeve).

"Shell deeply rimate, ovate-conic, rather solid, under the
lens very minutely decussate; chestnut colored. Spire conic,
rather obtuse ; suture marked with a white line. Whorls 5,

182 PARTULA, TAHITI.

nearly flat, the last as long as the spire, narrowed and com-
pressed at the base. Columella subnodose. Aperture oblong,
narrowed by the calloused lip ; peristome brownish violaceous,
broadly expanded, a little reflexed. Length 22, diam. 10,
aperture with peristome 12x8 mm." (Pfr.)

Society Islands (Cuming coll.).

Partula compressa Pfr., REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 4, f. 20
(May, 1850). PFR., Monogr. iii, 447. Cf. GARRETT, Journ.
A. N. S. Phila. ix, 112. Bulimus compressus PFR., Zeitschr. f.
Malak. 1850, p. 75 (July, 1850). P. stolida GARRETT, Journ.
A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 70, pi. 3, f. 58.

The descriptions of Reeve and of Pfeiffer are given above.
The type specimen is represented by fig. 21, copied from
Reeve who described the species in advance of Pfeiffer. The
figure measures about 24 mm. long. The last whorl is dark
chestnut colored.

Three specimens received as P. compressa from Mr. Cuming
in 1862 are before me, two being figured, pi. 41, figs. 19, 20.
The shell is glossy, with very fine and rather weak spiral
striation. The color in one shell is white under a yellow
cuticle, closely streaked with olive-yellow, the streaks form-
ing an ill-defined median belt. The other specimens are very
finely, closely but irregularly streaked with brown, on a
yellow ground on the last whorl, giving a rather bright red-
dish or yellowish brown appearance, while the spire is dull
or liver brown, the apex dull purplish-brown. The last
whorl is very conspicuously compressed laterally, flat there
in the last half-whorl. The aperture is diagonal, the base
thrown out from the middle, in the type figure and in the
yellow shell before me (fig. 19), but in a smaller shell it is
normal in shape. The lip is reflexed, heavily thickened
within. The interior is white.

Length 21, diam. !!% aperture 12 mm., whorls 5%.

Length 191/2, diam. IQi/o, aperture 10.2 mm., whorls 5%.

These specimens agree perfectly with one received from
Andrew Garrett as P. stolida, and which he figured in Journ.
A. N. S. Phila. ix, p. 70, pi. 3, fig. 58. I have drawn this

PARTULA, TAHITI. 183

shell somewhat enlarged on pi. 25, fig. 7. It has some re-
semblance to P. a/finis, but the last whorl is far more com-
pressed laterally than in affinis. The spire is reddish-brown,
becoming darker towards the apex, which is blackish-purple.
The last whorl is olivaceous-chestnut, closely streaked with
yellow. The last half of the last whorl is strongly com-
pressed at the side, with a very convex, "saccate" base. The
umbilical crease is rather ample. The rather narrowly re-
flexed lip is fleshy-tinted, thin-edged, having a strong in-
ternal thickening. No parietal tooth. Sculpture consists
of very fine and close spiral striae crossing the growth-
wrinkles, and continuing to the lip. This shell measures,
length 19, diam. 11, length of aperture 10 mm. G-arrett
writes: "I took a few examples of this ground species about
two miles up Papenoo valley, on the northeast coast of Tahiti.
They were all found lurking among the roots of ferns."

The identity of the original P. stolida of Pease is doubt-
ful. There is little in the description to exclude it from
P. compressa, yet the statement that it is "dentate" prob-
ably indicates that what Pease originally had was a form
closer to P. affiuis (no.

11. P. OTAHEITANA (Bruguiere). PI. 26, figs. 13-15; pi. 28,
fig. 13.

"This species is fluviatile and was discovered during the
same voyage as the preceding [Captain Cook's], in the brooks
of the island Otahiti. The shell is sinistral, oblong, oval,
very thick, not more than 10 or 11 lines in length by about
6 in diameter. It is composed of 5 whorls, united exteriorly,
and as much swollen as those of the austral Bulimus, but
coiled in a direction contrary to that of most shells; that is
to say, the right side of its animal is towards the left. The
spire is conic and terminates in a pointed summit. The
sutures resemble those of the preceding species [P. faba].
The 'aperture is semi-oval, oblique, rounded at the base, only
a third longer than wide, and shorter ( by a line than half
the shell. Outer lip arcuate, much reflexed and recurved to

184 PARTULA, TAHITI.

the exterior, flat and projecting outside. The inner
[parietal] lip is very thin and furnished with a tooth in the
middle, only found in old shells, the young having an in-
conspicuous callus in its place. The columella is simple, out-
wardly covering an umbilicus resembling that of Bulimus
australis. The whole shell is brown outside, or the color of
roasted coffee; the lips are whitish and the cavity sooty.
It is not common. ' ' (Brug.}.

Society Is.: Tahiti (Cook, Garrett et al.).

Bulimus otaheitanus BRUGUIERE, Encyc. Meth., i, p. 347
(1792). PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., ii, p. 71, in part; Conchyl.
Cab. pi. 14, f. 5, 6. Helix perversa, etc., CHEMNITZ, ix, p.
108, pi. 112, figs. 950, 951. Helix otalieitana DILLWYN, Desc.
Cat. Shells, ii, p. 935. WOOD, Ind. Test, pi. 34, fig. 110.-
Partula otalieitana FERUSSAC, Prod., p. 66. REEVE, Conch.
Syst, ii, pi. 175, fig. 16; Conch. Icon., pi. 3, fig. 136.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii, p. 448. HARTMAN, Cat. Part,
pp. 9, 10, with woodcut; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., ix, p. 184. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila, ix, 1884,
p. 46. --Partulus otaheitanus BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 58.
Bulimus (Partula) isabellinus PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1846, p. 39; Mon. Hel., ii, p. 70. Partula isabellina REEVE,
Conch. Icon., sp. 10, pi. 2, fig. 8&. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii,
p. 448. Bulimus amabilis PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846,
p. 38; Mon. Hel., ii, p. 71. Partula amabilis REEVE, Conch.
Icon., sp. 8, pi. 2, figs. 8a, 10. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p.
448. Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. Partula rubes-
cens REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 3, fig. 12. PFEIFFER, Mon.
Hel., iii, p. 446. PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.-
Partula reeveana PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 137;
Mon. Hel., iii, p. 447 ; Conch. Cab., Bulimus, pi. 65, figs. 10,
11. Partula taheitana GOULD, Expl. Exped. Shells, pi. 84,
fig. 91. PEASE, Proc. Zool. So<c., 1871, p. 473. SCHMELTZ,
Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, v, p. 92. Partula lignaria PEASE, Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 671; 1871, p. 473. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel.,
vi, p. 160. SCHMELTZ, Cat Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. Partula
rufa CARPENTER (not of Lesson), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p.

PARTULA, TAHITI.

185

675. HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 10. Partula affinis PEASE,
Amer. Jour. Conch., iii, 1867, p. 224; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871,
p. 473. SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. PFEIFFER,
Mon. Hel., viii, p. 204. P. affinis var. dubia Pse. MS.,
GARRETT, t. c. p. 49. Partula sinistrorsa PEASE, MS. in Coll.
Pease, 1863. SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92.-
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 209. -- GLOYNE, Quart. Jour.
Conch., i, p. 337. Partula sinistralis PEASE, MS. in coll.
Pease, 1863. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 209. GARRETT,
t. c., p. 49. Partula crassa PEASE, MS., GARRETT, J. A. N.
S. P., ix, 1884, p. 49. Partula brevicula PEASE, MS.,
GARRETT, t. c., p. 49. Partula perversa PEASE, MS., H. H.
SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus., i, p. 442, no. 4188.

Bruguiere's account is given above, since it seems to indi-
cate a darker, more elongate shell than that generally ac-
cepted as typical otaheitana.

"The metropolis of the typical otaheitana is about two
miles up Pautaua valley, on the northwest part of Tahiti,
where it is very abundant on the trunks and foliage of trees
and bushes. The above-mentioned valley being close to the
principal harbor which was frequented by the early naviga-
tors, it was undoubtedly where Bruguiere's type was ob-
tained.

' ' The Fautaua shells, which are very variable in size, shape,
and color, are never ornamented by spiral bands, and about
one-third of the specimens are sinistral. The parietal tooth
is nearly always present in the adults, and the peristome,
though usually white, is frequently pinky flesh-color. The
prevailing colors are straw-yellow, reddish fulvous, light
'chestnut, frequently with the spire more or less tinted with
reddish and often with longitudinal strigations. The spire
is more or less produced, and the aperture varies some in size
and shape.

"The shape of the shell varies from abbreviate-ovate to
elongate-ovate, as the following measurements will show:
Length 21, diana. 10 mm. Dextral specimen.
Length 16, diam. 10 mm. Dextral specimen.

186 PARTULA, TAHITI.

Length 20, diam. 10 mm. Sinistral specimen.
Length 16, diam. 9mm. Sinistral specimen."

The following form has been referred to otakeitana as a
synonym by Garrett and Hartman. "Bulimus isabellinus
Pfr. Shell subperforate, oblong-conic, solid, striatulate, isa-
belline. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 5, a little con-
vex, the upper sculptured with impressed, very delicate spiral
lines, the last, a little shorter than the spire, base rounded
in front. Columella white, plicate-gibbous. Aperture ob-
long-oval, narrowed by a dentiform callus deep within on
the belly of the penultimate whorl. Peristome callous, white,
broadly expanded, a little reflexed, the columellar margin
dilated, sinuous-reflexed. Length 22, diam. 10, aperture in-
side 9 mm. long, 4!/o wide. Habitat unknown, Mus. Cuming. ' '
(Pfr.) Reeve's figure is copied, pi. 26, fig. 16.

