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IS

FLORULA BOSTONIBNSIS.

COLLECTION

PLANTS OF BOSTON

AND

ITS VICINITY,

WITH THEIR

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERS, PRINCIPAL SYNONYMS, DESCRIP-
TIONS, PLACES OF GROWTH, AND TIME OF FLOWERING,

AND

ccamoual

BY JACOB BIGELOW, M. D.

Professor in Harvard University. Member of the Liiinxau Societies of

London and Paris.

SECOND EDITION GREATLY ENLARGED.

TO WHICH IS ADDED

A GLOSSARY OF THE BOTANICAL TERMS

EMPLOYED IN THE WORK.

BOSTON :

PUBLISHED BY CUMMINGS, BILLIARD, tv (

University Press Milliard & Metcalf.
1824.

DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, to wit:

, District Clerk's Office.

RE IT REMEMBERED, that on the twenty-eighth day of June A. D. 1824, in the forty-
eighth year of the Independence of the United States of America, Cummings, Milliard,
& Co. of the said district have deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof
they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit :

" Florula Bostoniensis : A Collection of Plants of Boston and its vicinity, with their
generic and specific characters, principal synonyms, descriptions, places of growth, and time
of flowering, and occasional remarks. By Jacob Bigelow, M. p. Professor in Harvard
Univertity. Member of the Linnsean Societies of 'London and Paris. Second edition greatly
enlarged. To which is added a Glossary of the betanical terms employed in the work."

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An act for the
encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors
and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an
act, entitled " An act supplementary loan act, entitled 'An act for the encouragement of
Irarning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors
of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;' and extending the benefits thereof to
the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints."

JOHN W. DAVIS,
Clerk of the District of Massachusetts.

9/7 /

PREFACE

TO THE SECOND EDITION.

THE first edition of the Florula Bostonicnsis was publish-
ed in 1814, for the use of a botanical class in this city. It
was intended to contain intelligible descriptions of the more
common and interesting plants found within a circuit of about
ten miles around Boston. Its publication was at that time
rendered necessary by the great deficiency of books relating
to American plants, and by the difficulty of obtaining foreign
works of a character suited to supply this deficiency. Similar
causes afterwards led me, in conjunction with my friend, Dr.
Francis Boott, to begin the collection of materials for a Flora
of the New England states. In the pursuit of this object we
performed several botanical tours, both on the sea coast and
in various parts of the interior. The most remarkable moun-
tains of New-Hampshire and Vermont, which, from their po-
sition and elevation, afford a different vegetation from other
parts of the United States, were visited by us, and some pro-
gress was made in the proposed undertaking. The design,
however, was subsequently relinquished, having been render-
ed more difficult by other engagements, while it became less
necessary, in consequence of the appearance of various Ame-
rican botanical works. The publications of Muhlenberg,
Pursh, Elliott, Nuttall, Eaton and Torrey, with other works
of a more limited character, have certainly contributed much
to fill the void which existed in American botany ten years ago.

4 PREFACE.

The materials formerly collected towards a Flora of New
England not having been published, and the first edition of
the Florida Bostoniensis having been long out of print, I have
been repeatedly desired by the publishers of the latter work
to prepare an enlarged edition for the press. The nature of
my occupations, however, has prevented me from giving the
requisite attention to this object, until the present period.
Perhaps the value of the work will not be diminished by this
delay.

The edition now offered to the public contains about twice
the number of plants which were included in the first edition.
Many of the former descriptions have been enlarged or
amended from reexaminations of living plants, and many have
been written out anew. Although the work more immediate-
ly applies to Boston and its environs, yet I have inserted in
this edition all such plants as I have formerly collected and
described in any part of the New-England states. For the
convenience of students a Glossary, explanatory of the techni-
cal terms used in the work, is added to this edition.

I have in general preferred to retain the older names of
genera, especially such as were in the first edition of this
work, introducing as subgenera the divisions of later botanists,
together with some others, to which future distributors will, no
doubt, give names. It is vain to attempt keeping pace with the
continually shifting nomenclature of plants; and it may justly
be questioned whether the benefit which results from making
generic distinctions more precise, is not more than counter- -
balanced by the load of synonyms which it brings with it,
and the discouraging necessity which it imposes on students
of the science, to unlearn continually what they have ac-
quired.

The field of vegetation, which has already been explored,
is so vast, that an universal botanist is a character now un-
known. The most useful and satisfactory pursuit of the sci-
ence, for persons with common advantages, will be found in
attention to the native plants of a limited district. Even the
Flora of the United States is now too extensive to come easily

PREFACE.

within the grasp of an individual ; and that of any consider-
able section of our territory may furnish full occupation for
years. To students of the present volume who may wish to
extend the sphere of their inquiries ; I have great pleasure in
recommending the Flora of the Middle and Northern sections
of the United States, by Dr. Torrey of New- York, now in the
course of publication. The accuracy and constancy of pur-
suit manifested by this gentleman entitle him to all praise
from those who appreciate the amount of perseverance neces-
sary to accomplish labours of this sort.
Boston, June, 1824.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Ait. Alton. Mich.f. Michaux the younger.

Curt. Curtis. Mill. Miller.

Desf. Desfontaines. Muhl. Muhlenburg.

Ell. Elliott. Awtt. Nuttall.

Erh. Ehrhart. Pers. Persoon.

Fral. Froslich. Ph Pursh.

Gcert. Gaertner. Poir. Poiret.

Gron. Gronovius. Reich. Reichard.

Huds. Hudson. Sm. Smith.

L. Linnaeus. Sw. Swartz.

Lam. Lamarck. Tor. Torrey.

Lamb. Lambert. Walt. Walter.

VHer. FHeritier. Wang. Wangenheim.

Mich. MX. Michaux. Willd. Willdenow.

Sub. syn. Under the synonym.

Mr. Abridged.

M. t. The terms being changed.

BOSTONIENSIS

Class I. MONANDRIA. One Stamen.

Order I. MOXOGYNL4. One style.

1. SALICORNIA. Calyx inflated, entire ; petals
none ; stamens one or two ; seed one, inclosed in the
calyx.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles.

2. CALLITRICHE. Calyx none; petals two ; seeds
four, compressed, naked, with a margin on one side;
flowers sometimes monoecious.

3. BLITUM. Calyx three cleft; petals none; seed
one covered with the berried calyx,

MONANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

I. SALICORNIA.

SALICORNIA HERBACEA. Common Samphire, or Pigeons foot.

Herbaceous, spreading; joints compressed at the
top, truncated ; spikes linear with obtuse scales.

Stem erect, leafless, somewhat four-sided, the joints widened
at top and truncated, not emarginate. Branches numerous, com-
pound or decompound, sometimes double. Spikes lateral and
terminal, linear, from twelve to twenty times longer than they
1

2 Class I. Order II.

are wide in fruit. Scales rather obtuse with a slight membranous
border. Flowers three on each side, the highest being largest. :
Salt marshes. August. Annual.

At the latter end of the season the lower part of the stem
shrinks and becomes woody ; the plant however is strictly an-
nual.

This plant agrees exactly with specimens from England and
the continent of Europe. It is however more branched and
slender than the engravings usually published of the European
plant.

*SALICORNIA MUCRONATA. Dwarf Samphire.

S. humilis, herbacea articulis inferne tetrago-
nis, superne compfessis, truncatis spiculis oblon-
gisj squamis mucronatis.

Low, herbaceous ; joints quadrangular at bottom,
compressed and truncated at top ; spikes oblong with
mucronated scales.

Stem erect, leafless, the joints quadrangular at bottom, widen-
ed and entire, not emarginate at top. Branches few, compound,
in small plants simple. Spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, four
or five times as long as they are wide when in fruit. Scales
very acute or mucronate with a slight membranous border. Salt
marshes. August. Annual.

This plant is less than half the height of the preceding, but
thicker in all its parts, and always distinguishable at sight
Spikes very thick, with remarkably acute scales. It is wholly
unlike S. ambigua MX. of which I have southern specimens
with slender branches and spikes and obtuse scales.

Different species of Salicornia are among the maritime plant*
employed in the manufacture of sod:). They are used at table
as pickles.

BIGYNM.
2. CALLITRICHE.

CALLITRICHE AQUATICA. Sm. Water starwort^

Stem floating; upper leaves spatulate, obovate.

Class II. Order I, 8

Synonym- CALLITRICHE VERNA. L.

The stem is filiform, floating-, and composed of a double tube.
The leaves are small, opposite, inversely ovate or wedge-shap-
ed, rounded at the end, (not acute as in the European ;) the upper
ones forming- star-like tufts on the ends of the stem. Flowers
minute, axillary, solitary, sessile. It grows in fresh water, sup-
ported by its floating upper leaves ; flowering above, but ripen-
ing its seeds under water. Found in Roxbury. Annual.

3. BLITUM.

BLITUM CAPITATUM. Strawberry Blite.

Leaves triangular-hastate ; heads alternate, form-
ing a terminal leafless spike.

A weed in cultivated grounds, with a fruit resembling some of
the esculent, compound berries, but unpleasant. June. Annual.

Class II. DIANDRIA. Two stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.
A. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, regular.

4. LIGU STRUM. Corolla four cleft ; berry two
celled, four seeded.

B. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular, fruit capsular.

5. VERONICA. Calyx four parted ; corolla four
cleft ; rotate, the lowest division narrow ; capsule
superior, two celled ; obcordate.

6. LEPTANDRA. Calyx five parted ; corolla tubu-
lar eampanulate ; stamens much exserted ; capsule
ovate, acuminate.

7. GR ATI OLA. Corolla resupinate, four cleft, two
lipped ; calyx mostly seven leaved ; stamens four,
two of them barren ; capsule two celled.

4 Class II. Order I.

8. LINDERNIA. Calyx five parted ; corolla resu-
pinate, upper lip reflected ; filaments four, the two
longer ones forked and barren ; capsule two celled.

9. UTRICULARIA. Corolla ringent, spurred ; ca-
lyx two leaved ; capsule one celled.

C. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular : seeds nuked.

10. LYCOPUS. Corolla four cleft, nearly equal, ona
of the divisions notched ; stamens distant ; seeds four.

11. MONARDA. Corolla ringent ; upper lip linear,
involving the filaments ; seeds four.

12. C UNI LA. Corolla ringent ; upper lip flat ;
stamens four, two of them barren ; seeds four.

13. COLLINSONIA. Corolla somewhat ringent ;
lower lip many cleft, capillary ; seed one.

D. Flowers superior.

14. CIRCLE A. Calyx two leaved ; corolla two
petalled ; petals inversely heart shaped ; capsule two
celled ; cells one seeded.

DIANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.
4. LIGUSTRUM.

LIGUSTRUM VULGARE. L. Privet or Prim.

Leaves lanceolate, acute ; panicle crowded.

An ornamental shrub with smooth, opposite, spear shaped
leaves, thickening at the ends of the branches. Remarkable in
summer for its panicles of small white flowers, and in autumn
for its conical bunches of black berries. Frequent in woods and
near fences, particularly in Roxbury. May, June.

Class II. Order I. 5

5. VERONICA.

VERONICA OFFICINALIS. Common Speedwell.

Spike lateral ; leaves broad ovate or oval, hairy ;
stem procumbent ; capsule deeply obcordate.

Stem branching, spreading ; leaves opposite, rough ; flowers
pale blue, veined. Woods and fields. May, July. Perennial.

All the species here mentioned are common to Europe, and
probably most of them introduced.

VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA. L. Smooth Speedwell.

Raceme terminal, somewhat spiked ; leaves ovate
somewhat crenate, three nerved, glabrous; capsules
obcordate, shorter than the styles.

A small plant, hardly distinguishable among the grass except
when in flower. Stem decumbent, rooting at the base ; leaves
opposite, roundish ovate ; flowers bluish white with violet stripes ;
capsules inversely heart shaped. Pastures and road sides.
May, June. Perennial.

VERONICA SCUTELLATA. L. JMarsh Speedwell

Racemes lateral, alternate ; partial flower stalks
divaricated ; leaves linear, slightly indented.

Stem weak, leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate slightly toothed ;
racemes axillary, consisting of a few small flowers of a pale flesh
colour with purplish stripes. Stalks of the fruit bent backward.
Found very common in wet places, varying in size according to
the quantity of water, flowering all summer. Perennial.

VERONICA ANAGALLIS. L. Water Speedwell.

Racemes opposite, leaves lanceolate serrate, stem
erect.

Stem somewhat quadrandgular ; racemes many flowered, with
short petioles ; flowers purplish. The leaves sometimes ap-
proach to ovate. In ditches all summer. Perennial.

VERONICA BECCABUNGA. L. Brooklime.

Racemes opposite ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, sub-
serrate, glabrous ; stem procumbent, rooting at base.

8 Class II. Order I.

A fleshy, succulent species with blue flowers. Ditches and
brooks. June, July. Perennial.

VERONICA AGRESTIS. _L. Procumbent Speedwell.

Flowers axillary ; leaves petioled, heart-ovate, cut-
serrate, shorter than the peduncles ; stem procum-
bent.

Stem branched ; lower leaves opposite, the rest alternate ; flow-
ers bluish white, striated. Roads and fields. May, July. Annual.

VERONICA ARVENSIS. Lt. Small Speedwell.

Flowers axillary ; leaves heart-ovate, serrate, the
lower ones petioled ; floral leaves lanceolate, longer
than the peduncles.

A pubescent plant, rather smaller than the foregoing. Corol-
Ja pale blue, shorter than the calyx. May, June. Annual.

C. LEPTANDRA.

LEPTANDRA VIRGINICA. Nutt. Leptandra.

Stem erect, smooth ; leaves in whorls of from four
to six ; spikes terminal.

Syn. VEROXICA VIRGIXIICA. L.