P. Iccvigata Pfr. is doubtless a Society Island shell, prob-
ably a form of P. otaheitana. The description follows:

P. Iccvigata, Pf eiff er. ' ' Shell deeply rimate, ovate-conic,
solid, smooth, (slightly striatulate under the lens), glossy,
buff. Spire conic, rather obtuse; suture moderate. Whorls
5, a little convex, the last about equal to the spire, more
swollen next the suture, rounded at base. Columella in-
wardly nodose-plicate above the middle. Aperture slightly
oblique, oblong, obstructed by a deeply placed tubercle on
the penultimate whorl; peristome thick, white, spreading
throughout, the columellar margin dilated and adnate above.
Length 20, diam. 10 mm. ; aperture with peristome 11 mm.
long, 4 wide inside. Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.)."
(Pfr.).

Partula lavigata PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 334; Monogr.
iv, p. 511.

lla. P. o. LIGNARIA Pse (pi. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.) "In a
valley about two miles west of Fautaua, there exists in abund-
ance the variety ( ? ) lignaria, Pease, which, though described
as dextral, is nevertheless very frequently sinistral. Though
not attaining quite so large a size as the Fautaua shells, it
differs none in shape, but is usually darker colored and

PABTULA, TAHITI. 187

wore strigated, as well as exhibiting one to three transverse
reddish chestnut bands. The lip is always white, and the
parietal tooth is very seldom absent. The inosculation with
otakeitana is so complete that it cannot be even separated as
a well-marked variety." It was thus described: Partula
lignaria Pease in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 671. " P. t. ovata,
solidiusculai dextrorsa, anguste umbilicata, sub lente minu-
tissime transversim striata, irregulariter longitudinaliter
striata; anfr. 5, plano-convexis, sutura impressa; apertura
rotundato-ovata, edentata, labro rotundatim incrassato ; cas-
taneo-fusco irregulariter longitudinaliter strigata, interdum
omnino rufo-fusca. Long. 18, diam. 10 mill."

"Var. &. Fascia unica nigro-fusca cingulata, seu omnino
fiavide fusca. "

G-arrett's note on this imperfectly differentiated race is
given above. The figures are from shells collected by him,
showing several color-patterns. In certain examples a more
or less conspicuous nodule appears on the face of the colu-
mella near its insertion, fig. 4, much as in P. auriculata and
nodosa.

Dr. Mayer found lignaria streaked without spiral bands,
and also with one dark peripheral band in Tipasrui valley.
All were dextral. In a few there is an additional subsutural
band.

In Hamuta and Pirae Valleys, a form with sutural, peri-
pheral and umbilical bands was found, constituting 3 to 4
per cent of the Partulcc caken. It occurred with streaked
Lignaria. In Pirse, all are sinistral; in Hamuta (between
Piras and Tipoerui) both dextral and sinistral individuals were
found.

lib. P. o. APFINIS Pease. PI. 25, figs, 5, 6, 9.

"Shell elongately ovate, rather solid, compressly umbili-
cate, dextral, finely, roughly and irregularly striated lon-
gitudinally, transversely very minutely striate, suture im-
pressed, sometimes faintly marginated; lip narrowly thick-
ened, occasionally connected with the columella by a thin

188 PARTULA, TAHITI.

callosity; columella dentate. Color light or dark chestnut
brown, sometimes striped with darker or wholly of a straw
color.

"Var. encircled with three dark reddish brown bands, on
middle of last whorl, at the umbilicus, and just beneath the
suture.

"Observations: The above species is allied to P. otaheitana.
It is, however, smaller and less elongate." (Pease).

Garrett writes: "Pease's affinis, which cannot be separated
from some of the small abbreviated forms of otaheitana, oc-
curs in greater or less abundance in all the valleys from
Haona as far as the southeast end of Taiarapu peninsula,
and round the opposite coast as far as Papieri on the south-
west of Tahiti proper. In Papinoo I discovered a large
colony of affinis, many of which had the pinky flesh-colored lip
and sinistral form of otaheitana. Far up in the same valley,
though common, none but dextral forms were found, and out
of thousands taken in the other valleys, not one sinistral ex-
ample occurred to my notice.

Three examples of affinis, received from Pease, and rep-
resenting the three color-forms mentioned by him, are fig-
ured, pi. 25, figs. 5, 6, 9. All the examples of this lot have
the parietal wall dentate. The sculpture of spiral lines is
very fine and close, but on the last whorl it is more or less
obsolete, especially so in the middle of each whorl.

In a lot of five examples received from Garrett, one has
a small parietal tooth, the others none. All are obscurely
streaked with chestnut on a yellow ground, the spire brown.
The sculpture of the latter part of the last whorl below the
suture, of one of this lot, is drawn in pi. 25, fig. 8. In some
other individuals, the spiral lines are subobsolete, as in
typical affinis.

lie. P. o. DUBIA 'Pse.' Garrett. PL 25, figs. 10, 11.

"In a valley several miles from Papinoo I found a small
colony of affinis which were marked by three transverse red-
dish chestnut bands like lignaria. And most singular, no

PARTULA, TAHITI. 189

other banded specimens of affinis occurred to my notice in any
other part of the island. This is the variety dubia Pse., by
Carpenter erroneously referred to varia." [PI. 25, fig. 10,
11]. The var. dubia was not defined by Pease, but only
mentioned as a form of varia, in P. Z. S. 1864, p. 675. Its
first published definition was in Garrett's note, quoted above.
Examples of dubia from Pease are figured (pi. 25, figs. 10,
11). The smallest dubia seen are only 15 mm. long.

lie. P. o. AMABILIS Pfeiffer. PI. 26, figs. 1, 2.

"Shell sinistral, subperf orate, ovate-turrite, rather solid,
striatulate, glossy, citrine, the acute apex reddish, suture
white-edged. Whorls 5, the upper flat, the rest convex, the
last shorter than the spire. Colurnella nearly simple, slightly
plicate. Aperture oblong-semioval. Peristome somewhat
thickened, white, expanded and reflexed, the columellar mar-
gin wide, flat, spreading. Length 23, diam. ll 1 /^, aperture
inside 9y 2 mm. long, 5 wide. A variety is somewhat smaller,
ornamented with wide blackish-chestnut bands, the peristome
livid-brown. ' ' (Pfr. ) .

"To the eastward between Fautana and Papinoo valley, a
distance of about eight miles, there are three valleys, all in-
habited by Pfeiffer 's amabilis, a sinistral form which has
not a single feature to distinguish it from some of the large
turreted Fautaua shells. In the first valley, Pfeiffer's species,
though not abundant, were very fine specimens. The next
valley, known as Pirai, (the metropolis of the small dextral
P. filosa, which occupies the lower part of the valley), is, in
the upper part, which trends towards the headquarters of
otaheitana, inhabited by the sinistral amabilis. A few im-
mature examples were found which were 'banded like lignaria.
The only dextral Partulce taken in the two valleys were
filosa,, attenuata and hyalina.

"In the next valley, called Haona, I found the dextral
P. affinis abundant, and took a few of amabilis.

"Both Dr. Pfeiffer and Reeve described the latter species
from specimens in the Cumingian collection, and both quote

190 PARTULA, TAHITI.

Anaa, a low coral island, as its habitat. Having resided
about five months on that island, and searched all parts for
shells, I did not find a single Partula there, or on any other
low coral island. Though neither Pfeiffer nor Reeve allude
to a parietal tooth, it is very frequently present." (Garrett) .

lid. P. o. RUBESCENS Reeve. PI. 26, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

, "Shell acuminately oblong, rather thick, sinistral, com-
pressly umbilicated ; whorls 6, smooth, somewhat rounded, lip
and columella broadly reflected. Pink, red-brow*n towards
the apex." (Reeve).

P. rubescens REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 3, f. 12 (April, 1850).

-PPR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 271, pi. 64, f. 21, 22; Monogr. iii,
446. Partula turricula PEASE, olim, H. H. SMITH, Ann.
Carnegie Mus. i, 442, not of Pease 1872.

Fig. 4 is a copy of Reeve's. The examples before me are
the form sent out as turricula by Pease. They are all sinis-
tral, elongate, glossy, varying from chestnut-tinted yellow to
pale yellow with light green streaks on the last two whorls,
those preceding rose-tinted, the shade deepening to the apex.
The lip is white in the paler shells, rose-tinted in the darker.
Measurements vary from length 22, diam. 12.1, aperture 10.9
mm., to 19, 11, 9.8 mm. just three-fourths of the adult shells
seen have a parietal tooth. Garrett writes: "Reeve's rubes-
cens is abundant in Papinoo, and occurs sparingly in all the
valleys as far as the southeast end of the island. Like ama-
bilis it cannot be separated from the sinistral turreted ota-
heitana, inhabiting Fautaua. It is always sinistral, never
banded, and, though usually of a reddish tint, is frequently
straw-yellow or fulvous, with or without a reddish or pinky
apex. The lip is white or pinky flesh-color. Though de-
scribed as edentate, some have a small parietal tooth. Reeve
gave no locality, and Pfeiffer erroneously cites the Marquesas
as its habitat."

lie. P. o. SINISTRORSA 'Pse.' Garrett. PI. 26, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.

"Pease's sinistrorsa is confined to the south coast of Tahiti

proper, where it exists in the greatest profusion in all the

PARTULA, TAHITI. 191

valleys and lowland forests for a distance of ten or twelve
miles. In the valley which is the limit of the range of the
dextral affinis I took several specimens of the sinistral sinis-
trorsa. The latter is invariably reversed, dentate or eden-
tate, fulvous with three more or less diffused reddish chest-
nut bands. Reeve figures the same shell on Plate 3, fig. 13a,
as otaheitana. Bandless varieties are frequent, and vary
from straw-yellow to fulvous or light chestnut, frequently
strigated and the lip white. The 'latter varieties differ none
from the true otaheitana of Fautaua.

" It is worthy of remark that in that part of the district of
Papieri, occupied by sinistrorsa, is also the headquarters of
the terrestrial P. producta, a dextral species, which is always
edentate, and exhibits the fasciation of the former.

"After passing to the westward of the range of the typical
sinistrorsa, which presents the same features for a distance
of ten or twelve miles, it suddenly exhibits a tendency to a
change in its becoming more stunted, more solid, always den-
tated, and the bands, one to three, are sharply defined on a
pale ground. It is the sinistralis of Pease, MS., and occupies
two valleys.

"In the next large valley, called Faahuaite, on the south-
west coast, we find Pease's crassa (MS.), which is also a sin-
istral shell, always dentated, solid, more tightly coiled than
sinistrorsa, and the body- whorl is more flattened. It is rarely
marked by a single narrow submedian chestnut band. In the
same valley, but more inland, occurs a smaller form, which is,
I suppose, the P. brevicula, Pse., MS. [see pi. 26, f. 12, speci-
men from Dr. Hartman].

' ' The following valley, named Punaavia, is the metropolis
of the beautiful P. nodosa, which also exhibits three bands.
Far above the restricted range of the latter, where the valley
turns towards the head of Fautaua, the home of the typical
otaheitana, I took a few examples of a Partula, similar to, but
larger than crassa. The next valley is the habitat of
lignaria. ' ' ( Garrett) .

Specimens of sinistrorsa received from Pease and Garrett

192 PARTULA, TAHITI.

are figured. There is also a bandless form, dark chestnut
colored with darker and lighter oblique streaks, which may be
called variety confluens (pi. 26, fig. 11).

12. P. STENOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PI. 27, figs. 12, 13.

Shell umbilicate, dextral, oblong-conic rather solid, closely
striolate, glossy; fulvous clouded with brown and brightly
three-banded with chestnut. Spire long-conic, rather acute;
suture lightly impressed, whitish. Whorls 5y 2 > but a trifle
convex, the last shorter than the spire, somewhat compressedly
rounded at the base. Columella running forward obliquely,
slightly plicate above. Aperture a little oblique, narrow,
truncate-oblong, narrowed by a deeply placed, tooth-like
callus on the penultimate whorl. Peristome callous, white,
expanded and slightly reflexed throughout, the right margin
sinuated above. Length 22, diam. lO 1 /^, aperture with peris-
tome 11 mm. long, 5 wide inside (Pfr.).

Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.)

Partula stenostoma PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 97 ; Novit. Conch,
p. 61, pi. 17, f . 16, 17 ; Monogr. iv, 507. Cf. GARRETT, Journ.
A. N. S. Phila. ix, p. 52.

In my copy of Pfeiffer's figure (pi. 27, fig. 13) the small
parietal tooth was omitted by oversight. It is very indis-
tinctly drawn in the original figure, and should resemble that
of fig. 9 of the same plate.

P. stenostoma was not identified by Mr. Garrett. The
positions of the bands eause me to think it related to affinis
Pse., and dubia Garr., but it differs from these and other
forms of P. otaheitana by the narrow shape of the aperture.
Dr. Hartman has referred stenostoma, to P. vexillum Pse. ;
and it has a certain resemblance to the Raiatean P. planila-
brum and P. vittata.

13. P. PRODUCTA Pease. PI. 27, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is dextral, long-ovate, deeply rimate, rather solid,
moderately glossy; yellow or brownish-yellow with three dark
chestnut bands, a pale sutural band above the upper one,
the middle band widest, the lower one defining a light umbili-

PARTULA, TAHITI. 193

cal patch ; whorls of the spire showing two dark bands on a
light or flesh-colored ground, apex dark. The surface shows
no spiral lines, or only faint traces of them. Whorls S 1 /^,
moderately convex, the last well rounded peripherally and
beneath. The aperture is nearly vertical, dark within ; peris-
tome narrowly expanded and reflexed, moderately thickened
within, white or flesh-tinted. The parietal wall is typically
toothless, but sometimes it bears a tubercular white tooth.

Length 20, diam. 10.7, aperture 10 mm.

Length 19, diam. 10.2, aperture 10 mm.

Length 21, diam. 11.2, aperture 10.8 TTITW,

Length 18.8, diam. 10, aperture 9.8 mm.

Tahiti : ' ' This species only occurred to my notice in one
valley, on the southwest coast of Tahiti, where it is abundant,
lurking beneath decaying leaves and under heaps of loose
stones." (Garrett).

Partula producta PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 671 ;
1871, p. 473. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 156.-
SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. HARTMAN, Cat. Par-
tula, p. 10; Obs. Gen. Partula, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p.
185. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 66, pi.
3, f. 51.

This terrestrial form was found by Garrett to be invariably
dextral. It is not so glossy as P. otaheitana sinistrorsa Pse.,
but otherwise there is not much difference. P. producta how-
ever has somewhat diverse variations; the dark bands be-
come confluent in some individuals by darkening of the
ground color, leaving the last whorl chestnut with (usually)
a pale sutural band and umbilical patch. Garrett also re-
cords a mutation uniform pale fulvous or tawny with a darker
apex. Description and figs. 1, 2, 3 from examples received
from Pease.

14. P. NODOSA Pfeiffer. PI. 25, figs. 12, 13, 16, 17.

Shell perforate, conic-ovate, rather solid, obsoletely decus-
sate; chestnut-colored, ornamented with a wide white band
at the suture, and often some other pale bands. Spire conic,

194 PARTULA, TAHITI.

acute. Whorls 5%, a little flattened, the last about as long
as the spire. Columella plicate above, deep within, then
nodulose. Aperture subvertical, oblong, narrow; peristome
outwardly scarcely expanded; inwardly provided with an
acutely projecting white callus, contracting the aperture;
margins subparallel, the right margin a little straightened.
Length 16, diam. 8, aperture 6 mm. long inside, 4 wide.

(P/T.).

Tahiti : ' ' This beautiful arboreal species is restricted to a
limited area about two miles up Punaavia valley on the west
coast of Tahiti. I first discovered the location in 1861, and
gathered about three hundred examples. On a subsequent
visit, nine years later, I secured over eight hundred speci-
mens. It is entirely confined to the south side of the stream
which flows through the valley, and circumscribed in a nar-
row area about three-fourths of a mile in length." (Garrett) .

Partula nodosa PPEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 262;
Mon. Hel., iii, p. 449 ; iv, 512 ; vi, 160 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 266,
pi. 64, f. 1, 2. Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.-
SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. HARTMAN, Cat. Part.,
p. 10; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 184,
188, 195. GARRETT, J. A. N. S. ix, 1884, p. 65. Partula trili-
neata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 195 ; 1867, p. 81,
pi. 1, fig. 1. PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 195. Partula nodosa var.
trilineata PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. Partula no-
dosa var. sinistralis MAYER, Some species of Partula from
Tahiti in Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvi, no. 2, Jan. 1902, p.
127, figs. 14, 15, 14a, 15a.

P. nodosa stands near P. suturalis of Moorea, which doubt-
less arose from the same ancestral stock. In Tahiti it has no
little resemblance to certain forms of P. lignaria, especially
those with many streaks and a single dark belt, many of
which show a more or less developed nodule on the columella,
such as is characteristic of P. nodosa.

The typical P. nodosa, pi. 25, figs. 12, 13, was the dark
reddish-brown or chestnut-brown shell, with a wide cream-
white band below the suture on the last one or two whorls.

PARTULA, TAHITI. 195

There is usually more or less pale streaking of the dark
ground on the last whorl; the reverse of the lip and the
border of the umbilicus are also pale. Several examples seen,
one of them received from Dr. Pfeiffer. All are dextral.
Judging 'by the lots before me, this form occurs in the same
colonies with the following color phases.

Color-form TRILINEATA Pease. PI. 25, figs. 14, 15. "Cream
color or yellowish horn-color, the spire usually reddish-brown,
last whorl striped irregularly with brown, and encircled by
three dark reddish-'brown lines or 'bands; suture margined
with white "(Pse). In the typical lot of trilineata received
from Pease the spire is fleshy brown in two examples (typical
-coloration) ; clear corneous in two; and the other two have
some whitish and faint 'brown markings on a fleshy- corneous
ground. Four of the shells are 3-banded, like fig. 14, 15, one
has only a wide chestnut 'belt, and is conspicuously streaked
with brown, and the sixth is a typical nodosa in color.

A lot from Grarrett consists of ( 1 ) ordinary dark P. nodosa ;
(2) one sinistral shell (fig. 16) with normal trilineata color-
pattern. Garrett states "about one in two hundred is sinis-
tral ") ; and (3) pale shells with the spire corneous, last I 1 /-*
whorls cream-colored with a profusion of corneous and cor-
neous-brown streaks which do not reach to the suture; aper-
ture typical (pi. 25, fig. 17, color- form pallidior).

14a. P. N. L.EVA, n. n. PL 25, figs. 18, 19.