A tall plant with white spikes and verticillate leaves. Stem
erect, five feet high, smooth. Leaves whorled, lanceolate, un-
cinately serrate, pubescent beneath. Spikes axillary and termi-
nal, of two or three hundred flowers, which are nearly sessile,
with acute bractes. Calyx of five acute leaves, three of them
external. Corolla white, tubular with four cordate acute seg
ments, villous inside. Stamens twice as long as the corolla, with
hairy filaments. Connecticut. July. Perennial.

7. GRATIOLA.
GRATIOLA AUREA. Muhl. Hedge Hyssop.

Smooth ; leaves linear-oblong, with few teeth,
half clasping ; sterile filaments minute.

Syn. GRATIOLA OFFICINALIS. Mich.

Stem smooth, upright or ascending at base, half a foot high.
Leaves opposite, sessile, somewhat clasping, smooth, dotted un-

Class II. Order I. 7

tier a magnifier, oblong-lanceolate, with a slight tooth or two on
each side toward the end. Peduncles axillary, alternate, slen-
der. Calyx leaves seven, linear-lanceolate, two of them exter-
nal, perhaps more properly bractes. Corolla irregular, yellow,
its tube curved, and hairy within. Filaments four, inserted in
the sides of the corolla, the two sterile ones minute. Style
long, persistent. Borders of ponds and muddy places. Sep-
tember.

8. LINDERNIA.

LINDERNIA PYXIDARIA. Pursh. Common Ltindemia.

Smooth ; leaves oblong ovate, obsoletely toothed,
sessile ; peduncles axillary, one flowered ; corolla
twice as long as the calyx ; capsule shorter than the
calyx.

Syn. GRATIQLA ANAGALLIDEA. MX.
LINDERNIA DILATATA. Muhl.

Stem square, smooth. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, ovate,
hardly toothed. Peduncles axillary. Calyx leaves five, linear,
acute Corolla pale blue, the upper lip very short, the lower
of three deflexed roundish lobes. Capsule oblong, acute.

It is a small annual plant, variable in habit, found in damp rich
soils, flowering in the latter part of summer.

9. UTRICULARIA.

UTRCULARIA VULGARIS. L. Bladder wort.

Floating ; nectary conical ; scape with few flowers.

An aquatic plant, appearing above water only with its stalk
and flowers. The roots are slightly fixed to the mud at bottom,
the rest of the plant floats in the water by means of numerous
small air bladders attached to its immersed portions. Stem and
peduncles round, shining. Bractes ovate, scarious. Calyx of
two ovate concave leafets, the lower one widest and sometimes
bifid. Corolla yellow, personate, the upper lip irregularly ovate,
the lower with a projecting palate veined with brown. Spur
of the nectary striated with parallel angular lines, curved up-
ward, as long as the lower lip, acute, sometimes emarginate.
Stamens two attached to the upper lip near its insertion, short,

^ Class II. Order I.

incurved. Germ globular, style clavate, stigma concave, mem-
branous, incurved against an opposite tooth.

This is exactly the U. vulgaris of Europe by Sowerby's figure.
The horn is sometimes acute and emarginate in the same plant,
and sometimes furnished with lateral teeth. Ditches and stag-
nant waters. June, July. Perennial.

UTRICULARIA CORNUTA. MX. Horned Utricularia.

Scape rooting, erect, slender, rigid ; flowers two
or three, subsessile ; lower lip of the corolla very
wide, three lobed ; spur porrected, very acute.

A terrestrial species, never Heating. Scape erect, straight, fili-
form, round, smooth, leafless ; furnished with ovate, acute, ap-
pressed scales. Flowers two or three, at the top on very short
peduncles, yellow, issuing from between three acute bractes of
which one is larger and ovate, the two others linear. Calyx of
two leaves which ars ovate, acute, and j^ellowish. Upper lip
of the corolla reflexed, roundish, yellow; lower lip much larger,
inflated, emarginate, with a small projecting terminal lobe. L Spur
as long as the upper lip, rigid, acute, slightly curved.

Wet grounds, Sandwich, Chelmsford, &c. Sometimes so
abundant as to give the ground a yellow appearance at a dis-
tance

UTRICULARIA INFLATA. Walt. Whorled bladder wort.

Floating, leaves whorled, inflated ; pinnatifid at
the extremity.

Syn. UfRICULARIA CERAfOPHTLLA. MX.

Stem slender, with vesicular roots or fibres. At the surface
of the water is a single whorl of about six oblong inflated leaves,
branched at the extremity. Flowers three or four on a stem
pedunculated, with sheathing bractes, yellow. Upper lip round-
ish, mostly entire. Lower lip three lobed, its inflated portion
small. Spur short, compressed, obtuse, appressed to the corolla,
three striate, emarginate. Ponds, Charlestown. August.

UTRICULARIA PURPUREA. Walt. Purple bladder wort.

Floating ; scapes mostly one flowered ; spur flat-
tened, appressed to the lower lip and half its length.

Class II. Order I. 9

Bractes sheathing. Calyx obtuse, gibbous. Flowers purple,
yellow inside. Upper lip entire, lower lip much inflated, three
lobed, its middle lobe pressed upward by the spur, which is
short, greenish, obtuse, and bending upward, compressed trans-
versely, notcarinate, and shorter than the upper lip. Sent from
Danvers by Dr. Nichols. August.

10. LYCOPUS.
LYCOPUS EUROP.EUS. L. Water horehound.

Lower leaves cut, upper leaves lanceolate, serrate ;
calyx acuminate-prickly.

Stem square ; leaves opposite, lower ones deeply, upper ones
more slightly toothed. Flowers in whorls. This plant, as Dr.
Smith observes, resembles the mints, but has no aromatic smell.
Wet ground, flowering all summer. Perennial.
LYCOPUS VIRGINICUS. L. Virginian Water horehound, Bu-
gle, weed.

Leaves broad lanceolate, serrate, narrowed at base ;
calyx shorter than the seed, not prickly.

Stem obtusely quadrangular. Leaves opposite, smooth, vari-
ously toothed. Flowers in small whorls, the calyx short and un-
armed. Between this and the preceding there are all interme-
diate varieties. Wet grounds. July, August. Perennial.

This plant has had much popular reputation as a temporary
remedy in haemoptysis, a disease which it is more easy to arrest
for a time, than to prevent permanently.

11. MONARDA.

MONARDA ALLOPHYLLA. Mich. Soft Monttrdtt.

Leaves oblong, sharply serrate ; head terminal ;
calyx bearded at the edge ; corollas slender, elongated.

Syil. JWdNARDA OBLONGATA. Jlit.

Stem* square, commonly purple or spotted, two feet high ;
leaves soft and downy, dotted under a magnifier, rounded at base,
serrate on the sides, entire towards the point. Petioles and
smaller branches downy. Bractes and calyxes ciliate. Flowers,
in terminal heads, blue or flesh coloured. Corolla downy, upper

o

10 Class II. Order I.

lip linear, lower lip with two lateral lobes and a linear middle
segment. Style longer than the stamens; stigma bifid. Chelsea
beach island. Waltham. July, August. Perennial. The taste
of the whole plant resembles that of thyme.

A second variety has deep purple flowers and bractes of the
same colour ; leaves a little more villous. This appears to be
the M. Kalmiana of Pur&h. I am inclined with Michaux to con-
sider m;my of the supposed species as mere varieties.

12. CUNILA.

Subgenus HEDEOMA. Calyx gibbous at base -fertile stamens as
long as the corolla.

CUNILA PULEGIOIDES. Pennyroyal.

Leaves oblong, few toothed ; flowers whorled.

%. HEDEOMA PULEGIOIOFS. Pers.

A well known pungent and strong scented plant. Leaves op-
posite ; lanceolate-oval, with a few teeth on each side. Flowers
in numerous whorls ; calyxes with the upper lip ending in three
points, the lower in two bristles.

This plant, having found its way into England, was described
as a new species of mint, under the name of mentha exigua, until
Dr. Smith detected the error.

In dry grounds. July, August. Annual.

13. COLL1NSONIA.

COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS. Horse weed.

Leaves heart-ovate ; stem smooth ; teeth of the
calyx subulate, shorter than the tube.

Plant three or four feet high. Stem smooth, furrowed on four
sides, slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, very large, serrate
and acuminate, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper pair
sessile. Panicle terminal, its branches opposite. Flowers dull
yellow ; lower lip of the corolla fringed. Stamens distant, slen-
der, very long. Style very long, dark purple ; stigma bitid.
Roxbury, road side. July, August. Perennial.

Class III. Order I. 11

14. CIRCJSA.
CIRCJEA LUTETIANA. L. Enchanter's nightshade.

Stem erect ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed, opaque,
pubescent.

Syn. CIRCAEA CANADENSIS. MM.

Stem round ; leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal racemes ;
petals inversely heart shaped, reddish white ; capsules roundish,
covered with minute hooks ; stalks of the capsules bent hack-
ward. Moist woods, particularly on Chelsea beach island. June,
July. Perennial.

CIRC^A ALPINA. L. Jilpine enchanter's nightshade.

Stem branched ; leaves broad-heart shaped, mem-
branous, toothed.

A smaller and more humble plant than the preceding-, with
very distinct heart shaped leaves. Capsules reflexcd. pubescent.
In old woods. July. Perennial.

Class III. TRIANDRIA. Three stamens.

Order]. MONOGYNIA. One style.

A. Flower's superior.

15. IRIS. Corolla six parted, the divisions alter-
nately reflected ; stigmas petal form.

B. Flowers inferior.

16. XYRIS. Corolla three petalled ; calyx two
valved ; capsule three celled.

C. Flowers grassy.

17. SCHCENUS. Corolla none ; calyx of fascicled,
chaffy scales ; seed one, roundish.

12 Class III. Order II.

18. CYPERUS. Corolla none ; calyx of chaffy
scales imbricate two ways ; seed mostly naked.

19. SCIRPUS. Corolla none; calyx of chaffy
scales imbricate every way ; seed mostly naked.

20. ERIOPHORUM. Corolla none ; calyx of im-
bricate scales ; seed invested with long woolly hair.

21. SPARTINA. Calyx two valved, compressed,
one valve larger, longer, and carinated ; corolla two
valved.

22. ORYZOPSIS. Calyx two valved, the valves
obovate, one flowered ; corolla two valved, the outer
one awned ; nectary two leaved.

Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles..
A. Flowers scattered^ one in each calyx.

23. M ILIUM. Calyx t\vo valved, the valves ven-
tricose, nearly equal ; corolla two valved, mostly
shorter than the calyx.

24. ALOPECURUS. Calyx two valved, one flow-
ered ; corolla one valved ; flowers spiked.

25. TRICHODIUM. Calyx two valved, one flow-
ered ; corolla one valved, awnless ; flowers panicled.

26. MUHLENBERGIA. Calyx minute, one valved;
corolla two valved, hairy at base, outer valved awn-
cd at the tip.

27. ANTHOXANTHU-M. Calyx two valved ; corol-
la two valved, acuminate, awned"; stamens two.

28. PHLEUM. Calyx two valved, one flowered,
sessile, linear, truncate, ending in a point, inclosing,
and longer than the corolla.

29. AGROSTIS. Calyx two valved, one flower-

Class III. Order II.

cd ; the valves acute ; corolla two valved, unequal,
larger than the calyx.

30. CINNA. Calyx two valved, one flowered ;
corolla linear, naked at base ; stamen one.

31. LEERS i A. Calyx none ; corolla two valved,
closed.

32. PHALARIS. Calyx two valved, the valves
carinate, equal ; corolla two valved, included, hairy
at base. Rudiments resembling valves.

33. ARISTIDA. Calyx two valved, corolla one
valved with three terminal awns.

34. STIPA. Calyx two valved ; corolla two valv-
ed, the valves involute, truncate ; awn terminal, very
long, twisted at base.

B. Flowers more than one in each calyx.

35. AIRA. Calyx two valved, two or three flow-
ered without the rudiment of an additional flower ;
corolla two valved.

36. UNIOLA. Calyx many valved; spikelet ovate,
carinate.

37. DACTYLIS. Calyx of two valves, many flow-
ered, one of the valves larger, longer, compressed,
carinate.

38. AVENA. Calyx two valved, many flowered,
with a twisted awn on the back.

39. POA. Calyx tw T o valved ; spikelet rounded
at the base ; corolla two valved, the valves ovate,
somewhat acute, awnless.

40. BRIZA. Calyx tAvo valved; corolla inflated,
its valves heart-shaped, mostly obtuse.

41. FESTUCA. Calyx two valved; spikelet ob-
long, roundish, with pointed glumes.

14 Class III. Order III.

42. BROMUS. Calyx two valved ; spikelet ob-
long, roundish, two ranked ; awn from below the
top of the valves.

43. ARUNDO. Calyx two valved ; corolla woolly
at the base, awnless.

C. Flowers polygamous.

44. PANICUM. Calyx of two very unequal valves,
containing two flowers, the outer one barren ; corol-
la cartilaginous, investing the seed.

45. ANDROPOGON. Flowers double ; one pedi-
celled, barren ; the other sessile, containing two flo-
rets, one barren, the other perfect, its corolla fur-
nished with a twisted awn.

46. HOLCUS. Calyx two valved, two or three
flowered ; corolla two valved, barren floret mostly
awned.

D. Flowers spiked on a long slender receptacle.

47. LOLIUM. Calyx one valved, many flowered.

48. TRITICUM. Calyx two valved, many flow-
ered.

49. ELYMUS. Involucre four leaved, two flow-
ered ; flowers compound.

50. HORDEUM. Involucre six leaved, three flow-
ered ; flowers simple.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles.
A. Flowers inferior.

51. LECHEA. Corolla three petalled ; calyx three
leaved ; capsule three celled, three valved.

52. MOLLUGO. Corolla none ; calyx five leaved :
capsule three celled.

Class III. Order III. 15

B. Flowers superior.

53. PROSERPINACA. Corolla none ; calyx three
parted ; seed one, three celled.

TRIANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

15. IRIS.
IRIS VERSICOLOR. L. Blue Flag.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xvi.

Leaves ensiform, stem acute on one side, capsules
oblong, three sided, with obtuse angles.

Syn. IRIS VIRGIXICA. \st edit.

The most common and shewy ornament of our meadows in the
early part of summer. The root is fleshy, horizontal, sending
down a multitude of fibres. Stem two or three feet high, round
on one side, acute on the other, frequently branched, and bear-
ing from two to six flowers. Leaves sword shaped, striated,
sheathing at base. Bractes becoming scarious. Peduncles of
various length, flattened on the inside. Germ three cornered,
with flat sides and obtuse angles. Outer petals of the flower
spatulate, beardless, the border purple, the claw variegated with
green, yellow, and white, and veined with purple. Inner petals
erect, varying in shape from spatulate to lanceolate, usually
paler than the outer, entire or emarginate. Style short, con-
cealed ; stigmas three, petal-form, purple or violet, resting on
the outer petals, their extremities hiiid, crenate, and more or
less reflexed ; their lower lip short. Stamens concealed under
the stigmas with oblong-linear anthers. Capsule three celled,
three valved ; when ripe, oblong, turgid, three sided, with
roundish angles. Seeds numerous, flat.

Borders of s\va>ni>* and wet meadows. June. Perennial.
The root is a violent emetic.

16 Class III. Order III.

The Iris Virginica of Linnaeus, characterized by an ancipital
stem and ensiform leaves, is probably identical with this species.
IRIS PRISMATICA. Pursh. Boston Iris.

Iris imberbis ; foliis linearibus ; caule tereti,
plurifloro ; germinibus trigonis, lateribus trisulcis.

Flowers beardless ; leaves linear ; stem round,
many flowered ; germs triangular, twice grooved on
the sides.

Syn. IRIS GRACILIS. 1st edit.
IRIS VIRGINICA. Torrey.

This plant was first described by me in the former edition of
this work under the name of I. gracilis. Two years afterwards
Mr. Pursh gave it the name of I. prismatica, which name I am
willing to adopt, the other having 1 since been bestowed on an
African plant. When I sent it to the late Dr. Muhlenberg, he
at first pronounced it I. Virginica, but afterwards agreed that it
was new. Having a round stem and linear leaves, it certainly
wants the Linnaean characteristics of I. Virginica. Its best dis-
tinctive character is the doubly grooved germ, which Pursh has
overlooked.

Root fleshy, sending out short runners from which new plants
arise ; stem round, smooth, slender, from one to two feet high,
branching at top, bearing several alternate leave?, and from two
to eight flowers. Leaves linear, erect, sheathing at their base.
Bractes or involucres close, becoming dry. Peduncles flattened
on the inside, varying in their proportions to the bractes, but
commonly longer. Outer petals slender, spreading, purple at
the edge, yellow and veined in the middle, the yellow portion
much greater than in the last species. Inner petals lanceolate,
slightly emarginate. Germs oblong, three sided ; sides with
two deep parallel grooves, the whole representing a cylinder
with three smaller ones attached to its sides. As the germ en-
larges, the distance between the two furrows does not increase,
and they are nearly obliterated in the capsule, which is trian-
gular and turgid with its three rows of seeds.

Found at South Boston and Cambridge in the same places with
Iris Virginica, but much less frequent. June. Perennial.

Class III. Order III. 17

16. XYRIS.

XYRIS JUPICAI. Mich. Yellow eyed grass.

Leaves linear, somewhat obtuse ; scape near the
head dilated, two edged ; scales rounded.

Syn. XTRIS CAROLINIANS. Lam. Poir.

Root bulbous ; leaves grassy, shorter than the scape ; scape
erect, two edged, twisted, a little widened at top. Heads round-
ish, rather acute, supporting a number of small yellow llorets
projecting out of the scales, hairy within, and consisting of three
ovate, crenate petals. Meadows. July, August. Perennial.

17. SCHCENUS.

SCHCENUS MARISCOIDES. Muhl. Water Bog rush.

Culm round ; leaves channelled ; umbel terminal,
spikes fascicled.

A firm rush a foot or two high. Leaves half cylindrical, chan-
nelled. Fascicles about three together, each containing a dozen
lanceolate, brown spikes. Edges of Fresh pond. July. Pe-
rennial.

Siibgenus RHYNCOSPORA. Seed surrounded with bristles style
persistent.
SCH(ENUS ALBUS. L. White headed Bog rush.

Culm three sided, leafy ; flowers fascicled ; leaves
setaceous.

Syn. RHTNCOSPQRA ALBA. Vahl.

A smooth, grassy plant, with white heads of flowers. Stem
half a foot or more in height, three sided, mostly smooth. Leaves
mostly belonging to the stem, alternate, sheathing, the sheaths
tubular or entire. Flowers in fascicles on footstalks, terminal
and axillary, erect. Glumes white, afterward becoming brown-
ish. Seeds surrounded with short hairs. In low woods and
swamps. Brighton. July. Perennial.
3

18 Class III. Order III.

18. CYPERUS.

CYPERUS INFLEXUS. Muhi. Inflected Cyperus,

Heads roundish, glomerate ; spikelets linear, about
eight flowered ; glumes squarrose at the tip.

Syn. CTPERUS UNCINATUS. Pursk.

Two or three inches high, with soft, crowded, ascending-, slen-
der spikelets ; the glumes recurved at the tip. Wet grounds.

August.

CYPERUS FLAVESCENS. L. Yelloiv Cypcrus.

Spikelets linear-lanceolate, crowded, three or four

together ; involucre three leaved, longer than the

umbel.

Spikelets from fifteen to twenty flowered, yellowish green.
Wet grounds. August, September. Perennial.

CYPERUS CASTANEUS. Chesnut Cyperus.

Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, involucre three leaved,
longer than the umbel.

Syn. CTPERUS FLAVESCENS, /3. CASTANEUS. Pursh.

Smaller than the preceding ; spikelets broader, chesnut colour-
ed, fifteen to twenty flowered. Wet grounds. August.

CYPERUS DIANDRUS. Torrey. Diandrous Cyperus.

Umbel sessile, or one to two rayed, shorter than the
involucre ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, about fifteen
flowered ; stamens two.

From eight to twelve inches high, the umbel sometimes re-
sembling a small panicle. Wet grounds and salt marshes. Sep-
tember.

CYPERUS DENTATUS. Torrey. Toothed Cyperus.

Umbel compound, six to ten rayed, shorter than the
involucre ; spikelets three together, ovate compress-
ed, eight flowered.
Syn. CTPERUS PARVIFLOKUS. MM.

Tea or twelves inches high. Spikes very much compressed,

Class III. Order III. 19

the tips of the glumes spreading so as to give a serrate appear-
ance to the edge as remarked by Dr. Torrey Edges of water.
September.

CYPERUS STRIGOSUS. JL. Narrow spiked Cyperus.

Spikelets linear, spreading or rofiexed, ten or
twelve flowered ; root globose.

A foot or more in height. Umbel mostly simple, the spike-
lets numerous, narrow, and inserted into their common stalk
nearly at right angles. Low grounds. August, September.
Perennial.

CYPERUS MARISCOIDES. Ell. Tuberous Cyperus.

Umbel simple with one or two rays ; spikelets
seven or eight flowered, collected into dense spheri-
cal heads ; root globose.

Eight or ten inches high. Root a solid bulb. Spikelets crowd-
ed into hard, dense heads. Plentiful on the barren sand in the
lower part of Watertown. July, August. Perennial.

Subgenus DULICHIUM. Spikelets racemed^ slyle bijid.
CYPERUS SPATHACEUS. Lt. Sheathed Cyperus.

Culm round, leafy ; leaves alternate, witli entire
sheaths ; racemes axillary and terminal.

Syn. SCIKPUS SPATHACEUS. Mich.

DULICHIUM SPATHACEUM. Reichard.

A tall leafy grass. Stem smooth, hardly three sided, covered
with numerous, short, flat, smooth, spreading leaves, proceeding
from sheaths which are perfectly entire or tubular, the part op-
posite the leaf ending in a rounded point. The lower leaves,
not the sheaths, are deciduous. Racemes mostly axillary. Pe-
duncle compressed, bearing from five to eight alternate, sessile,
narrow spikelets of about six flowers. Glumes two ranked.
Seeds surrounded with hairs. Borders of ponds and rivers.
August. Perennial.

19. SCIRPUS.

Subgenus ELEOCHAHIS. Seed surrounded with bristles
style articulated to the seed, conical and persistent .

20 Class III. Order III.

SCIRPUS TENUIS. Muhl. Slender Club rush.

Culm filiform, quadrangular, leafless ; spike termi-
nal, oval, acute at both ends ; glumes obtuse ; sta-
mens three, styles three cleft.

A slender, leafless, acute-angled species. Common in wet
grounds and shallow water. May, June.

SCIRPUS PALUSTRIS. L. Marsh Club rush.

Culm rounded, inflated ; spike terminal, oblique,

oblong, acute ; glumes acute ; root creeping.

Culms stout, slightly compressed, many from the same root, a
foot high, leafless, with blunt sheaths at base. Lower glumes
larger. Wet meadows and ditches. July. Perennial.

SCIRPUS CAPITATUS. Willd. Headed Club rush.

Culm roundish ; spike terminal, roundish ovate,
obtuse, seed smooth:

Distinguished from the foregoing by its obtuse and almost
globular heads. Small ponds, &c. July.

SCIRPUS TRICHODES. Muhl. Hair Club rush.

Culm setaceous compressed, grooved ; spike ter-
minal, ovate, acute, naked, stamens three, style bifid.

An exceedingly slender and hair-like species, three or four
inches high, related to S. acicularis of Europe, and considered
by Dr. Torrey to be identical with it. About shallow water.
July.

SCIRPUS PLANIFOLIUS. Muhl. Flat leaved Club rush.

Culm triangular ; leaves linear, flat, about equal

to the culm ; spike terminal, oblong, compressed,

shorter than its bractes.

A small species in wet grounds, the radical leaves as high as
the culm. Bractes cuspidate, the outer one longer than the
spike. May, June.

SCIRPUS C^SPITOSUS. L. Scaly Club rush.

Culm rounded, sheathed at base with rudiments

Class III. Order III. 21

of leaves ; spike terminal, the two outer glumes as

long as the spike.

Var. ft. callosus. The two outer glumes obtuse and fleshy at
the tips.

A low plant with very small spikes. The truncated glumes
with fleshy whitish tips, had led me to consider this a distinct
species, until 1 received similar specimens from Europe. On
the White mountains. July. Perennial.

Subgenus SCIRPUS. Seed surrounded with bristles style
filiform, deciduous.
SCIRPUS AMERICANUS. Pers. Three sided Club rush.

Culm nearly naked, triangular ; spikes few, late-
ral, conglomerate sessile ; glumes round-ovate, mu-
cronate.

Syn. SciRPUS TRIQUETER. MX.

Culm two or four feet high, sharply three cornered with con-
cave sides. It resembles S. triquetcr of Europe, very much,
but the spikes are fewer and farther from the top. -Salt marsh-
es. July. Perennial.

SCIRPUS DEBILIS. Pursh. Weak stemmed Club rush.

Culm round, striated ; spikes few, lateral, crowded,

sessile, short-ovate.

About a foot high; glumes broad, carinate. Wet ground and
edges of ponds. Augusc. Perennial.

SCIRPUS MARITIMUS. L. Sea Club rush.

Culm triangular, panicle clustered, leafy, terminal :
glumes pointed, torn into three segments.

Syn. SCIRPUS MACROSTACHTUS. Lam. Mufit.
SCIRPUS ROBUSTUS. Pursh.

Culm erect, smooth, one or two feet high, leafy at base.
Leaves linear, acute, rough on the margin. Hractes or floral
leaves several, very unequal in length. Panicle resting on these,
crowded, consisting of large sessile and pedunculated spikes,
ovate, conspicuous by their dull, chesnut colour and yellow an-
thers. The glumes are ovate, shining, slightly carinatod. divid-

22 Class III. Order III.

ed into three small segments at tip, the middle one of which is
prolonged into a short, setaceous awn. Salt marshes and ditch-
es. July. Perennial.

I do not discover sufficient grounds to separate this from the
European plant.

SCRIPUS ACUTUS. Muhl. Pointed Bullrush.

Culm round, leafless, equal ; spikes several, below
the top, oblong, somewhat umbelled.

Syn. SCIRPUS VALIDUS. Pursh?

SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS. Torrey ?

This nearly resembles the large bullrush, (Scirp us lacustris)
but differs in its fructification, which is lateral, never terminal.
Culm sheathed at base, erect, round, smooth, naked, filled with
light, spongy pith, often spotted, five or six feet high, uniform
in size for a great part of its length, ending in an acute point.
Spikes several, in a cyme or umbel about an inch below the tip,
oblong and closely imbricate. Peduncles rough, compressed,
unequal ; scales ovate, mucronate, scarious at the edges, pubes-
cent. In deep water at Fresh Pond and elsewhere. June, Ju-
ly. Perennial.

This is the largest rush in this vicinity. The name acutus
was given it by Muhlenberg.

Sutgenus TRICHOPHORUM. Seed surrounded with
bristles much longer than itself. Style filiform, deciduous.
SCIRPUS ERIOPHORUM. Mich. Red Cotton grass.

Culm obtusely triangular, leafy ; panicle decom-
pound, proliferous, nodding.

Syn. ERIOPHORUM CTPERINUM. L. and first edit.
TRICHOPHORUM CTPERINUM. Pers.