' ' The shell is blunt in shape and the spire is short ; the lip
is quite thick, and is usually provided with a well-developed
tooth upon the columellar side, and there is also a tooth upon
the wall of the aperture. The surface of the shell is smooth
and slightly polished, and there are no deep longitudinal fur-
rows. About 57 per cent of these snails are well represented
by fig. 18. The ground color is a light horny-yellow streaked
longitudinally with darker brown, in addition to which there
are two dark-brown whorl-stripes and a white whorl-stripe
adjacent to the suture of the spire. In about 43 per cent
the dark-brown whorl stripes are either absent or veiy faint,

196 PARTULA, TAHITI.

and the ground color of the shell varies from light horny-
yellow to rich 'brown. A snail of this type is fairly well rep-
resented in fig. 19, a dark-brown individual being drawn.
Ninety-seven per cent of the adult snails of type 18 and 91
per cent of type 19 -are sinistral ; while of the young, 100 per
cent from type 18 and 90 per cent from type 19 are sinistral.
In the case of the snails of type 19, twenty-six sinistral adults
gave forty-six sinistral and one dextral young; while two dex-
tral adults gave four dextral and no sinistral young. Among
the snails of type 18, only one of the dextral adults con-
tained young and this one gave a single sinistral offspring.
Twenty- six whorl-striped adults of the type of fig. 18 gave
forty-two young, of which 76 per cent display whorl-stripes,
while 24 per cent are plain colored. On the other hand,
twenty-eight adults of type 19, which are either unstriped
or with very faint whorl-stripes, gave forty-one young of
which 61.5 per cent are marked with whorl-stripes and 38.5
per cent are plain colored. It is very evident that the
striped and unstriped forms intergrade.

"Of the one hundred adults found in the valley, 94 per
cent are sinistral, while of the eighty-eight young taken from
them, 94.5 per cent are sinistral. This condition appears,
therefore, to be stable from one generation to another."
(Mayer}.

Maruapoo valley, on the western side of Tahiti about
7 miles south of Tipaerui valley.

This form is said to constitute 99 per cent of the snail
fauna of the valley, P. hyalina forming -the remainder. Fig-
ures and description from Dr. Mayer. The name simstralis
being preoccupied, I have substituted lava.

15. P. PILOSA Pfeiffer. PI. 27, figs. 4, 5.

Shell perforate, conic-ovate, solid, sculptured with close
impressed spiral lines, hardly shining ; chestnut-colored, orna-
mented with ashen hair-lines. Spire conic, rather obtuse.
Whorls 5, flattened, the last as long as the spire, more con-
vex, columella slightly plicate above. Aperture a little ob-

PARTULA, TAHITI. 197

lique, sfebtriangular-semioval ; peristome a little expanded,
provided with a thick prominent callus within. Length 16,
diam. 8^/2, aperture with peristome 81/2 mm. long, 6^/2 wide
(Pfr.).

Tahiti: "Restricted to the lower portion of Pirse valley,
on the northwest coast of Tahiti, where it is abundant on
foliage." (Garrett).

Partula filosa PPEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 262 ; Mon.
Hel., iii, p. 450; Conchyl. Cab. ed. 2d, Bui., p. 267, pi. 64,
figs. 3, 4. HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 10; Obs. Gen. Partula,
Bull. Mus. C. Zool., ix, pp. 182, 183, 196. GARRETT, Journ.
A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 64, pi. 3, f. 81. MAYER, Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvi, no. 2, p. 126, figs. 9, 10. Partula
lineolata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, p. 224; Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1871, p. 473. SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92.-
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 206.

P. filosa is quite distinct from other Tahitian snails, but is
very closely related to the Moorean P. nucleola Pse. It is
a small, ovate, solid and compactly coiled shell, dull or with
but little gloss, and either reddish-brown with darker pur-
plish summit, or dull yellow with the summit roseate; in
either case 'being irregularly marked with many backwardly
sloping longitudinal whitish lines. Under the lens these lines
appear ragged, and are seen to be due to the loss of cuticle
along some of the lines of growth. All the post-embryonic
whorls have this peculiarity. The spiral striation is well
developed throughout. All of the thirty examples seen have
a parietal tooth, but in some it is quite small. The peristome
is white, moderately expanded but strongly thickened within.
There is often the low indication of a tubercle on the colu-
mella. No banded or sinistral examples have been found.

16. P. CLARA Pease. PI. 24, figs. 7, 8, 9.

The shell is openly perforate, oblong-ovate, thin, sometimes
imperfectly translucent, pale yellowish corneous or very pale
chestnut, often variegated with darker obliquely axial streaks ;
suture with an opaque-white margin. Surface somewhat shin-

198 PARTULA, TAHITI.

ing, with sculpture of fine growth-lines and minute, crowded,
waved spiral striae. Whorls 4%, moderately convex; the last
half of the last whorl is noticeably compressed below the
periphery, the base being strongly convex. Aperture ovate,
slightly oblique, usually pale brownish or fleshy inside.
Peristome white, reflexed, thickened within except near the
upper and columellar insertions. Columellar margin dilated
above. Parietal callus very thin.

Length 15.5, diam. 9.1, length aperture 8.1 mm.

Length 15.2, diam. 8.7, length aperture 8.7 mm.

Length 17, diam. 9.7, length aperture 9.7 mm.

Society Islands : Upper portions of the valleys of the south-
western part of Tahiti, a rare species, found on foliage.
(Garrett).

Partula clara PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 671; 1871,
p. 473. PFEIFPER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 159. HARTMAN, Cat.
Partula, p. 11 ; Obs. Gen. Partula, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., p.
181, vol. ix. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 56,
pi. 3, f. 75.

This leaf-dweller is said by Garrett to be rare and in his
opinion approaching extinction. It has the figure of P.
annectens of Huaheine, but is much less delicate. P. attenuata
of Raiatea and Tahiti, is an allied species of much more
slender contour.

Specimens from Pease and Garrett before one are either
nearly uniform in tint, or streaked obliquely with chestnut.
Pease in his original account has described a li var., encircled
with a single line, or two or three." Garrett describes it as
"corneous, sometimes with darker stripes, and more rarely
with one or two transverse chestnut bands. ' ' In being varie-
gated, P. clara is -clearly less modified from the ancestral stock
than P. attenuata and annectens.

17. P. ATTENUATA Pease. PI. 24, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

The shell is openly perforate, slender, long-ovate, thin,
slightly pellucid pale yellowish-corneous, sometimes with a
faint reddish tint towards the apex; the suture transparent-

PARTULA, TAHITI. 199

margined, or margined with a white line. Surface lustrous,
faintly marked with growth lines and minute, crowded, finely
rippled spiral striae throughout. Whorls 5, but slightly con-
vex, the last one compressed below the periphery, and strongly
convex, somewhat swollen, at the base. (This is well shown
in fig. 2). The aperture is nearly vertical, more than half
the total length. Peristome broadly reflexed, the basal and
outer margins thickened within except near the upper end
of the lip, which is thin and merely a little expanded. Colu-
mellar margin dilated and bifurcate above. Parietal callus
a transparent film.

Length 16, diam. 8, length aperture 9 mm.

Length 17, diam. 8.6, length aperture 9.5 mm.

Length 17.8, diam. 8.5, length aperture 9.9 mm.

Society Islands: "Upper portions of all the central val-
leys on both the east and west sides of Raiatea. It is more
abundant in Toloa and Hapai valleys than elsewhere. Owing
to its peculiar habit of living on the foliage near the tops of
trees, it easily escapes observation. It occurs more rarely at
Tahiti, where it has, also, a wide range, and is confined to
the upper portions of the valleys." (Garrett} .

Partula attenuata PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 672 ;
1871, p. 473. PFEIPPER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 156. SCHMELTZ,
Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 11;
Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 179. GARRETT,
Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 70. Partula gracilis
PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., ii, 1866, p. 197; 1867, p. 81, pi.
1, fig. 3. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1875, pp. 244,
247, pi. 19, fig. 6 (part of jaw). PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1871, p. 473. PPR., Monogr. viii, 198. Partula carteretensis
REEVE (not of Quoy and Gaimard), Conch. Icon., sp. 13, pi. 4,
fig. 13. SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., iv, p. 72.

This snail is closely related to P. annectens of Huaheine,
having in common with that the color, texture and sculpture,
and especially the peculiar shape of the last whorl, which is
compressed below the middle, then swollen around the umbili-
cal region in both species. It differs from annectens by its

200 PARTULA, MOOREA.

more slender shape, heavier substance, and wider lip, which
is calloused within. P. clara also is an allied species of
broader contour, but with an aperture much like that of
attenuata.

In a lot or three specimens sent many years ago by Pease,
the suture has a grayish margin ; but in all other shells seen,
the margin is white, by loss of the cuticle, or by its becoming
permeated with air. Normally the lip-edge and parietal
callus are thin, but in one very old shell before me, both are
considerably thickened.

Pease described this species twice, evidently from the same
examples. He seems to have forgotten the description of
1864. It is an error other prolific authors have committed.

"When we take into consideration its peculiar habit of
concealment in the tops of trees, and its range restricted to
the more elevated portions of the valleys, so contrary to the
habits of other species, it is really remarkable to find it in-
habiting two remote islands, especially as all the other species
have a very limited range. It does not occur at Tahaa, which
is only four miles from Raiatea, and enclosed in the same en-
circling reef. It is no less singular to note its absence from
Huaheine and Moorea, though at the former island we find
the closely allied P. annectens." (Garrett).

2. Moorean Partula.

Four species and numerous subspecies are peculiar to
Moorea, which is separated from Tahiti by a channel only
eight miles wide. All show clear traces of a common ancestry
with Tahitian forms, though since the separation of the islands
there has been specific divergence. The affinities of the snails
are as follows :

Tahiti. Moorea.

P. otaheitana P. mooreana

P. nodosa P. suturalis

P. filosa P. tceniata group.

18. P. MOOREANA Hartman. PI. 29, figs. 17-20.

The shell is sinistral, deeply 'but shortly rimate, rather thin ;

PARTULA, MOOREA. 201

dilute yellow, fleshy-corneous or soiled white, the first whorl
almost always -brown ; rarely the last whorl is streaked with
buff (fig. 19), or has three pale brown spiral bands (fig. 17).
Surface shining, rather densely marked with spiral striae
throughout. Spire straightly conic ; whorls 5, only very
slightly convex, the last compressed laterally, convex below.
The aperture is quite oblique, peristome is well reflexed,
strongly thickened within, much narrower in its upper third.
Columellar margin dilated at the insertion. There is usually
a rather thick but transparent parietal callus and a well-
developed parietal tooth. Length 18.5, diam. 11, length of
aperture 10 mm.