A common, rank, tall, meadow grass. Culm smooth, strong,
roundish, compressed on three sides. Leaves very long, rough
at the edge. Panicle terminal, umbelled, nodding, proliferous,
with a long leafy involucre. Spikelets in heads very numerous,
small, ovate, covered by the red, projecting, woolly hairs.
August. Perennial.

Subgenus ISOLEPIS. Seed naked at base style simple,
not articulated, deciduous.

Class III. Order 111. 23

SCIRPUS CAPILLARIS. L. Capillary Club rush.

Culm capillary, triangular ; spikes ovate, two or

three pedunculate and one sessile.

A very delicate species, two or four inches high, sending up
many stems from a root. Leaves setaceous. Spikes somewhat
umbelled, oblong, reddish. Dry. sandy fields. August.

SCIRPUS AUTUMN ALIS. Lt. Autumnal Club rush.

Culm compressed ; ancipital ; umbel compound ;
spikes lanceolate, somewhat four sided.

Grows in bunches from five to ten inches high. Leaves flat.
Involucre two leaved. Spikes crowded, a few together at the
ends of the umbel. Muddy grounds. August, October.

20. ERIOPHORUM.
ERIOPHORUM ALPINUM. L. Jttpine Cotton grass.

Culm triangular, naked ; leaves shorter than the
sheaths ; spike solitary, oblong ovate.

A slender species, half a foot high with a single small spike,
to which is attached a thin tuft of white crisped hairs. When
young, it resembles Scirpus caespitosus. On the White moun-
tains, N. H. July. Perennial.

ERIOPHORUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Willd. Narrow leaved Cot-
ton grass.

Culm somewhat triangular, leaves linear, grooved;
spikes many, on smooth stalks.

This species and the following are well known by their white
woolly spikes among the meadow grass in summer. This grass
has narrow channelled leaves, ending in a triangular point, and
simple peduncles. Wet grounds. June. Perennial.

ERIOPHORUM POLYSTACHYON. L. Broad leaved Cotton grass.
Culms triangular, leaves broad-linear, flat ; spikes
many, on rough stalks, nodding.

Leaves broader and more flat than in the foregoing; and the
wool shorter. Spikes on long drooping peduncles, which are
sometimes branched. Wet meadows. June. Perennial.

24 Class III. Order III.

ERIOPHORUM VIBGINICUM. ,. Virginian cotton grass.

Culms roundish below, three sided above ; spikes
nearly sessile, clustered, erect ; involucre two or
three leaved.

Leaves very long. Wool of a reddish colour, short. Wet
meadows and swamps. July. Perennial.

21. SPARTINA.

SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES. Mufti. Rough grass.

Spikes numerous, alternate, or scattered ; pedun-
cles rough ; outer valve of the calyx rough with
minute teeth on the back.

Syn. DACTTLIS CTNOSUROIDES. L.

TRACHTNOTIA CTNOSUROIDES. Mich.

Stem three feet high, round and smooth. Leaves very long,
smooth, somewhat rough on the margin, the edges convolute
when the plant grows near the sea. Spikes numerous, on rough
peduncles, given off successively from the three sides of a trian-
gular common stalk. Flowers closely imbricated, in a double
row, leaning to one side of their flexuous receptacle. Inner
valve of the calyx very small ; outer valve much larger, cari-
nated, and rough with minute prickles on the keel. Marshes.
August. Perennial.

SPARTINA JUNCE A. Muhl. Short Rough grass.

Spikes from one to three ; peduncles smooth ; out-
er valve of the calyx rough with minute teeth on the
back ; leaves convolute-setaceous.

Syn. TRACHTNOTIA JUKCBA. Mich.

A much smaller grass than the preceding, which it resembles
in the form of its spikes. Stem round, smooth, about a foot
high. Leaves alternate, somewhat two ranked, acquiring, when
rolled up, a filiform appearance. Spikes about two, on smooth
stalks, shorter than in the foregoing species, but similar in shape.
Outer valve of the calyx nerved, rough on the keel like the last.
Anthers purplish*- Salt marshes. July. Perennial.

Class III. Order III. 25

SPARTINA GLABRA. Muhl. Ditch grass.

Spikes numerous, sessile, somewhat imbricated ;
valves of the calyx mostly glabrous.

A large rank grass, common about muddy shores and in salt
water ditches. Stem round, smooth, three or four feet high.
Leaves very long, smooth, acute. Spikes ten or a dozen, sessile,
lying over each other, with their backs successively applied to
the three sides of a long triangular, smooth, common stalk.
Flowers closely imbricated, in a double row, leaning outward, as
in the former species. Inner valve of the calyx linear. Outer
valve many times larger, compressed, and to the naked eye
glabrous. Through a glass it is found ciliated on the keel.
Anthers straw coloured. August, September. Perennial.

22. ORYZOPSIS.

ORYZOPSIS ASPERIFOLIA. MX. Mountain Rice.

Leaves erect, rigid, pungent at the point ; panicle
simple.

This grass is remarkable for its large seeds, which, it has
been suggested, may render it worthy of cultivation. It is a foot
or more in height, with a panicle of a few racemose branches.
Seeds greenish white. The single style is the chief character
which separates it from some species of nuUum. In old woods
in the interior. May. Perennial.

D1GYNIA.

23, MILIUM.

MILIUM RACEMOSUM. Sm. Black seeded Millet grass.

Panicle simple, its branches racemose ; calyx ellip-
tical, acute, ribbed ; corolla hairy at base ; awn as
long again as the valves.

Syn. OKTZOPSIS MELAXOCARPA. Muhl.

PlPTATHERUM XIGRUM Torrey.

A tall grass with large black grains. Culm two or three feet
high. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle of a few long,
simple, racemose branches, erect at first, but afterwards spread-

'1

26 Class III. Order III.

ing. It resembles Oryzopsis, but is distinguished by its distinct
styles, dark seeds, taller stature, and later period of flowering.
Woods, in the interior of the state, August. Perennial.
It may perhaps be found worth cultivation.

MILIUM PUNGENS. Torrey. Dwarf Millet grass.

Leaves lanceolate, very short, pungent, at length
involute ; panicle contracted, branches mostly in
pairs, corolla hairy ; awn uncertain.

Culm slender, a foot high, with a few very short leaves. Pani-
cle small, the branches rather erect. Calyx obtuse or truncate.
Corolla as long as the calyx, hairy. In all my specimens a part
of the flowers have an awn about half as long as the corolla.
Woods, Sudbury. May.

24. ALOPECURUS.

ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS. L. Common Foxtail grass*

Culm erect, smooth ; sheaths swelling ; spike cy-
lyndrical, obtuse ; calyx glumes acute, connate ; co-
rolla equal to the calyx.

Common foxtail grass is well marked by the upper sheaths
which appear as if inflated. Culm two or three feet high.
Spike lobed. Calyx acute, villous. Corolla nearly equal to the
calyx. Awn twisted. Fields, &c. May.

An early, excellent grass, probably introduced.

ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS. L. Floating Foxtail grass.
Culm ascending, bent at the joints ; spike some-
what compound, cylindrical ; glumes obtuse, hairy.

Sm.

Stems of various lengths, ascending, forming knees or angles
at the joints, and rooting from the lower ones, when the plants
grow in the water. Leaves rather smooth and short, their
sheaths a little swelling. Spike cylindrical, obtuse, divisible
into lobes. Glumes of the calyx obtuse, fringed with long hairs.
Corolla awned at base Ponds and ditches. July. Perennial.

Class III. Order III. 27

25. TRICHOD1UM.

TKICHODIUM LAXIFLORUM. .M/c/i. Thin grass.

Culms erect ; leaves narrow, short ; sheaths some-
what rough. Pers.

This grass is readily known by its very thin, spreading, ca-
pillary panicle. Stem erect, smooth, slender. Leaves short,
glabrous, on roughish sheaths. Panicle consisting of very long,
straight, rough branches, of a purplish colour, hardly larger
than hairs, and very flexible. These are given off in half
whorls, and are repeatedly subdivided into three or four branch-
lets at a time. Flowers minute, scattered at the ends of the
branches. Glumes lanceolate, acute. Road sides. -July. Pe-
rennial.

26. MUHLENBERGIA.

Subgenus BRACK YELYTRUM. Upper valve of the corolla
ivith a clavate rudiment at base.

MUHLENBERGIA ERECTA. Schreb. Erect Muhlenbergia*

Culm erect, simple ; leaves pubescent; panicle lax;
calyx with a long awn.

Syn. BRACHTELTTRUM ARISTATUM. Beauv.

DlLEPTRUM AR1STOSUM. MX.

A simple slender grass, two or three feet high. Flowers few,
remote, long-awned. On the sides of Wachuset hill. June.

D1GYN1A.

27. ANTHOXANTHUM.

ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM. L. Sweet scented Vernal grass.
Spike ovate-oblong ; flowers longer than their
awns, standing on short stalks.

Stem about a foot high. Leaves short, flat ; sheaths some-
what swelling; stipule lanceolate, scarious. Spike terminal,
solitary ; calyx glumes unequal, rough on the back ; corolla
shorter than the calyx, awned on the back.

This grass, when partly faded, is exceedingly fragrant, whence
its name. It grows on farms where it was formerly introduced
from Europe. May, June. Perennial.

28 Class III. Order III.

28. PHLEUM.

PHLEUM PRATENSE. L. Herds grass or Cat's tail grass.
Spike cylindrical, very long ; glumes fringed at
the back, longer than the awns. Sm.

Culm upright, round, smooth. Leaves flat, pointed, rough on
the upper side ; sheaths long, striated; stipules blunt. Spike
long, cylindrical, upright. Calyx of two glumes fringed with
hairs on the back, square or truncated at the end, with two short
awns. June, July. Perennial.

This grass is extensively cultivated, forming a chief constitu-
ent of what is with us called English hay. It is usually denomi-
nated herds grass, and sometimes improperly fox tail grass. In
England it is known by the name of oafs tail, and Timothy grass,
the last burlesque appellation derived from Mr. Timothy Hanson,
one of its early propagators. It is said to have fallen there into
disrepute, although its reputation is good in this country. Pro-
fessor Martyn and Mr. Curtis speak of it as a harsh, coarse grass,
in all respects inferior to the true foxtail grass, (Alopecurus
pratensis.)

29. AGROSTIS.

AGROSTIS VULGARIS. With. Red top. Fine Bent grass.
Panicle spreading with divaricated, capillary branch-
es ; calyx valves equal ; inner petal obtuse, half as
long as the other. Sm.

A pretty common grass in dry mowing land and pastures, usual-
ly entering into the composition of our English hay. Stem erect,
smooth, slender, leafy. Leaves narrow, acute, with long sheaths.
Panicle erect, red, its branches very numerous and fine, ar-
ranged in half whorls, flexuous and variously divided. Flowers
numerous and very small. Calyx valves lanceolate, acute,
spreading, purple at base, scarious on the margin. Inner valves
of the corolla half as long as the outer. June, July. Perennial

AGROSTIS ALBA. L. White Bent grass.

Panicle loose ; culm creeping ; calyx valves equal,
lanceolate, polished, rough on the keel. Sm.

Class III. Order III. 29

Stems spreading, ascending, rooting at the lower joints.
Leaves rough, their sheaths smooth. Panicle loose, consisting
of somewhat distant half whorls, its branches much subdivided
and roughish. Flowers lanceolate, shining, white or purplish
brown. Valves of the calyx equal, acute, rough on the back
only. Meadows. June, July. Perennial.

AGROSTIS CANINA. L. Dogs Bent grass.

Calyx elongated ; corolla with a dorsal, crooked
awn ; culms procumbent, somewhat branched.

In mowing lands and about the borders of fields, probably from
Europe. July.

AGROSTIS CLANDESTINA. MuhL Hidden Bent grass.

Panicle spiked, partly concealed ; corolla much
longer than the calyx, hairy, slightly awned ; leaves
rigid, very long.

A long, hard grass with concealed spikes. Found by road
sides and on dry soils. September.

Subgenus POLYPOGON. Calyx and corolla terminating in
bristles.
AGROSTIS RACEMOSA. Mick. Racemed Bent grass.

Panicle dense, interrupted ; bristles of the calyx
scabrous ; corolla awnless, hairy at base ; culm
branched.

Syn. PoLrpocoN RACEMOSUS. Nuttall.

Culm compressed, erect. Leaves erect, rigid. Panicle form-
ed of many conglomerated spikes. In wet meadows. August.
Perennial.

30. CINNA.
CIIWA AURUN'DiNACEA. L. Reedy Cinna.

Panicle large, capillary, loose ; culm smooth ;
leaves broad linear.

Syn. JlcROSTis CINNA. Schreb.

A large rank grass, three or four feet high, resembling some

30 Class III. Order III.

species of Arundo, and differing from most othef grasses in
having a solitary stamen in each flower. Wet shady grounds.
August. Perennial.

31. LEERSIA.
LEERSIA ORYZOIDES Swartz. Cut grass.

Panicle loose ; spikelets triandrous ; keel of the
glumes ciliate. Sw.
Syn. PHALARIS ORTZOIDES. L.

Stem about two feet in height. Leaves exceedingly rough
backward, so as to cut the hands if drawn across them; narrow,
on long rough sheaths. Panicle erect, spreading, with slender,
rough branches. Flowers very distinguishable by their oval
figure and white colour. Glumes of the corolla compressed, the
two valves shut together, so as to assume an elliptical form, with
the curvature on one side greatest. Keel of the valves ciliated,
giving the circumference of the flower a fringed appearance.
Wet places. \ugust. Perennial.

LEERSIA VIRGINICA. fVilld. Virginian Cut grass.

Panicle simple ; flowers monandrous, sparingly cili-
ate on the keel.

Smoother than the preceding species, the flowers considerably
smaller and less ciliate, white. Damp woods, Oak island.

August.

32. PHALARIS.

PHALARIS AMERICANA. Ell. American Canary grass.

Panicle oblong, spiked ; glumes of the calyx boat-
shaped, serrulate ; corolla unequal ; rudiments hairy,

Syn PHALARIS ARUKDINACEA. MX.

CALAMAGROSTIS COLOR AT A. Nutt.

A large, rank, aquatic grass, three or four feet high with a
panicle of pubescent flowers. In Muddy brook, near Jamaica
plain road. July.

Class III. Order III. 31

33. ARISTIDA.
ARISTIDA DICHOTOMA. J\lx. Forked Aristida.

Cespitose ; culms dichotomous ; flowers subspiked ;
lateral awns very short, the intermediate one con-
torted.

A slender grass with short, lateral branches and setaceous
leaves. Spikes or racemes slender, with twisted awns.

Road sides in gravelly soils. September.

34. STIPA.

STIPA AVENACEA. L. Feather grass.

Leaves striated, smooth ; panicle spreading some-
what one sided, its branches verticillate ; calyx as
long as the seed ; awn naked, finally contorted.

Remarkable for the length of its awns. Culm two or three
feet high, slender, naked above. Leaves narrow, smooth below,
inclining to roll up. Panicle long, few-flowered, nodding when
young. Glumes of the calyx nearly equal, acuminate. Corolla
stipitate, its lower valve terminating in a twisted awn tw"o or
three inches long, at first straight, but at length contorted. Seed
a third of an inch long. Dry woody hills near the Andover
turnpike, Medford. June, July. Perennial.

35. AIRA.
AIRA FLEXUOSA. L. WooA Hair grass.

Panicle spreading, trichotomous ; peduncles flex-
uous, awns geniculate ; leaves setaceous, culm near-
ly naked.

A tall thin grass found in old woods, one or two feet high.
Glumes membranaceous, purplish. Corolla with a bent awn neaj 1
the base. Sides of Wachusett hill, June.

AIRA TRUNCATA. Muld. Truncate Hair grass.

Panicle oblong, racemose ; calyx unequal, three
flowered, one abortive ; lower glume obtuse, corolla
glabrous.

32 Class III. Order III.

Syn. ROELERIA TRUNCATA. Torrey.
Woods, Watertown. June.

36. UNIOLA.

UNIOLA s PIC AT A. L. Spike grass.

Somewhat spiked ; leaves involute, rigid. L.

A common grass of the salt marshes. Stem a foot high,
round, smooth. Leaves of the stem numerous, short, smooth,
increasing in frequency upward, the upper ones hardly an inch
apart, rolled up so as to acquire a setaceous form, commonly
investing, and often overtopping the spike. Spike irregular,
about an inch long, consisting of ten or a dozen small, compress-
ed, crowded spikelets. Glumes flattened, sharp on the back.
July. Perennial.

37. DACTYLIS.
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA. L. Orchard grass.

Panicle crowded, leaning one way. Sm.

Root perennial. Culms round, rough toward the top. Leaves
very* rough. Stipules cloven or torn. Panicle of flowers con-
sisting of close bunches on rough and rigid peduncles ,- leaning
toward one side. Calyx pubescent and rough, the inner valve
twice as large as the outer, and shortly awned. June. Peren-
nial.

A coarse, but extremely hardy and productive grass, said to
be much more luxuriant here than in Europe. By fences,
thickets, &c. June, July.

38. AVENA.

Subgenus DANTHONIA. Lower valve of the corolla two
toothed, with the awn between.

AVENA SPICATA. L. Spiked Oat grass.

Panicle simple, few flowered ; spikelets six or
seven flowered, shorter than the calyx ; lower valve
of the corolla hairy ; leaves subulate, the lower ones
hairy at the neck.

Class III. Order III. 33

Syn. DAXTHONIA s PIC AT A. J\"uit.

A commoa grass in dry sunny pastures. Culm a foot high,
slender, with short setaceous leaves. Calyx nerved, acute,
longer than the spikelet. Outer valve of the florets ending in
two bristles or teeth with a contorted awn between thum.
June. Perennial.

Subgenus ARRHENATHERUM. Calyx two flowered, one
barren and owned,
AVENA ELATIOR. L. Tall Oat grass.

Panicle equal, nodding ; awn twice as long as the
flower ; culm geniculate, smooth ; root nodose.

Syn. HOLCUS AVENACEUS. Sin.

ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM. Beauv.

A large valuable grass introduced by cultivation from Europe.
Panicle lax with brownish spikelets. Awn of the barren flower
jnuch twisted. Naturalized in some parts of the state. June.

39. POA.

POA PRATENSIS. L. Common Spear grass.

Panicle spreading ; spikelets of four flowers ;
glumes lanceolate, five nerved, connected by a web ;
stipule short and blunt. Sm.

Spear grass or meadow grass is found in all situations, con-
stituting a considerable portion of the common turf in pastures,
road sides, &c. Culms leafy, slender, smooth, often stolonife-
rous. Leaves spreading, blunt, with obtuse or truncated stip-
ules. Panicle large, loose, of horizontal fine branches, bearing
many ovate spikelets of about four flowers. June. Perennial.

This is an excellent and useful grass.

POA COMPRESSA. L. Blue grass.

Panicle condensed, its branches leaning one way ;
erect, before and after flowering. Culm ascending,
compressed. Sm.

Root creeping. Stem decumbent at base, erect above, very
much compressed, whence the name. Leaves commonly glau-

5

34 Class III. Order III.

cous, narrow, with long sheaths. Panicle erect, crowded, tend-
ing- to one side, obtuse ; its branches short and rough, appressed
to the stem except at the time of flowering. Spikelets ovate.
Florets closely imbricate, varying in number, connected at base
by a thin web. Dry grounds. July, August. Perennial.

POA ANNUA. it. Annual Fpear grass,

Panicle divaricated ; spikelets ovate ; florets a lit-
tle remote, five ribbed, destitute of a web ; stem ob-
lique, compressed. Sm.

A smaller grass but equally common with the first. It is
annual in duration, but rapid in increase, and commonly the first
grass to appear on new grounds. Culms smooth, flattened,
spreading obliquely. Leaves flaccid, obtuse, their margin waved
in the middle. Stipules sharp. Panicle erect, with its branches
depi-essed when old.

POA NERVATA. Willd. Meadoiv Spear grass.

Panicle diffuse, weak, nodding, spikelets five flow-
ered ; florets seven nerved, obtuse.

A tall slender meadow grass, the panicle commonly nodding,
the spikelets small and purplish. Wet grounds. July. Pe-
rennial.

POA AQUATICA. /s. Tor. Water Spear grass.

Panicle erect, diffuse, its branches flexuous, smooth ;
spikelets linear, six to eight flowered ; florets ovate,
obtuse ; leaves broad linear, smooth.

A tall rank reedy grass, four or five feet high, with a panicle
nearly a foot long. Wet soils. August.

POA MARITIMA. Sea Spear grass.

Panicle branched, somewhat crowded ; spikelets
cylindrical, about five flowered, leaves involute, root
creeping.

About a foot high, rigid and glaucous. Panicle erect, spike-
lets linear, nerved. When in flower this grass has a beautiful

Class III. Order III. 35

glaucous or purplish appearance. Salt marshes, Cambridge,
Dorchester. June. Perennial.

POA OBTUSA. Muhl. Obtuse Spear grass.

Panicle ovate, contracted, spikelets ovate, tumid,
Jive to seven flowered ; corolla ovate, smooth, ob-
tuse ; leaves smooth, as long as the culm.

An aquatic poa with a small dense panicle of large swelling
spikelets. Borders of Fresh Pond. August.

POA HIRSUTA. MX. Hair Spear grass.

Panicle very large, loose, capillary ; bearded in
the axils ; spikelets about five flowered ; culm erect,
compressed ; sheaths hairy.

An elegant grass, with a capillary branching panicle a foot or
more in length. Sheaths very hairy. Leaves linear, flat, nerv-
ed. Branches of the panicle straight, hairlike. Spikelets ob-
long, purple. Dry soils. August.

POA CAPILLARIS. L. Capillary Spear grass.

Panicle very large, loose, capillary ; not hairy ;
spikelets about three flowered, ovate, acute.

Resembles the preceding which is perhaps only a variety of
this. Pursh states that this plant is very subject to variation.
The chief distinction of this seems to consist in its smaller size
and its panicles not being hairy in the axils. Dry grounds.
August.

POA ERAGROSTIS. .L. Branching Spear grass.

Panicle equal, spreading ; spikelets oblong, com-
pressed, ten to twenty flowered ; florets obtuse.
Syn. BRIZA ERAGROSTIS. Muhl.

A very elegant species with a largo panicle of sea green
spikelets These are long, tumid, numerous, and remarkably
even, the two rows being separated by a nearly straight line.
Sandy soils, rare. August.

36 Class III. Order III.

40. BRIZA.

BRIZA CANADENSIS. Mich, Rattlesnake grass.

Panicle lax, spikelets erect, with from four to ten
florets ; calyx very small ; outer valve of the corollas
oval, acute.

A large grass found in meadows and readily recognized by its
swelling- spikelets. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves rough on the
back. Panicle loose, with slender branches, nodding. Spike-
lets numerous, on distinct footstalks, ovate, erect or nodding.
Vaives of the calyx short and narrow. Outer valve of the co-
rolla oval, inflated, acute, with a scarious point and margin.
Inner valve obtuse. July.

BRIZA MEDIA. L. Smaller Quaking grass.

Panicle erect ; spikelets cordate, about seven flow-
ered ; calyx smaller than the florets.

A light slender grass, a foot high. Spikelets at first ovate,
afterwards cordate, shedding the florets easily. Pastures, South
Boston, Dorchester. June.

Probably introduced from Europe.

41. FESTUCA.
FESTUCA ELATIOR. L. Tall Fescue grass.

Panicle drooping, spreading loosely every way,
much branched ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute ;
florets cylindrical, obscurely ribbed. Sm.

Stem three or four feet high, glabrous. Leaves wide and
long, smooth, with a rough margin Panicle large, decompound,
loose and nodding. Spikelets numerous, pedunculated, ovate-
oblong, acute. Glumes of the calyx unequal, acute, keeled,
glabrous. Florets numerous, two ranked, glabrous. Meadows
and thickets. June. Perennial.

This is a very productive aud useful grass.

FESTUCA TENELLA. Willd. Small Fescue grass.

Panicle spiked, very simple, secund ; spikelets

about nine flowered ; florets subulate, longer than

Class III. Order III. 37

the bristles ; culm filiform, angular above ; leaves
setaceous.

A small and exceedingly delicate festuca. Found in dry pas-
tures at Dorchester. June.

Subgenus GLYCERIA. Corolla unarmed ; nectaries collate-
ral connate.

FESTUCA FLUITANS. JL. Floating Fescue grass.

Panicle slightly branched, leaning ; spikelets linear,
eight to twelve flowered ; florets very obtuse, seven
nerved.

Syn. G-LrcERiA FLUITANS. R. Brown.
POA FLUITANS. Smith.

A thrifty aquatic grass, found in wet meadows and the edges
of ponds and streams. Stems rooting at base, tall, round, smooth.
Leaves flat, smooth, the Tower ones loose and floating. Sheaths
long, compressed. Panicle very long, nearly erect, with alter-
nate branches pressed near to the stalk. Spikelets linear, round,
upright. Calyx unequal, smooth, not very acute. Corollas very
obtuse. Anthers short and round. This grass thrives in inun-
dated grounds, and is very grateful to horses and cattle. June,
July.- -Perennial.

FESTUCA ACUTIFLORA. ^cute Fescue grass.

Panicle simple, elongated, appressed ; spikelets
linear ; florets distinct, attenuated, acute, indistinctly
nerved.

Syn. GLYCERIA ACUTIFLORA. Torrey.

This grass in size and habit resembles the preceding, but the
leaves are shorter, and the glumes of the corollas are attenuated
to a sharp point, the upper valve bifid. In my specimens the
spikelets are about twelve flowered. Ditches. Dorchester.
June.

42. BROMUS.

BROMUS SECALINUS. L. Rye Brome grass.

Panicle spreading ; peduncles but little branched ;

38 Class III. Order III.

spikelets ovate, compressed, of about ten distinct,
somewhat cylindrical florets. Sm.

Stem erect, three feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, rough at the
edge and underneath, somewhat hairy above. Sheaths smooth.
Panicle spreading, its branches rough, unequal, mostly simple,
and one flowered. Spikelets large, flattish, nearly oval, of about
ten florets. Calyx unequal, smooth. Outer glume of the corol-
las swelling, with a rough awn inserted at the back a little be-
low the tip. June. Perennial.

BROMUS PURGANS. It, Meadow Brome grass.

Panicle nodding ; spikelets lanceolate, terete, flo-
rets hairy ; bristle straight ; leaves smooth, sheaths
hairy.

Three or four feet high and somewhat glaucous. Wet grounds.
July, August.

BROMUS MOLLIS. JL. Soft Brome grass.

Panicle erect, contracted ; spikelets oblong-ovate,
somewhat compressed, pubescent ; bristle straight,
nearly as long as the corolla ; leaves softly pubescent.

The leaves appear somewhat less soft and the bristle shorter
than in the European. Fields. June, July.

BROMUS CILIATUS. .L. Ciliated Brome grass.

Panicle nodding, spikelets oblong, terete, eight or
ten flowered ; glumes acute ciliate ; corolla hairy and
ciliate ; bristles short.

Spikelets rather large and strongly fringed with hairs. With
the foregoing there are intermediate species or varieties diffi-
cult to separate.

43. ARUNDO.

ARUNDO CANADENSIS. MX. Canada reed.