Moorea: Vaianai valley, on the southeast coast.

Partula nworeana HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1880, p. 229; Cat. Part., p. 10; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., ix, p. 184. GARRETT, Terrestrial Mollusca in-
habiting the Society Islands, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p.
59, pi. 3, f. 55.

P. nworeana "may be characterized by its elongate-ovate
form, rather thin texture, constant parietal tooth, planulate-
conical spire, which equals half the length of the shell, pale
luteous color, with darker apex. It is alivays sinistral, and
the white expanded lip is rather thin and moderately incras-
sated. A variety with three narrow pale brown revolving
bands is not infrequent.

"It is closely related to some of the sinistral forms of
varieties of P. otaheitana, particularly with Pease's P. crassa,
which, though of the same shape, is more solid, rougher, and
the fine crowded spiral incised lines which extend over the
whole surface of the former are nearly obsolete on the latter."
(Oarrett).

19. P. SUTURALIS Pfeiffer. PL 27, figs. 10, 11; pi. 28, figs.
1 to 6, 8.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-conic, thin, distinctly
striate spirally; fulvous-buff irregularly painted with chest-
nut streaks. Spire convexly conic, acute; suture margined

202 PARTULA, MOOREA.

with a white thread. Whorls 5y 2 , slightly convex, the last
slightly shorter than the spire, somewhat swollen above, taper-
ing towards the base. Columella nearly simple, almost verti-
cal. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate-oblong; peristome
white, thin, the right margin narrowly expanded, simiated
above, columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Length 19, diam.
9, aperture with peristome 10 mm. long, 4% wide inside

Moorea.

Partula suturalis PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 98 ; Novit. Conch.

1, p. 62, pi. 17, f. 18, 19; Monographia iv, 508. HARTMAN,
Catalogue of Partula p. 10. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i,
p. 446. Partula lineata Lesson, REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi.

2, f. 7. GARRETT, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ix, 1884, p.
50, pi. 3, f. 83, and of some other authors; not P. lineata
Lesson. Partula alternata (Pease, MS.) H. H. SMITH, Ann.
Carnegie Mus. i, p. 447 (March, 1903). Partula vexillum
PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 198 ; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig.
8; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. PFEIFPER, Mon. Hel., viii,
p. 196. Partula nodosa CARPENTER (not of Pfeiffer), Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675 (= alternata) .

The original figures of this species are copied, pi. 27, figs.
10, 11. It was described from the Curning collection, the
habitat being unknown. Dr. Hartman seems to have first re-
cognized it in the common Moorean shell under considera-
tion. Garrett subsequently (1884) discussed the species at
great length.

Figures 5, 6, 8 of plate 28 represent the typical form of
the species. The shell is rather solid when adult, compact in
shape. The lip is snow-white, thickened within, columella
vertical, swollen or inflated just below the insertion. There
is generally no parietal tooth, but when developed it is a low
callous node or pad, not often a distinct tooth, as in vexillum.
The first 2y 2 whorls are isabella-colored ; the darker ob-
liquely longitudinal stripes appear at first rather faint and
widely spaced on the isabelline ground, but on the last whorl
the ground becomes opaque, more or less cafe-au-lait tinted or

PARTULA, MOOREA. 203

sometimes nearly white, and the stripes are brown-corneous or
even, unequal and unevenly spaced. The sculpture consists
of spiral incised striae which are rather widely spaced, and
typically are distinct on the last whorl.

This type of shell is further modified by the development
of spiral bands; sometimes only one, at the periphery, the
base of the shell often chestnut-colored, and again two bands,
one above, the other below the periphery (pi. 28, fig. 8; pi. 27,
fig. 6). Specimens with oblique streaks only, with one and
with two bands, occur together in Garrett 's sendings, and
apparently are mingled in the same colonies. The spiral
striation is usually subobsolete on the upper part of the last
whorl in these shells, which are what Pease named in MS. and
Smith described as P. alternata. The preceding forms are
what Garrett alludes to as found in Oahumi valley. Com-
paring this race with vexillum, he writes: "The Oahumi
shells are usually a trifle smaller, not so frequently dentated,
and are much more conspicuously strigated than the Vaianai
shells. The spiral bands, of which there are one or two, sel-
dom three, on the body- whorl, are very frequently interrupted,
which, with the conspicuous strigations, gives the shell a some-
what tessellated appearance. All the color-varieties alluded
to in my remarks on the Vaianai shells are also found in
Oahumi, but the uniform dark-colored ones are more fre-
quent, besides one of a uniform white color, not decorticated,
of which I took three examples.

"So far as I can ascertain, there has been no figure pub-
lished of Pfeiffer's strigosa. He gives the Admiralty Islands
as its habitat. There are no species of the type he describes
found in the western Pacific. It is undoubtedly a Society
Islands species, and I fully agree with Dr. Hartman in re-
ferring it to the shells under consideration. ' '

Further Oahumi color-forms are represented in pi. 28, figs.
1, 2, 3, 4, the lot from Garrett. They are chestnut with light
streaks and a white suture, the spire flesh-colored (fig. 3), the
same with a pale girdle (fig. 2), or line (fig. 1), at the peri-
phery, or there may be two white zones, one below the suture,
the other in the middle of the basal slope (fig. 4).

204 PARTULA, MOOREA.

P. strigosa Pfr. is p rob-ably, as Garrett and Hartman have
held, a form of suturalis. It w : as described as follows : ' ' Shell
perforate, oblong-conic, rather solid, very obsoletely decus-
sate, subopaque ; whitish, ornamented with irregular fulvous
and rufous streaks. Spire conic, the apex acute. Whorls 5,
nearly flat, the last slightly shorter than the spire, somewhat
tapering at the base, rounded. Columella somewhat twisted
above, subnodose at base. Aperture slightly oblique, trun-
cate-oval, generally contracted by a nodiform parietal callus.
Peristome white, callous, subequally spreading throughout.
Length 17 to 18, diam. 9 mm., aperture with peristome 8^2 x
6% mm., inside 3% mm. wide. Admiralty Is." (P. strigosa
PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 384).

. P. SUTURALIS VEXILLUM Pease. PI. 27, fig. 9 ; pi. 28, figs.
9-12.

The shell is typically dextral, more lengthened than the
preceding, less compact, and somewhat thinner. On a corn-
eous-buff ground it is obliquely streaked with opaque buff
on the last whorl, and begirt with two chestnut bands, the
upper one ascending on the penult, whorl. Parietal tooth
well-developed. Spiral striation wanting or extremely weak
on the last whorl. Sutural white line inconspicuous or even
wanting. Length 21, diam. ll 1 /^, length of aperture 11 mm.
Description and fig. 9 are from one of Pease's original lot.
Other shells are somewhat smaller, length 18 mm., and the
oblique streaks may be less distinct,

Many examples were collected by Andrew Garrett, who
found it variable. Some shells are dark chestnut with a
white sutural line (fig. 10) ; others are like Pease's original
lot, or have a third band, around the umbilicus (fig. 11) ;
while some shells are finely streaked brown and buff, without
any bands (fig. 12) . Garrett writes as follows : "This beau-
tiful arboreal species is found in great profusion in Vaianai
valley, on the southeast coast of Moorea, where it occurs in
company with P. mooreana and P. elongata. It also exists
in considerable numbers in a small valley about two miles to
the westward, associated with P. taniata and elongata.

PARTULA, MOOREA. 205

' ' I first discovered this species in 1861, and obtained several
hundred specimens, all collected on the eastern side of the
stream that flows through the valley of Vaianai. They were
all dextral, and were so described by Pease, under the name
of vexillum. On a second visit, in 1875, I took over 2000 ex-
amples, all gathered on the tvestern side of the stream, and
was surprised to find many sinistral forms among them
[pi. 28, fig. 9]. At the same time I found about a dozen
specimens, all sinistral, in a large semicircular valley on the
opposite side of the island. They were probably stragglers
from Vaianai.

"It is noteworthy that no reversed Partulce were found in
any other part of the island except on the western side of the
stream in Vaianai, and the above-mentioned stragglers taken
on the opposite coast. The same side of the stream is also
the home of the sinistral P. mooreana."

20. P. TJSNIATA (Morch). PI. 28, figs. 15, 16; pi. 29; figs.
8, 12, 13.

Shell rimate, conic, pellucid, transversely irregularly pli-
cate, longitudinally very closely waved-striate, under a lurid
cuticle, the last whorl encircled with two distant, white, brown-
bordered bands; suture appressed, whorls 5, a little convex,
the last about as long as the spire, obsoletely angular above
and below ; fold of the columella 'compressed, twisted. Peris-
tome white, broadly expanded, reflexed. Length 18, diam.
8, aperture inside 8x4% mm. (Mch.).

Society Is. : Moorea.

Bulimus (Partulus} t&niatus MOERCH, Catalogus Oonchyl-
liorum quae reliquit C. P. Kierulf, etc., 1850, p. 29, pi. 1, fig.
5. Partula tcuniata PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 451. CAR-
PENTER, Proe. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675. HARTMAN, Obs. Gen.
Part. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 188 (part). GARRETT,
Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 72. Partula striolata
PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 197 ; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1,
fig. 4; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel.
viii, p. 203. Partula simulans PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch.,

206 PABTULA, MOOREA.

1866, p. 202; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 11. SCHMELTZ, Cat.
Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. PFEIFPER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 206.
Partula decussatula CARPENTER (not of Pfeiffer), Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1864, p. 675. P. peraffinis Pse. MS., according to Hart-
man.

Tlie typical form is tawny brown with two widely separ-
ated white bands as shown in figures 15, 16 of pi. 28. There
are also often some pale oblique streaks. The shape, as
(jarrett writes, "varies from abbreviate-ovate to elongate-
ovate, more or less solid, scarcely shining, smooth or wrin-
kled with incremental strige, and the spiral incised lines are
very fine, and crowded on all the whorls. The spire is more
or less produced half the length of the shell, sometimes
shorter or a trifle longer. The last whorl is frequently com-
pressed in the back and right side, which gives it a faintly
biangular appearance. The peristome is more or less ex-
panded, sometimes considerably so, moderately thick, slant-
ing and labiated within. Columellar lip more or less tor-
tuous, abruptly receding above, which gives it a nodulous ap-
pearance. About one in a hundred exhibits the parietal
tooth. The color is also variable : white, straw-yellow, lemon-
yellow, light orange, corneous, fulvous, various shades of
brown, sometimes with darker stri gallons, and frequently
spirally banded. The most common style of fasciation con-
sists of from one to four narrow, more or less broken, fulvous
or fulvous-brown bands on the body-whorl. Fulvous-brown
examples, with two or three pale bands, are not so common.
The last appears to be Morch's type, which he incorrectly as-
signs to the Viti Islands."

"The metropolis of this truly protean species is in a very
large semicircular valley on the north coast of Moorea, where
it occurs in prodigious numbers on the foliage of bushes. In
the western part oi the same valley, where it exhibits less
variation, it gradually intergrades with the form which has
been distributed under the name of nucleola Pease, which
has its headquarters in a small, but isolated, valley about
two miles west of Opunohu.

PARTULA, MOOREA. 207

' ' On the -southwest part of the island we find tceniata toler-
ably abundant in three valleys, and, like the shells in the
western part of Opunohu, it is subject to much less variation
than obtains in the eastern part of the same valley. The
shells from the southwest coast were described by Pease un-
der the name of P. simulans [pi. 29, figs. 8, 12, 13].

"In the third or more eastern valley, where they come in
contact with P. elongata and lineata, hybrids between the
former and tceniata are so numerous that, any one collecting
in that valley only would, without hesitation, pronounce them
one and the same species.

"From this point to a distance of several miles, the valleys
are inhabited by lineata, mooreana, elongata and lineata, var.
stngosa, only. But after passing Oahumi, the home of the
latter variety, we again find tceniata, but nearly as variable as
the eastern Opunohu shells, and mixed with the form known
as striolata, Pse., with which it intergrades. Here I found
several unmistakable hybrids between strigosa and tceniata.
All the valleys between this latter location and the one near-
est to Opunohu are inhabited by the typical form striolata,
which scarcely differs from nucleola, except in being smoother
and more variegated with stripes. In a large valley adja-
cent to Opunohu, we find these shells by thousands; they
differ in being beautifully striped like stngosa. Here, again,
it insensibly graduates into the typical tceniata. Whether the
inosculation takes place through hybrids or not is a difficult
question to decide. In looking over a large collection from
the eastern part of Opunohu, I find some of the small forms
are not dissimilar to the typical striolata, which has suggested
the propriety of following Dr. Hartman in consolidating the
three forms." (Garrett).

P. tceniata spadicea Reeve. PI. 41, fig. 18.

"Shell perforate, conic-oblong, thin, very minutely decus-
sate, diaphanous, brown-corneous streaked with paler. Spire
long-conic, rather obtuse; suture margined. Whorls 5 to

>, a little convex, the last equal to the spire or a little

208 PARTULA, MOOREA.

shorter. Columella obliquely subplicate above. Aperture
slightly oblique, oblong-oval; peristome thin, white, broadly
expanded throughout, the right margin spreading. Length
18, diam. 8, aperture with peristome 10 x 6y 2 mm. Mar-
quesas Is. (Cuming coll.)." (Pfr.).

Partula spadicea REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 4, f. 24 (May,
1850) . PFR., Monogr. iii, 451 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 273, pi. 64,
f. 31, 32. Cf. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, foot
of p. 73.

An example of P. spadicea received from Mr. Cuming in
1862 is smaller than Reeve's figure, but resembles it in other-
wise. Though labeled "Marquesas" it is apparently a form
of P. elongata Pease, or very closely related to that species.
Dr. Hartman has referred spadicea to P. t&niata; and the
figure certainly lias a close resemblance to P. simulans Pse., a
form of t&niata.

P. simulans Pease, based on shells which are "plain red-
dish-brown yellowish or horn-color ' ' or with ' ' three inter-
rupted transverse bands ' belongs apparently to t&niata.
PI. 28, fig. 14 represents the cotype originally supplied by
Pease for pi. 1, fig. 11 of the Am. Journ. Conch. It is not
fully mature, and is corneous with indistinct brown streaks.
It is this form which seems to be identical with P. spadicea
Rve. PI. 29, figs. 8, 12 are uniform white and brown-banded
examples also supplied by Pease at the time of original pub-
lication. The banded examples have two submedian and one
umbilical band, on a corneous-whitish ground. Some of
these shells scarcely differ from P. t. nucleola.

P. striolata Pease, seems to be identical with t&niata ex-
cept in coloration ; it is dull tawny-brown with a few whitish
oblique streaks. The columellar tubercle is very weak, not
prominent as in nucleola. Fig. 8, pi. 27, is drawto from a
cotype received from Pease.

Whitish-corneous, solid shells, striped closely with brown
or chestnut, chiefly on the last whorl (pi. 28, fig. 7) have been
distributed by Garrett as striolata,. They are probably closer
to the following form and to nucleola.

PARTULA, MOOREA. 209

Another race, tangent from nucleola, is figured, pi. 27, fig.
7. The dark brown shell is profusely striped on the last l 1 /^
whorls with cream-white. The columellar denticle is small
and prominent.

P. T.ENIATA NUCLEOLA 'Pease' Garrett. PI. 29, figs. 14, 15, 16.

A small, compact, ovate-conic race. The surface is densely
and distinctly striate spirally, but little shining, corneous-
whitish, corneous-brown with wide indistinct darker and
paler streaks, yellowish-brown or chestnut brown. The short
spire is straightly conic; whorls about 4-;4> the last full be-
low, rounded or somewhat flattened on the back. The colu-
mella bears a small but rather acute tubercle in the middle,
at the lower end of the axial expansion. There is no parietal
tooth, but sometimes the very slight indication of one may
be seen.

Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 8.4 mm.

Length 16, diam. 8.2, aperture 8 mm.

Length 14, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm.

This form is probably more primitive than the typical
tceniata. It stands very close to P. filosa of Tahiti. The two
are apparently of common origin. According to Garrett,
nucleola intergrades with tccniata, yet it appears to be as
distinct as elongata is. The largest examples measure 18 x
10, apert. 9 y 2 mm. It lives in a small valley about two miles
west of Opunohu.

Partula nucleola Pease MS., GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S.
Phila. ix, 1884, p. 72 (a form of tczniata) . Partula corneola
HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 32, pi. 2, f. 6 (April
6, 1886).

Form corneola Hartman, pi. 41, figs. 15, 17. A form of
nucleola has been described as a distinct species under the
name P. corneola. It is similar to P. t. nucleola in most re-
spects. The surface is dilute 'brown with some faint whitish-
corneous streaks; surface very beautifully engraved spirally,
the lines close and somewhat waved. There are rather coarse
longitudinal ivrinkles on the back of the last whorl, readily

210 PARTULA, MOOREA.

appreciable in a basal view, as they cause the periphery to
be irregular. The lip is like that of nucleola. There is a
small nodule above the middle of the columella, and a small
but iv ell-developed callous nodule or tooth on the parietal
wall, deep within and near the columella.

Length 18, diam. 10, aperture 9 mm., whorls 5^4 (%P e )-

Length 17, diam. 9.9, aperture 9 mm. ; whorls 5^4 (A. N. S.).

Moorea (Mr. Geale).

The larger of the two shells in Dr. Hartman's collection
(no. 4242 Carnegie Museum) may be considered the type of
this 'form or race, if it be found racially separable from
nucleola. The chief difference is the possession of a parietal
tooth by corneola, which is wanting or only weakly developed
in nucleola. The back of the last whorl is also somewhat
more roughened in corneola. The smaller of the two speci-
mens mentioned in the original account of "corneola" is
identical with nucleola.

Fig. 15 represents the type; fig. 17 is a back view of an
example in coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences, showing the wrinkles
and the longitudinal streaking of the last whorl.

I suspect that P. concinna Pse. was based on a specimen
of nucleola.

P. T. ELONGATA Pease. PI. 29, figs. 1 to 7, 9 to 11.

"Shell elongate, slender, turreted, thin, transparent, shin-
ing, transversely very finely striated, somewhat roughened
longitudinally, narrowly umbilicate ; whorls 5 1 /o, flatly con-
vex, suture somew v hat impressed, very rarely marginated;
aperture oblong oval, somewhat oblique, edentate, one-half
the length of the shell ; lip evenly and somewhat roundly re-
flected. Horn color or pale rose, striped longitudinally, or
wholly straw color. Var. encircled by three chestnut bands,
more or less interrupted. " (Pease}.

"The headquarters of this arboreal species is in Vaianai
valley on the southeast coast of Moorea, where it is abundant,
associated with P. lineata (= suturalis) and P. mooreana.
It occurs, also, but in less numbers, in a valley to the west-

PARTULA, MOORE A. 211

ward, where it is found in company with lineata and tcrniata.
The same valley, which is about two miles from Vaianai, is
the limit of the range of the latter species on that part of the
island, and hybrids between it and elongata are rather com-
mon, the same as between garrettii and thalia at Raiatea. To
the eastward of Vaianai it ranges throughout the small val-
leys for a distance of several miles, as far as Oahumi, the
specific centre of strigosa." (Garrett).