Panicle oblong-lax ; glumes rough, pubescent, as

long as the corolla ; corolla awned on the back ;

Class III. Order III. 39

hairs as long as the valves ; culm and leaves smooth,
slender.

Syn. JlRUNDO ClNNOIDES. Muhl.

CALAMA>GROSTIS MEXICANA. Nutt.

Found in low grounds, two or three feet high with the habit
of Cinna arundinacea. August. Perennial.

ARUNDO COARCTATA. Tor. Glaucous reed.

Panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate ; calyx a
little longer than the corolla, carinate ; corolla longer
than the hairs, awned a little below the tip.

Syn. JlRUNDO GLAUCA. Muhl.

Four or five feet high, very slender, with a somewhat glau-
cous hue. In wet grounds. August. Perennial.

Subgenus PSAMMA. Sectaries linear-lanceolate, longer
ijio.n the seed ; stigmas three.

ARUNDO ARENARIA. L. Beach reed.

Panicle spiked ; calyx acute ; hairs a third as long
as the corolla; leaves involute.

Syn. PSAMMA ARENARIA. Beauv.

Found on the sea beach among the drifting sand ; two or three
feet high, glaucous, with long narrow leaves and a whitish
panicle. Nahant. August. Perennial.

Subgenus PHRAGMITES. Calyx from jive to seven flow-
ered.

ARUNDO PHRAGMITES. L. Common Reed.

Calyx containing five florets, panicle loose. L.

A native of wet situations. Culm of the height of a man,
very erect and smooth. Leaves lanceolate, long and broad, flat
and sharp pointed. Panicle erect or nodding, conspicuous for
the long, slender, shining hairs which project from the flowers,
and give the whole a bright silvery appearance. Found at the
edges of deep waters, particularly on tbo north side of Fresh
Pond, where it resembles at a distance a field of standing corn.
Flowers in July and August. Perennial.

40 Class III. Order III.

44. PANICUM.

Subgenus SETARIA. Flowers mostly spiked ; spikelets fur-
nished with a bristly involucre,

PANICUM GLAUCUM. L. Glaucous Panic grass.

Spike oblong ; involucre of many bristles, rough
forward ; corolla of the fruit transversely wrinkled.

Syn. SET ASIA GLAUCA. R. $ S.

PENNISETUM GLAUCUM. Nult.

Culm round, striated, grooved at top. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, flat, with striated sheaths and hairy stipules. Spike cylin-
drical, its pedicels mostly two flowered with involucres of ten or
a dozen yellowish hristles which are rough upward. Corolla
inclosing the seed corrugated. Cultivated and low grounds.
July. Annual.

PANICUM VERTICILLA.TUM. L. Whorled Panic grass.

Spike whorled ; spikelets in fours ; involucres of
two bristles, rough backward, single flowered.

Syn. SETARIA VERTICILLATA. R. fy S.

PENNISETUM VERTICILLATUM. JVutt.

Culr spreading, rough near the spike. Leaves broad, rough
forward ; stipules hairy. Spike single, rather cylindrical, com-
posed of crowded spikelets arranged in whorls. The spike feels
rough when drawn downward, being in this respect the reverse
of the former species, the bristles of which are differently beard-
ed. Cultivated grounds. July, August. Annual.

Subgenus ECHINOCHLOA. Flowers in a compound cluster-
ed panicle ; lower valve of the barren floret awned or acumi-
nate.

PANICUM CRUS GALLI. L. Cocksfoot Panic grass.

Racemes compound, alternate and in pairs ; their
stalk five angled ; glumes terminating in hispid
bristles.

Syn. ECHINOCHLOA csus GALLI. R. 4' S.

A large annual grass, two or three feet high, with broad flat

Class III. Order III. 41

leaves. Panicle made up of compound crowded racemes, the
rachis five angled. Upper glumes terminating in awns of vari-
ous length. A common weed in cultivated ground. August,
September. Annual.

Subgenus DIGITARIA. Flowers in digitate or fascicled
spikes, without bristles.
PANICUM SANGUINALE. Purple Panic grass.

Spikes digitate, about four ; leaves and sheaths
somewhat hairy ; flowers oblong, pubescent on the
margin.

Syn. DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS. MX.

A common weed. Culm ascending at base and rooting from
the lower joints. Leaves a little waved and hairy. Spikes
linear, radiating from the top of the culm, their rachis com-
pressed, serpentine, with spikelets of two, three, or four flowers
in its depressions. Cultivated grounds. July, August, Annual.

Subgenus PANICUM. flowers panicled, perfect florets
cartilaginous, unarmed.

PANICUM CAPILLARE. L. Hairy Panic grass.

Sheaths very hairy ; panicle capillary, branching,
decompound, lax ; flowers minute, all pedicelled, soli-
tary, oblong-ovate, acuminate, awnless.

A large branching grass, the culm, leaves, and especially the
sheaths, covered with thick, rigid, horizontal hairs. Panicle
often a foot long and nearly as wide, its branches long, straight,
stiff, slender, given off at right angles, knotted at base. Pedun-
cles capillary, supporting solitary, scattered, naked flowers.
Frequent in cornfields, &c.. July, August. Annnal.

PANICUM LATIFOLIUM. L. Broad-leaved Panic grass.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, clasping ; sheaths hairy
at the neck ; panicle nearly simple.

Remarkable for its broad leaves. Culm a foot high, smooth,
giving out branches from its joints. Leaves rough at the edge,
acuminate, clasping, hairy where they unite with the sheaths.
6

42 Class III. Order III.

Panicle small or of middling size, its branches mostly simple, the
lower ones a little divided. Stigmas purple. Woods. May,
June. Perennial.

PANICUM NEBVOSUM. MuhL Nerved Panic grass.

Leaves lanceolate, clasping ; sheaths and nodes
smooth ; panicle much branched, many flowered.

Much taller than the preceding, with narrower leaves and a
larger panicle. Meadows, Cambridge. July. Perennial

PANICUM VIRGATUM Lt. Reedy Panic grass.

Panicle spreading ; glumes acuminate, smooth, de-
hiscent ; leaves arundinaceous.

A tall, hard, reedy grass, growing about the edges of marshes,
where its dry stems and leaves stand through the winter. Culm
three or four feet high, smooth. Leaves linear, firm, rough at
the edge. Panicle large, stiff, with remote flowers, the glumes
gaping open, and very acute. On Craigie's road. August.
Perennial.

PANICUM DISCOLOR. MuhL Variegated Panic grass.

Panicle spreading ; calyx roundish, larger valve

striate ; culm erect ; sheaths hairy ; lower leaves oval.

A slender, erect, pubescent species, with a small capillary
panicle. Sheaths and sometimes the culm hairy. Leaves lan-
ceolate, the uppermost close to the panicle, the lower ones
close to the ground, very short, ovate, acute. Smallest glume
often purple. Wet meadows and sometimes dry grounds, vary-
ing in pubescence. July. Annual.

PANICUM NODIFLORUM. Lam. Dense Panic grass.

Panicles very small, lateral and terminal ; glumes
ovate, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate ; culm procum-
bent.

A procumbent species, invested with thin hairs. Leaves short
lanceolate, crowded in tufts on the ends of the branches, and
nearly concealing the small panicles. Dry fields. July, August.

It appears to be the P. nodiflorum of Pursh ; excluding Mi-
chaux's synonym.

Class III. Order III. 43

PANICUM DICHOTOMUM. Pursh. Forked Panic grass.

Panicle simple, few flowered ; glumes obovate ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, divaricate, glabrous ; culm
dichotomous, procumbent.

Procumbent like the foregoing. Leaves of the culm lanceo-
late ; those of the branches much smaller, linear, and divaricated.
Panicle with few scattered flowers. Dry fields and woods.
July.

45. ANDROPOGON.
ANDROPOGON NUTANS. L. Chesnut Beard grass.

Panicle compressed, nodding ; calyx hairy ; bar-
ren flower caducous ; perfect floret with a long
twisted awn.

Syn. ANDROPOGON AVENACEUS. M.r.

A tall grass with a long panicle of hairy, chesaut coloured
flowers. Culm four or five feet high. Leaves rough on the
edge. Panicle slightly nodding. Calyx villous ; corolla red,
with a long shining awn twisted and bent. Borders of Dry
Woods. August, September. Perennial.

ANDROPOGON FURCATUS. J\luhl. Forked Beard grass.

Spikes digitate, about four ; barren floret awnless ;
perfect floret awned ; rachis hairy.

Four or five feet high, divided at top into a few diverging
hairy spikes. Rachis, pedicels of the barren flowers, and calyx
of the fertile ones, hairy. Awns twisted, slightly bent. Dry
fields. August, September. Perennial.

Subgenus POLLINIA. Barren florets awned.
ANDROPOGON PURPURASCENS. Muld. Broom grass.

Branches straight, appressed, each with from two
to four spikes on smooth pedicels of different lengths ;
rachis ciliate.

Very common in dry barren soils, its spikes having a hairy
appearance. Culm three feet high, very slender. Branches
deeply divided into several stalks, one usually very short and

44< Class III. Order III.

axillary, another long and slender, each bearing a small leaf.
Rachis and calyx very hairy, corolla nearly smooth, with a
twisted awn. August, September. Perennial.

46. HOLCUS.

HOLCUS LANATUS. L. Velvet grass.

Panicle equal ; calyx two flowered ; lower floret
perfect, awnless ; upper floret barren, with a recurv-
ed awn included in the calyx ; root fibrous.

An exceedingly soft grass covered throughout with a whitish
downy pubescence, sometimes tinged with purple. Culm two or
three feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Calyx glumes mu-
cronate. Upper floret barren, with a short awn which is straight
at first, but at length recurved. Meadows, Watertown. June.
Perennial.

Subgenus HIEROCHLOA. Calyx three flowered ; lateral
ones triandrous, barren ; central one diandrous, perfect.
HOLCUS ODORATUS. L. Seneca grass.

Panicle glabrous ; florets ciliate, about as long as
the calyx.

Syn. HOLCUS BOREALIS. Schrader.

HOLCUS FRAGRANS. Wllld. ?

HIEROCHLOA BOREALIS. R. 4' &

This is one of our earliest grasses, and distinguished by the
delightfully fragrant odour it exhales while drying. Culm one or
two feet high, smooth, invested with very short, remote, lanceolate
leaves. Panicle erect, sometimes one sided, with large, distinct,
chesnut coloured flowers. Calyx, two valved, acute, scarious,
containing three florets about as long as itself. Two lateral
florets barren, strongly ciliate on the inside. Middle floret per-
fect, ciliate at the end. There are no awns, unless the longest
hairs be so called. Meadows, Cambridge, Dorchester. May.
Perennial.

This grass agrees with H. odomtus of Europe much better
than with H.fragrans of Willdenow, if indeed the latter be any
thing more than a variety.

s* III. Order III. 45

Subgenus TORRE si A. Calyx three flowered, two barren
florets awned on the back.

HOLCUS ALPINUS. WahL Mpine Soft grass.

Panicle small ; calyx oblong ; florets hairy with a
geniculate awn on the back.

Syn. HlEROCHLOA ALP IN A. R. 4' &

This grass I found in 1816, and, not having seen Wahlenberg's
Flora Lapponica, named it H. monticola. Its habit resembles
that of H. odoratus, but it is shorter, smaller, and more fragrant.
Calyx smooth, purplish, acute, longer than the florets. Florets
three, two outer ones obtuse, crested, slightly ciliate within,
awned on the back. Central floret perfect. On the White
mountains of New-Hampshire. July.

47. LOLIUM.

LOLIUM PERENNE. L. Ray grass. Darnel.

Spike awnless ; spikelets compressed, longer than
the calyx. Sm.

Stem a foot or more in height, round, smooth. Leaves smooth,
with short stipules clasping the stem. The stem terminates in
a long, smooth, flexuous rachis or receptacle, to the two sides of
which the spikelets are fixed, alternately, and at some distance
from each other. Calyx sessile, of one valve, containing a flat
ovate, acute, sharp edged spikelet of close lanceolate florets.
May, June. Perennial. Introduced, rare.

48. TRITICUM.

TRITICUM REPENS. L. Couch grass.

Calyx subulate, many nerved, five flowered ; flo-
rets sharp pointed ; leaves flat ; root creeping. Sm.

Syn. AGROPTRON REPENS. Beauv.

This grass has a long, creeping root, penetrating deeply into
the earth, and very tenacious of life, which renders it a trouble-
some weed in cultivated grounds. Stem about two feet high.
Leaves spreading, flat, rough on the edge and upper surface,
ending in a flexuous receptacle, bearing two rows of alter-

46 Class III. Order III.

nate, sessile spikelets, more numerous and crowded, than in Lo-
lium perenne. Glumes all lanceolate, subulate, and acuminate.
Flowers all summer. Perennial.

49. ELYMUS.
ELYMUS VIRGINICUS. L. Lyme grass.

Spike erect ; involucres striated, four or six leav-
ed ; spikelets two or three together, each containing
two or three flowers, mostly smooth.

The large erect spikes of this grass resemble at a distance
heads of barley. The stem is round and smooth. Leaves
smooth, somewhat rough on the margin. The stem ends in a
compressed, flexuous, toothed receptacle ; each tooth supporting
an involucre of four or six striated, rough, lanceolate glumes,
ending in short awns. Each involucre contains two or three
flowers. Calyx lanceolate with a straight terminal awn.
Marshes. July. Perennial.
ELYMUS STRIATUS. Will A. Striated Lyme grass.

Spike erect ; involucre four leaved, nerved ; spike-
lets two together, each one or two flowered, hispid.

Much smaller and more slender than the preceding, in its as-
pect resembling small spikes of rye. Leaves and sheaths va-
riable from smooth to pubescent. Involucre four leaved, deeply
nerved, two flowered, one floret commonly abortive. Awns
three or four times as long as the corolla, Woods. July.
Perennial.

Subgenus GYMNOSTICUM. Involucre uncertain, spikelets
divaricate.

ELYMUS HYSTRIX. L. Hedgehog grass.

Spikes erect ; involucre of four bristles or callosi-
ties ; spikelets in pairs, divergent, at length divaricate.

Syn. JlxpRELLA HTSTRIX, Cavan.

GTMNOSTICHUM HTSTRIX. Schreb.

This singular grass is known at sight by its pairs of diverging
spikelets placed almost at right angles with the rachis. It dif-
fers from the genus Elymus, in the apparent absence of the in-

Class III. Order III. 47

volucre. The lower pairs of spikelets, however, have common-
ly a short setaceous involucre of four bristles springing from the
same number of callosities at base. Upwards, the bristles dimin-
ish in size and number, leaving only the callosities in their
place. Spikelets in pairs, widely divergent, three flowered.
Awn three or four times as long as the corolla. Woods. July.

By an oversight, the late Dr. Muhlenberg has called the spike-
lets six to nine flowered.

We have two varieties.

ec. Three or four feet high, sheaths smooth, spikelets about
twenty, pubescent.

/3. One or two feet high, sheaths rough, spikelets about ten,
glabrous.

50. HORDEUM.
HORDEUM JUBATUM. Ait. Squirrel tail grass.

Lateral florets abortive, their awns many times
shortest ; involucres setaceous, six times as long as
the flower.

This grass is remarkable for the length and fineness of its
awns, which give to its spikes a hairy appearance. Stems slen-
der, smooth, and round, two feet high. Leaves rather short,
rough on the back and edge. Sheaths smooth. Receptacle com-
pressed, ciliate on the edges, jointed, breaking at the joints as
the plant dries. Flowers two ranked, one at each joint or tooth
of the receptacle. Each perfect floret is surrounded at its base
by an involucre of six long capillary awns, two of which are
distinct; the other four unite in pairs a short way from their
insertion, each pair with a minute, abortive floret in its fork.
Outer glume of the calyx lanceolate, ending in an awn six times
its length, and equalling those of the involucre. Marshes.
June.

TR1GYJYM.

51. LECHEA.

LECHEA MAJOR. L. Large Pin weed.

Hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, flowers in fas-
cicled racemes, unilateral, on .short stalks.

48 Class III. Order III.

An upright hairy plant, found upon rocks, dry hills, and sandy
fields exposed to the sun. Stem from one to two feet high, stiff,
brittle, purple, covered with hair. Leaves nearly oval, reflex-
cd at the margin, downy, whitish underneath. Flowers small,
obscure, crowded upon the ends and sides of the branches, fol-
lowed by roundish capsules of the size of a large pin head.

July, August.

LECHEA MINOR. L. Small Pin weed.

Smoothish, leaves linear-lanceolate, acute; panicle

leafy, its branches elongated, flowering on all sides.

Grows with the last in dry sterile situations, and is about half
its size, its branches finer and more spreading. Leaves narrow,
revolute at the margin. Branches numerous, mostly simple.
Flowers minute, in small lateral and terminal racemes. Capsules
round, not larger than mustard seed. July, August.

LECHEA RACEMULOSA. MX. Clustered Pin weed.

Covered with close hair ; leaves linear, acute, cili-
ate ; panicle slender, pyramidal ; flowers alternate,
pedicelled.

About the size of the last, but more hairy, and its clusters
more naked. Dry fields. July, August.

52. MOLLUGO.

MOLLUGO VEHTICILLATA. L. Carpet weed.

Leaves whorled, wedge-form, acute ; stem subdi-
vided, decumbent ; peduncles one flowered. L.

A small, flat, spreading plant common in cultivated ground.
Stems prostrate, jointed, simple, or compound, giving off at each
joint a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves, and a few
small flowers on simple footstalks. Flowers at midsummer and
after. Annual.

53. PROSERPINACA.

PROSERPINACA FALUSTRIS. L. Spear leaved Proserpinaca.
Lower leaves subpinnatifid or cut-serrate ; the rest
linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Mich.

Class IV. Order I. 49

An aquatic, remarkable for its very hard, triangular, axillary
fruit. The leaves stand alternately on the stem, are narrow,
pointed, with very acute serratures. When the plant grow? in
the water, its immersed leaves are cut into linear segments.
Flowers two or three in the axil of each leaf. Nut bony, three
sided, three celled. Found in meadows and ponds. June, July.

Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Four stamens.
Order I. M O JVO G YNM. One style.

54. CEPHALANTHUS. Proper calyx superior, fun-
nel form ; common receptacle globular ; seed one,
downy.

55. PLANTAGO. Calyx four cleft ; corolla four
cleft, inferior, with a reflected border ; stamens very
long ; capsule two celled, opening transversely.

56. CENTAURELLA. Calyx four parted ; corolla
four parted, somewhat bell shaped ; capsule invested
with the permanent corolla and calyx, one celled, two
valved.

57. MITCHELLA. Corolla monopetalous, supe-
rior, two on each germ ; stigmas four; berry bind,
four seeded.

58. HOUSTONIA. Corolla monopetalous ; calyx
four toothed ; capsule two celled, two valved.

59. AMMANNIA. Calyx inferior, tubular, eight
toothed ; capsule four celled.

60. GALIUM. Corolla flat, superior ; seeds two.

61. CORNUS. Calyx four toothed ; corolla four
petalled, superior ; drupe with a two celled nut.

50 Class IV. Order I.

62. ICTODES. Spathe one leaved ; spadix oval,
covered with flowers ; calyx wedge shaped ; seeds
numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix.

63. LUDWIGIA. Calyx four parted, superior ;
petals four ; capsule quadrangular, four celled.

64. ISNARDIA. Calyx campanulate, four cleft,
permanent ; corolla none ; capsule four celled.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles.

65. HAMAMELIS. Involucre three leaved ; proper
calyx four leaved ; petals four ; nut two celled, with

two horns.

66. SANGUISORBA. Calyx two leaved, inferior ;
corolla flat, four cleft, superior ; capsule four cor-
nered.

Order IV. TETRAGYN1A.

67. ILEX. Calyx four toothed ; corolla mono-
petalous ; styles none ; berry four seeded.

68. POTAMOGETON. Calyx none ; corolla four
petalled ; seeds four, sessile.

69. RUPPIA. Calyx none ; corolla none ; seeds
four, pedicelled.

Class IV. Order I. 51

TETRANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

54. CEPHALANTHUS.
CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALS. L. Button bush.

Leaves opposite or in threes. L.

Button bush or river bush is a frequent ornament of the water
side, its insulated thickets furnishing a safe retreat for the nests
of the black bird (Oriolus phoeniceus.) The shrub rises five or
six feet out of the water, its leaves are tough, spreading, point-
ed, and entire. In the month of July it puts forth its spherical
heads of flowers,- which at a distance appear not unlike the balls
of the plane tree. Receptacle globular, of the size of a large
pea, covered with whitish funnel shaped flowers. The long pro-
jecting styles give to the whole a bristly aspect. The appear-
ance of this shrub on elevated ground, often indicates the pre-
sence of springs of water.

55. PLANTAGO.

PLANTAGO MAJOR. L. Large Plantain.

Leaves ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed with
rather long footstalks ; scape round ; flowers imbri-
cated ; seeds numerous. Sm.

This vegetable, which grows at every one's door, and not the
less for being trampled under foot, is in considerable repute
among many people as a refrigerant external application. Leaves
spreading on the ground, on channelled footstalks containing
strong fibres, like others of the genus, which draw out when the
stalks are broken. Spikes very long and close. As in others of
the kind, the flowering commences at bottom and proceeds very
gradually toward the top. Flowers most of the summer. Pe-
rennial.

PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA. L' Ribwort or field Plantain.
Leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end ; spike
ovate, naked ; scape angular. Sm.

52 Class IV. Order I.

Distinguished from the last by its narrow leaves, short spikes,
and furrowed stalk. The leaves are lanceolate, acute, entire,
and strongly ribbed. Stalk upright, deeply channelled. Spike
dark coloured, ovate, with a circle of projecting, whitish sta-
mens. Pastures and road sides. From May to October. Pe-
rennial.

PLANTAGO MARITIMA. L. Sea Plantain.

Leaves linear, mostly entire, channelled, woolly
at the base ; spike cylindrical, scape round. Sm.

Found on salt marshes and known by its leaves, which are
fleshy, linear-subulate, and hollowed out on their inner side.
Spike cylindrical, of short or moderate length. Flowers in July
and August. Perennial.

56. CENTAURELLA.

CENTAURELLA PANICULATA. Mich. Late Centaurella.

Stem branching above ; branches subdivided ; pan-
icle erect, many flowered ; segments of the corolla
oval ; style much shorter than the germ. Mich.

Syn. BARTONIA PANICULATA. Muhl.

A slender, upright plant, found in meadows, flowering about
August. Stem square, often twisted. Leaves opposite, minute,
subulate, resembling scales. Flowers small, white, on the ends
of the branches, which are erect and simple or compound.

57. MITCHELLA.
MITCHELLA REPENS. L. Chequer berry.

A handsome little creeping plant, the only species of its ge-
nus. It is found in woods about the roots of trees, creeping in
the decayed leaves. Stems furnished with opposite, round, or
heart shaped, smooth, petioled leaves, about the size of the fin-
ger nail. Corollas purplish white, funnel form, four cleft, hairy
within, bearing the stamens in their sinuses. The two calyxes
and corollas stand on a common germ, so that two apparent flow-
ers produce only one berry. The blossoms are exceeding!}' fra-
grant, and the leaves sometimes variegated. June, July. Pe-
rennial.

Class IV. Order I. 53

58. HOUSTONIA.

HOUSTONIA C<ERULEA. L. Bluish Houstonia.

Root leaves ovate ; stem compound ; first pedun-
cles two flo\yered. L.

Common among the grass in moist ground, flowering in May
and afterward. The stems are slender, repeatedly forked, the
divisions supporting single flowers. The root leaves are spatu-
late or oval, tapering into footstalks ; those of the stem opposite,
situated at the forks and elsewhere, lance-oval, the upper ones
sessile. Flowers smaller than violets, with which they grow.
Segments of the calyx erect, pointed. Corolla bluish white,
yellow at the centre, consisting of a slender tube with four ovate,
acute, spreading segments. Anthers inserted at the mouth of
the cube. Style exserted, stigma bifid. Perennial.

HOUSTONIA LONGIFOLIA. Willd. Long leaved Houstonia.

Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at each end ; flowers
corymbed. Willd.

Found in dry soils at Blue hills and elsewhere, not commonly
exceeding four or five inches in height. Stem erect, six sided,
branching toward the top. Leaves smooth, opposite, lanceolate,
somewhat obtuse. Flowers purplish, in a terminal corymb.
Calyx segments, oblong, acute ; corolla funnel shaped, divided
into four acute spreading segments, pale striped with purple in-
side ; stamens inserted in the tube ; style as long as the corolla,
stigma two cleft. Blue hills, Milton. June, July. Perennial.

59. AMMANNIA.

AMMANNIA HUMILIS. Low Amrnannia.

Stem procumbent, leaves lanceolate narrowed to a
petiole, flowers solitary opposite sessile.

Stem ascending, leaves oblong lanceolate, rather obtuse, acute
at base, and nearly sessile. Flowers small, red, closely sessile
in the axils. In wet meadows and on the muddy banks of rivers.
August, September. Perennial.

54 Class IV. Order I.

X

60. GALIUM.

GALIUM ASPRELLUM. Mich. Pointed Cleavers or Clivers.
4- Stem decumbent, rough backward ; leaves in six-
es, oval-lanceolate with a flaccid point ; flowers on
very short pedicels ; fruit smooth. Mich. abr.

Found in thickets and low grounds. Stem weak, supported
by plants around it, like many others of the genus ; rough with
minute reflexed prickles, as are also the ribs and margins of the
leaves. Leaves in whorls of six, lanceolate, with a slender, sca-
rious, curved point. Flowers white. Fruit smooth, very minute.
June, July. Perennial.

GALIUM SEPTENTRIONALE. R. ^ & Northern Galium.

Stem erect, smooth ; leaves in fours linear-lanceo-
late, acute, with the margin and midrib rough ; pan-
icle terminal ; fruit hispid.

Syn. GALIUM BORKALE. Pursh.

The stem of this species is erect, square, and perfectly smooth.
Leaves narrow lanceolate, acute, the margin rough and often
revolute. Flowers numerous, white, in a terminal panicle with
trichotomous brunches. Fruit covered with minute bristles.
Woods. July, August. Perennial.

It approaches very near to G. boreale of Europe, and may
perhaps be a variety. But on comparing it with specimens from
England and Germany, I find it constantly differs in the smooth-
ness of its stem, and its narrower, longer, and more acute leaves.

GALIUM TINCTORIUM. L. Dyers Cleavers.

Leaves linear, those of the stem in sixes, of the
branches in fours ; stem flaccid ; peduncles two
flowered ; fruit smooth. L.

A weak, branching plant, rough with reflexed prickles.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, whorled, the larger ones in
sixes, smaller ones in fours. Peduncles very small, supporting
minute white flowers, which are succeeded by smooth fruit.
Thickets and low ground. June, July. Perennial.

According to Kalm the roots dye a permanent red.

Class IV. Order I. 55

* GALIUM OBTUSUM, Obtuse Galium.

G. caule Icevi, procumbente ; foliis quaternis, ob-
lanceolatis, obtusis, margine nervoqiie asprellis ;
fructu Icevi.

Stem smooth, procumbent ; leaves in fours, oblan-
ceolate, obtuse, rough on the edge and midrib ; fruit
smooth.