Partula elongata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 196;
1867, p. 81, PI. 1, fig. 2; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.-
SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., iv, p. 72. PFEIPFER, Mon. Hel.,
viii, p. 196. GARRETT, J. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 68-
Partula lineata, CARPENTER (not of Lesson), Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1864, p. 676. Partula tcuniata HARTMAN (not of Morch),
Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 188 (part).-
P. gracilior Pease label in A. N. S., HARTMAN, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. ix, p. 183 (as syn. of gracilis) .

This form seems to intergrade perfectly with P. taeniata,
of which I would think it a subspecies, so far as I
can judge without detailed study of the colonies in the
field. However, Garrett writes "I cannot agree with Dr.
Hartman in uniting this species with tceniata. It is only
through hybrids between the two species that the inoscula-
tion takes places. Examples taken in any of the valleys
not inhabited by t&niata prove at once its distinction."

The type lot received from Pease contains three shells
measuring

Length 18.5, diam. 9, aperture 9.3 mm., 5 whorls.

Length 17.2, diam. 8.8, aperture 9.2 mm., 4% whorls.

Length 16, diam. 8.1, aperture 8.9 mm., 4% whorls.

One shell is corneous-brown with inconspicuous narrow
darker streaks, another is corneous-white with white streaks
on the last whorl, while the third (fig. 6, and A. J. Conch, iii,
pi. 1, f. 2) is dilute brown with indistinct, wide whitish
corneous streaks. All have the dense, minute spiral sculpture
of taniata and its allies. The whorls are not very convex,
last one more or less flattened below the periphery, very con-

212 PARTULA, MOOREA.

vex at base. The lip is narrowly reflexed, a little thickened
within. There is no noticeable callous nodule on the colu-
inella, and no parietal tooth.

Other lots show a wide range of variation in form and color,
apparently showing considerable local differentiation. In one
lot from G-arrett (pi. 29, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) there are several
color-forms: tawny shells with narrow browner streaks (fig.
5) ; greenish white (fig. 1) ; pale brown or whitish with 4 in-
terrupted bands (figs. 2-4). Another lot consists of yellow
or yellowish-corneous shells, very indistinctly streaked (fig.
11). Still other forms (figs. 9, 10) approach closely to typi-
cal P. tceniata, in color, having two widely separated whitish
bands on a tawny-brown ground.

21. P. ERHELII Morelet. PI. 27, figs. 15, 16.

Shell slightly umbilicate, acutely ovate, thin, diaphanous,
decussate under the lens, covered with a grayish-tawny, in
the last whorl yellow epidermis. Spire conic acute. Whorls
5, a little convex, the last longer than the spire, angular in
front. Aperture ample, very oblique, oval. Co'lumella
lightly arcuate; peristome narrowly expanded, white-lipped,
margin acute, roseate, outwardly scarlet-tinted. Length 16,
diam. 8, length of aperture 9, width 5y 2 mm. (Morelet}.

Society Is. : Moorea (Morelet).

Partula erhelii MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. iv, 1853, p.
371, pi. 12, f . 7, 8. PFR., Monogr. iv, 509 ; vi, 157.

A thin little shell, writes M. Morelet, diaphanous, finely
striate in both directions, recognizable by the obliquity of the
aperture, the plane of which is inclined backward, as well as-
by the angular shape of the last whorl. The peristome is di-
lated, reddish at the edge, thickened by a white callus which
is sharply limited towards the inside. The slightly curved
columellar margin is applied over the umbilical region so as
to almost wholly mask the opening.

Dr. Hartman referred this form to P. taniata, but the
features noticed in Morelet 's remarks, translated above,
hardly warrant such a disposition of it. The lip-color and

PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 213

the angle on the front differentiate P. erhelii from otherwise
similar known Moorean forms. M. Morelet states that it
was brought from Tahiti by M. Erhel, a young surgeon of
the marine service who died in Senegal.

3. Species of Raiatea and Tahaa.

The Partulae of these two islands are so intimately related
that they must be treated together. The separation of the
islands by a shallow lagoon about two miles wide, has evi-
dently been a quite recent event. Both islands are enclosed
in the same encircling reef.

The extrinsic relations of the Partulae are with Tahitian
forms. With the exceptions of P. turgida (no. 8) and P.
attenudta (no. 17) already described, all Raiatean species
may credibly be assumed to have descended from a single
ancestral stock which was also the common parent of the
otaheitana group. Subsequent events were as follows. (1)
Three chief branches of this stock arose : the faba group, the
dentifera group and the liebe group. (2) Each of these
stocks spread over the available area, and (3) by local differ-
entiation gave rise to numerous races, which are still doubt-
less spreading and becoming further modified. This tertiary
geographic radiation and racial differentiation was also ac-
companied by an adaptive radiation whereby several arboreal
forms gave rise to terrestrial species. As the result of these
events we find most available stations occupied by two to four
species, each representing one of the three stocks derived
from differentiation (1), and from the adaptation to terres-
trial conditions.

The comparative simplicity of the distributional conditions
indicates that the evolution cycle outlined above has not
been of great duration. By analogy with known cases, dif-
ferentiation (1) probably took place in Pliocene time.

Most Partulge known to be terrestrial are from Raiatea and
Tahaa, The terrestrial habit is no doubt a readaptation of
arboreal ancestors. The eoloration approximates to the dull
tints of ground snails.

214 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.

Group of Partula dentifera.

These arboreal snails of Raiatea and Tahaa are character-
ized by the usually light yellow color of the shell, the sum-
mit white, yellow, pink, or purple-tipped; lip white, thick-
ened within, more or less strongly toothed within the outer
lip and excised above the tooth. Columella and parietal
wall often toothed. The species are closely related to some
of the faba group.

a. Shell denuded of cuticle, openly umbilicate; aperture
rounded-oval, with two or three strong teeth.

P. callifera, no. 22.
aa. Cuticle present; aperture ovate.

b. Lip heavy, keeled on the face, with a heavy tooth
above ; no columellar or parietal teeth.

P. dentifera, no. 24.
bb. Lip thinner, its face not keeled, tooth smaller.

c. No parietal tooth, but having a columellar

tooth; umbilicate, greenish-yellow, length

23 mm. P. citrina, no. 25.

cc. Parietal tooth usually developed; nearly or

quite imperf orate; length 17 to 21 mm.

P. imperforata, no. 26.

Properly speaking, this group consists of only three species :
P. callifera of Haamoa valley, Raiatea ; P. solidula of unknown
locality, and P. dentifera, of which formosa, citrina, imper-
forata and virginea are scarcely more than subspecies, spread
over Raiatea and part of Tahaa. P. imperforata raiatensis
and virginea are apparently the least modified survivors of
the original stock.

22. P. CALLIFERA Pfeiffer. PI. 20, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, nearly smooth (under
the lens punctate-striate) , whitish. Spire a little eonvexly
conic, rather obtuse. Suture light. Whorls 5, a little con-
vex, the last a little longer than the spire, inflated. Columella
subvertical, bearing a tubercle above, folded within. Aper-
ture slightly oblique, sinuous-oblong, contracted by a deeply

PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 215

placed parietal tooth. Peristome thickened, dilated, the
margins joined by a callus, the right margin 'bearing
an oblong callus within, above the middle. Length 19,
diam. 11, aperture with peristome lli/2 mm. long, 4 wide in-
side. (Pfr.).

Raiatea: restricted to the higher portion of Haamoa val-
ley, on the east of Raiatea, where it is not uncommon on
foliage. ( Garrett) .

Partula callifera PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 333 ;

Mon. Hel., iv, p. 511. CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p.

675. PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. HARTMAN, Cat.

Part., p. 8 ; Obs. Gen. Part,, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 180.

-GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 60, pi. 3, f. 82.

Partula megastoma PEASE, MS., SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus.

Godeff., v, p. 92. Partula callistoma SCHMELTZ, 1. c., p. 207 ;

vi, p. 81.

A beautiful and very distinct species, totally lacking cuticle
in adult shells, and hence having a dull surface and cream-
white color; the early whorls generally yellow, sometimes
white. The last whorl is quite inflated, the aperture rounded-
oval, usually three-toothed: there is a strong parietal tooth,
a wider one above the middle of the outer lip, and a smaller
denticle, or sometimes only an indistinct callous nodule, on
the columella. The lip is generally thickened on the face,
which is usually carinated. The size varies from length 17,
diam. 11 mm., to length 21, diam. 12y 2 mm. Fig. 3 repre-
sents one of the specimens sent by Mr. Pease as megastoma.

23. P. SOLIDULA Reeve. PI. 20, fig. 12.

"Shell acuminately ovate, rather gibbous, compressly um-
bilicated, solid, whorls flatly convex, obliquely irregularly
striated, minutely sculptured with spiral impressed lines,
aperture auriculate, the lip and columella being broadly cal-
lously reflected ; straw-color, sometimes reddish at the apex.

"A solid subtransparent shell, having the character and
substance of P. otakeitana with the form and coloring of
P. gibba; excepting that the whorls are not crowned with

216 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.

the white sutural band which is constant in that species."
(Eve.}.

Society Islands (Mus. Cunaing).

Partula solidula RVE., Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 4, f. 22, May,
1850. ?? PPR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 269, pi. 64, f. 15, 16; pi. 65,
f. 12, 13 ; Monogr. iii, 452.

This may be identical with one of the described forms of
P. dentifera or imperforata, such as virginea, or more likely
raiatensis; but perhaps representing another race of the same
stock, not rediscovered by Mr. Garrett. Pfeiffer's figures
evidently do not apply to -exactly the same form. Hartman
expressed the idea that solidula is a large form of P. lutea.
Garrett compares solidula to compacta Pse., from which it
differs by the parietal tooth. Description and figure from
Reeve.

24. P. DENTIFERA Pfeiffer. PI. 20, figs. 4, 9.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, nearly
smooth, somewhat shining, pale straw colored. Spire conic,
the apex rather acute, suture margined. Whorls 5!/2, the
upper ones flat, the penultimate more convex, the last slightly
shorter than the spire, convex, impressed in the middle an-
teriorly. Columella subvertical, slightly folded. Aperture
slightly oblique, narrow, obversely ear-shaped. Peristome
white, strongly thickened, built forward; its margins sub-
parallel, the right margin deeply curved above, and bearing
a strong, acute, tooth-like tubercle in the middle. Length
21 1 / 4, diam. 10, aperture 11 mm. (Pfr.).

Raiatea: The specific centre of the type of this species is
in the large valley of Vairahi, on the east coast of Raiatea,
where it occurs in vast numbers on foliage in company with
the typical P. hebe. It has not spread at all to the south-
ward, but a variety occurs in an adjacent valley on the other
side. ( Garrett} .

Partula dentifera PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 85;
Mon. Hel., iii, p. 447 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 264, pi. 44, f . 14, 15.-
PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus.

PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 217

Godeff., v, p. 207. HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 8, with, woodcut;
Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 181, 183, 194
(excl. raiatensis) . GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p. 68,
pi. 3, f. 84:.Partula decorticata PEASE, MS. Coll. Pease, 1863.
Partula labiata PEASE, MS. Coll. Pease, 1863. SCHMELTZ,
Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, pp. 92, 207. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel.,
viii, p. 209.

It may be distinguished by its elongate-conical form, straw-
yellow color, rather shining surface, chink-like perforation,
and small oblong obauriform white aperture. The peristome
is ivory-ivhite, heavily calloused, the face angularly ridged,
strongly labiated within, and armed slightly above the middle
with a very prominent tooth, above which the lip is strongly
contracted, forming a conspicuous sinus. A very rare variety
occurs of a ruddy brown color, purple-black apex, and flesh-
colored peristome. Examples with a white sutural line are
not infrequent and most shells are a little paler below the
suture ; otherwise it is never ornamented with bands ; even
the most perfect specimens always have the cuticle more or
less decorticated behind the peristome, which suggested the
provisional name decorticata. The above notes, slightly modi-
fied from Garrett, apply to the typical P. dentifera from
Vairahi valley, of which P. labiata Pease (fig. 9) is an exact
synonym. In this form a parietal tooth is never developed.
The color varies commonly from straw to light greenish yellow.
The figured shell (fig. 9) measures, length 21, diam. 11, aper-
ture 12 mm. but it is sometimes as small as 19 mm. long.

Garrett states that north of Vairahi valley, P. dentifera
; 'has migrated into a small adjacent valley, where it is much
less abundant, and differs from the type in about half of the
specimens having a prominent parietal tooth (which is al-
ways absent in examples inhabiting Vairahi) ; otherwise the
shells are not dissimilar. ' ' Examples of this dentate race are
figured pi. 20, figs. 7, 8. It certainly approaches close to
P. imperforata raiatensis.

P. dentifera is never banded, and the apex, though often
yellow, is never rose-colored, as it often is in P. imperforata.

218 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.

24a. P. D. FORMOSA 'Pease' Garrett. PI. 20, figs. 5, 6.

"Shell large, imperf orated, solid, elongate-ovate, striated,
shining, pale yellowish white, straw-yellow or fulvous; spire
conical, with nearly flat outlines, spirally striated with fine,
crowded, incised lines, half the length of the shell, and fre-
quently tinged with rose-red ; suture slightly impressed, mar-
gined with a rugose, white line ; whorls five and a half, flat-
tened, the last one large, convex ; aperture oblong, subvertical,
obaurif orm ; peristome white, rather widely expanded, decliv-
ous, external margin angularly ridged, inner margin strongly
labiated, acutely dentate, and contracted above the denticle;
parietal region thinly glazed, edentate ; columellar lip closely
appressed over the umbilical region. Length 25, diam. 13
mm. (Garrett).

The metropolis of this very distinct species is in Fatimu,
or on the southwest part of Raiatea. It occurs in vast num-
bers on bushes on the lowlands near the seashore, becoming
more scarce inland, where it is found associated with P.
hebe, var. bella. It ranges north as far as Vaiau valley, be-
coming less and less abundant as the distance increases from
its specific centre. (Garrett).

Partula formosa PEASE in coll. HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 8 ;
Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 182, 191 (no
description). GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p.
60, pi. 3, f. 49.

"Its large size, edentate parietal region, sharp labial tooth
and closed umbilicus will readily distinguish it. It is never
ornamented with bands. ' ' The columella is slightly sinuous,
but has no distinct tooth or nodule such as is present in
P. imperf orata. It differs from P. dentifera by its larger
size and, imperforate axis and in its distribution. Fig. 5
represents Garrett 's type specimen, no. 59453 A. N. S. P.
Others received from him are smaller, length 22, diam. 11.5
mm., and length 21.5, diam. 12.5 mm.

25. P. CITRINA Pease. PI. 20, figs. 10, 11.

The shell is narrowly perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid,

PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 219

straw-colored with faintly darker or greenish streaks, the
spire paler or whitish, apex yellow or reddish tinted. Whorls
5y 2 , 'but slightly convex, separated by a minutely roughened,
white-edged suture ; last whorl paler or white behind the outer
lip. Aperture somewhat oblique, auriform, the lip well ex-
panded, white, flattened or sloping inward, having a rather
strong callous ledge within, which terminates upward in a
wide tubercle, above which it is narrow and excavated. Colu-
mella vertical, very little dilated at the insertion, where it
is somewhat guttered, an oblong callous nodule below the
gutter. Parietal callus thin and transparent, not toothed.
Length 23, diam. 12.5 mm.

Raiatea : ' ' restricted to a single valley called Uparu, on the
west coast of Raiatea; arboreal. I found it abundant in a
limited area in the upper portion of the valley. A few
stragglers occurred lower down in company with faba and
garrettii. ' ' ( Garrett ) .

Partula citrina PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 195;
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff.,
vi, p. 81. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 200. GARRETT, Journ.
A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 64, pi. 3, f. 52. Partula faba
var. CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675. HARTMAN,
Cat. Part., p. 6; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., ix,
pp. 180, 195.

This species stands very close to P. dentifera and P. im-
perforata. It differs from dentifera by the flattened or in-
wardly sloping lip, which is not keeled on the face, by the
less prominent tubercle within the outer lip, and by the more
emphatic nodule on the columella. Compared with P. im-
perforata, it differs by the absence of a parietal tooth, the
usually lighter color, larger size and slightly open umbilicus,
all being inconstant characters. Garrett writes as follows:
"Though considered by some authors to be a variety of P.
faba, I am, nevertheless, fully convinced of its specific value.
When I first discovered it in 1861, I took but few examples,
in consequence of not penetrating far enough into the valley
to find its headquarters. A more extended research in 1873

220 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.

revealed its specific centre, and I took about eight hundred
specimens in various stages of growth, and many of the adults
were in a gravid condition.

"It has been suggested that it may be a hybrid be-
tween faba and some other species, I only noticed
faba and garrettii in the lower part of the valley, and not in
the upper portion, which is the principal haunt of citrina.
Its uniform straw-yellow -color, more slender form, smaller
perforation, more reflected columella, and more decided labial
tooth, and profounder emargination, will distinguish it from
the very variable faba.

"My largest examples are 25 mill, in length and 12 in dia-
meter. It is always of a straw-yellow color, rarely with faint
longitudinal darker strigations, and is either lemon-yellow
or light red at the apex. It is never spirally banded, and
the parietal wall is invariably edentate. The oblong white
aperture is, including the peristome, half the length of the
shell. The ivory-white lip is broadly expanded, planulate,
declivous, strongly labiated, slightly dentate and distinctly
emarginate above. The slightly gibbous columella is re-
flected over the small compressed perforation."

26. P. IMPERFORATA 'Pease' Garrett. PI. 20, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell imperforated or very narrowly compressly umbili-
cated, solid, oblong- conic, somewhat shining, with rather
smooth, irregular, incremental strige and closely set delicate
spiral incised lines, which are more or less evanescent on the
body-whorl. Color, pale straw-yellow, luteous, or fulvous,
often with a brownish apex. Spire conical, with subplanulate
outlines, about half the length of the shell ; suture sometimes
margined by a rugose white line ; whorls 5-5 y 2 , flatly convex,
the last one convex, or convexly rounded. Aperture sub-
vertical, oblong, obaurif orm, white, sides nearly parallel ;
parietal wall with a more or less developed tubercular tooth;
peristome white, thick, moderately expanded, its face con-
cave, heavily labiated within, strongly contracted above, form-
ing a rather profound sinus, and generally subdentate next
to the emargination; eolumellar lip subnodose.

PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 221

Length 21, diam. 12 mm.

Var. a. Uniform chestnut-brown ; rare.

Var. &. Base and sutural band chestnut-brown; somewhat
rare.

Var. c. With a broad, median, chestnut-brown band ; rather
rare.

This species is restricted to Toloa and Hapai valleys on
the west coast of Baiatea, where it is abundant on foliage
(Garrett).

Partula imperforata Pease MS., GARRETT, Journ. Acad. Nat,
Sci. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 54, pi. 3, f. 53. Partula raiatensis
GARRETT (as var. of imperforata), t. c. pp. 54, 55. Partula
recta Pease MSS., 1863, not P. recta Pease, 1868.

"Like all the species, they differ some in size, shape, and
some have the spire more abbreviated than others. The type,
which inhabits Hapai valley, is nearly always imperforated
and may be distinguished from the imperforate formosa by
its smaller size, gibbous columella and parietal tooth. Car-
penter confused it with dentifera, an allied species confined
to the opposite side of the island" (Garrett).

Garrett 's description, slightly modified, is given above.
His figured cotype and two others of the same lot are