Stem slender, diffuse, much branched, quadrangular, entirely
smooth. Leaves universally in fours, linear-lanceolate, very ob-
tuse, a little rough at the midrib and margin. Peduncles slen-
der, three flowered. Petals acute, white. Fruit globular,
smooth. On the banks of Muddy brook, Roxbury. July. Pe-
rennial.

I should not have added another species to this numerous
genus, but 1 find no character applying to this in the exten-
sive list of Rremer, and Schultes. It is a larger and more open
plant than G. tinctorium.

GALIUM VERUM. L. Yelloiv Bedstraw.

Leaves eight in a whorl, channelled, entire, rough ;
flowers in dense panicles ; fruit smooth. Sm.

Grows at Roxbury in dry, open pastures. Stem upright, slen-
der, pubescent. Leaves linear, rough, with the edges rolled
back, pointing downward. Branches opposite, unequal, leafy,
many flowered. Flowers small, yellow, followed by minute
smooth fruit. June, July. Perennial.

Probably introduced from Europe.

GALIUM CIUCJEZANS. MX. Cross Cleavers.'

Stems erect ; leaves in fours, oval, ciliate ; pedun-
cles divaricate, few flowered ; fruit bristly.

Syn. GALIUM RRACHIATUM. Muld. urc, Pi/rsk.

Found in woods. Stem upright, smooth, minutely pubescent,
Leaves an inch, or an inch and an half long, and more than half
as broad, three nerved, hairy at the margin and nerves. Branch-
es few, near the top, opposite, few flowered. Peduncles nearly
simple, bent in various directions, making angles at every flow-

56 Class IV. Order I.

er, and giving- off at the same time a minute leaf. Fruit a little
burr with its short footstalk reflected, as in Circaea, with uncinate
bristles. June, July. Perennial.

* GALIUM TORREYI. Acuminate Galium.

G. caule erecto ; foliis quaternis lanceolatis,
acuminatis; pedunculis paucifloris; fructu hispido.

Stem erect ; leaves in fours, lanceolate acuminate ;
peduncles few flowered ; fruit hispid.

Syn. GALIUM CIRCAEZANS -var. lanceolalum. Torrey. N. Y. Cat.

This species is a congener of the preceding, and closely re-
sembles it in its mode of flowering and fruit. Its leaves, how-
ever, are narrower, twice as long, and attenuated to a long
point, giving it a very different aspect. It is generally less cili-
ate. From G. septentrionale it differs in its leaves being lan-
ceolate, not linear, and three or four times as large. The fruit
also is scattered, and nearly sessile on virgated stalks, not form-
ing a thick panicle as in that species. Woods. June, July.
Perennial.

This plant and the preceding are sometimes called Liquorice
by the country people.

GALIUM TRTFIDUM. [Villd. Small Cleavers.

Stems procumbent, rough backward ; leaves of the
stem in fives, of the branches in fours, linear, obtuse,
rough on the edge ; flowers mostly trifid ; fruit
smooth.
Syn. GALIUM CLATTONI. MX.

This is our smallest species, and its corollas have frequently
but three segments. It agrees sufficiently well with the Euro-
pean plant figured by Oeder, though some have separated it.
Wet grounds. July.

GALIUM TRIFLORUM. MX. Three flowered Cleavers.

Stems procumbent, smoothish ; leaves in sixes,
obovate-lanceolate, smooth, scarcely ciliate ; branches
elongated, three flowered ; flowers pedicelled, fruit
hispid.

Class IV. Order I. 57

A well marked species with rather large leaves and small
flowers. The fruit forms a :<ort of umbel of three rays. Woods,
Chelsea beach island. July. Perennial.

GALIUM APARINE. L. Common Cleavers.

Leaves in eights, lanceolate, carinate, rough, prick-
ly backwards ; stem flaccid ; fruit bristly. Sm.

Stem brittle, weak, much branched, prickly backward, leaning
upon other plants for support. Leaves in whorls of about eight
together, lance-obovate, their margin and keel rough backward.
Flowers numerous, small, white, on axillary and terminal pedun-
cles. Fruit hispid. In moist thickets. May, June. Annual.

01. CORNUS.

Subgenus Floivers umbelled, with a four

leaved involucre.

CORNUS CANADENSIS. L. Dwarf Cornel.

Herbaceous ; upper leaves in whorls, slightly pe-
tioled, veined. Willd.

A handsome plant of half a foot in height. Root creeping,
stem simple, ascending, surmounted at top with a single whorl
of six oval leaves, two of which are lower and larger. The
umbel of flowers is surrounded by a large white involucre of
four leaves, which at first sight is taken for the petals of a sim-
ple flower. The berries or drupes are globular and red. Among
the fertile stems are found a multitude of barren ones, support-
ing whorls of four leaves. Woods, Brookiine, Cambridge. May,
June. Perennial.

CORNUS FLORIDA. Dogwood tree.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxviii.

Arboreous, flowers in heads, surrounded by an in-
volucre of obovate leaves with recurved points.

A conspicuous and very ornamental tree, covered early in
June with a profusion of large white flowers. It is below the
middle size, is of slow growth, and possesses a very compact
wood, covered with a rough broken bark. The branches are
smooth, covered with a reddish bark, marked with rings at the
8

58 Class IV. Order I.

place of the former leaves. The leaves, which are small at the
flowering time, are opposite, petioled, oval acute, entire, nearly
smooth, paler beneath, and marked as in others of the genus
with strong, paralled veins. The flowers, which are very
small, grow in heads or sessile umbels, upon peduncles an inch
or more in length. At the base of each bunch is the large
spreading involucre, constituting the chief beauty of the tree
when in flower. This involucre is composed of four white,
nerved, obovate leaves, having their point turned abruptly down
or up, so as to give them an obcordate appearance. The point
has frequently a reddish tinge. Calyx superior, somewhat bell
shaped, ending in four obtuse spreading teeth. Petals four, ob-
long, obtuse, retlexed. Stamens, four erect, the anthers oblong,
with the filaments inserted in their middle. Style erect, shorter
than the stamens, with an obtuse stigma. The fruit is an oval
drupe of a glossy scarlet colour, containing a nucleus with two
cells and two seeds. The bark of this tree is a bitter tonic
used in medicine. Woods, Q,uincj r , Dedham. June.

Subgenus flowers cymed, without an in-
volucre.
CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA. VHe.r. Alternate leaved Cornel.

Branches warty ; leaves alternate, ovate, acute,
whitish underneath; cymes spreading.

A small tree somewhat resembling the next species, but larger,
its leaves somewhat smaller, and arranged about the stem with-
out order. Fruit purple, smaller than in C. alba. Swamps
rare. June.

CORNUS ALBA. .L. White, berried Cornel.

Branches recurved ; leaves opposite, broad, ovate,
hoary underneath ; cymes naked, flat. VHer.

A shrub or small tree with spreading branches, and ovate,
acuminate leaves, whitish underneath. Cymes without involu-
cres, as are the rest of this subgenus. Flowers white, succeeded
by white fruit. In rich ground it sometimes blossoms twice a
year. Roxbury, Cambridge.

Class IV. Order I. 59

CORNUS CIRCINATA. VHerit. Round leaved Cornel.

Branches warty ; leaves opposite, orbicular, white-
downy underneath ; cymes naked, flattened. VHer.

Syn. CORNUS TOMENTULOSA. Mich.

An erect slender shrub, distinguished by its spotted or warty
branches, but particularly by its large, rounded, acuminate
leaves, which are white and downy, almost woolly underneath.
Cymes terminal, flattened. Fruit bluish. On Brighton road.
June.

CORNUS PANICULATA. I'Herit. Panicled Cornel.

Branches erect, leaves opposite, ovate, hoary un-
derneath ; cymes panicled. VHer.

A more common shrub than the two -last, sufficiently distin-
guishable by its smaller leaves. The cymes are numerous upon
the branches, more or less oblong, and decidedly panicled when
in fruit. Calyx very minute, so as to be hardly perceptible to
the naked eye. The berries or drupes are white, as in Cornus
alba. Low grounds. June, July.

62. ICTODES.
ICTODES FCETIDUS. Skunk Cabbage.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxiv.
Syn. DRACONTIUM FOETIDUM. L.

POTHOS FOETIDA. MX.

A strong scented, repulsive plant, exceedingly meritorious of
the name it bears. The root is large and abrupt, with numerous
crowded, fleshy fibres. The spathe which emerges from the
ground some time before the leaves, is ovate, swelling, various
in width, cucullato, spotted, and sometimes nearly covered with
dull brownish purple ; the lop acuminate and incurved, the
edges infolded, auriculatc at base, and at length coalescing.
Within this is the oval spadix, on a short peduncle, covered with
perfect tetrandrous (lowers, and of the same colour with the
spathe. Calyx leaves four, fleshy, wedge shaped, truncate, the
top and edges inflected, the whole crowded so as to form a com-
pact covering for the spadix. Stamens four, opposite the calyx
leaves, with subulate filaments equal in length to the calyx, and

60 Class IV. Order I.

oblong four celled anthers. Style four sided, tapering ; stigma
minute, pubescent ; germ roundish, concealed within the spadix.
After the spathe decays, the spadix continues to grow, and with
it every part of the flower except the anthers. When the fruit
is ripe, the spadix has attained many times its original dimen-
sions, while the calyx, filaments, and style are larger, very
prominent, and separated from each other. Within the spadix,
at the base of each style, is a round, fleshy seed, as large as a
pea, white, tinged with green and purple, invested with a sepa-
rate membranous coat, and with a prominent corculum situated
in a depression at top.

The leaves, which spring up some time after the flowers,
are numerous, large, and crowded, oblong heart shaped, acute,
smooth, with numerous fleshy veins of a paler colour. They
grow from the root on long petioles, hollowed in front, and fur-
nished with large oblong sheaths. They continue to increase
in size for a month or two after the flowering period is past, and
are conspicuous in summer in every meadow, swamp, and brook
side.

The odour depends on a volatile principle not separable by
distillation. There is besides an acrid principle which remains
in the root when dried. This plant has been found useful in
asthma and some other diseases, but is not safe in large quanti-
ties.

63. LUDWIGIA.

LumviaiA ALTERNIFOLIA. L. Common Ludwigia.

Erect, smooth ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, pale
beneath ; peduncles axillary, one flowered ; capsules
globose, four cornered, crowned with the calyx.

Syn. LUDIVIGIA MACROCARPA. MX.

Stem erect, round, with a tough, fibrous bark. Leaves scat-
tered, on very short petioles, lanceolate, entire, pale, and veined
underneath. Flowers on short, axillary stalks. Calyx uf four
ovate acute leaves, investing the germ at base, which is square
with winged angles. Petals orbicular, yellow. Shady swamps,
Cambridge, July, August. Perennial.

Class IV. Order II. 61

G4. ISNARDIA.

ISNARDIA PALUSTRIS. L. Isnctrdia.

A w.-ed swimming in ditches and streams of water, or creep-
ing on wet grounds Leaves opposite, oval or ovate, smooth.
Flowers small, sessile in the axils of the leaves, without beauty.
June. Annual.

DIGYJYM.

65. HAMAMELIS.
HAMAMELIS VIRGINICA. L. Witch hazel.

The variegated appearance of the American forest during the
months of autumn, has been repeatedly noticed by travellers.
Among the crimson and yellow hues of the falling leaves there
is no more remarkable object than the Witch hazel, in the mo-
ment of parting with its foliage, putting forth a profusion of
gaudy, yellow blossoms, and giving to November the counter-
feited appearance of spring. It is a bushy tree, sending up a
number of oblique trunks, about the size of a man : s arm or
larger. The leaves are oval or obovate, loosely waved or tooth-
ed upon the margin. Flowers sessile, about three together, pro-
ceeding from a gemmaceous involucre. Calyx double, pubes-
cent, the first of three roundish, short, bracteiform, leafets ; the
second larger, of four ovate, acute, recurved segments. Petals
four, very long, linear, transversely corrugated, in the bud rolled
inward. Nectaries four scales, wedge shaped, truncate, adnate
to the claws of the petals. Filaments erect, clavate, with ad-
nate anthers opening on each side by oval, concave, vertical
valves like doors. Germs two, ovate, hairy, with divergent
styles. Capsule roundish, its lower half invested by the persist-
ent calyx with four recurved points ; its upper half naked, with
a partial fissure and two short recurved points. Nuts two,
double shelled, the outer shells growing together, bursting elas-
tically at top ; inner shells free, oblong, glossy, and blackish ;
seed or kernel oblong, the corculum very distinct and nearly as
long as the seed, Not uncommon in damp woods. October,
November.

The wood is white, its fibres fine and flexible. The twigs
were formerly used in the imposture of the diving, or mineral
rods, supposed to indicate the existence of precious ores.

62 Class IV. Order IV.

66. SANGUISORBA.

SANGUISORBA CANADENSIS. L. Canada Burnet.

Spikes very long, cylindrical ; stamens many times
longer than the corolla.

Stem erect, two feet high, round, smooth, striate, two or more
feet high. Leaves pinnate, the leafets oblong, unequal at base,
serrate, very obtuse. Spikes terminal, very long, with white
flowers. Calyx two leaved, minute. Corolla of four obtuse
segments. Stamens several times longer than the corolla. Germ
oval between the calvx and corolla. On the Newburyport
turnpike, twelve miles from Boston, in wet meadows. July.
Perennial.

TETRJ1NDR1J1.

67. ILEX.

ILEX OPACA. Jlit. American Holly,

Leaves oval, evergreen, with strong spreading spi-
nous teeth ; fascicles of flowers lax, peduncles com-
pound ; calyxes rather acute, smooth ; fruit ovate.
Mich.

This tree is more interesting, from being one of the few ever-
green trees, which we possess, that are not of the coniferous
tribe. Its leaves are tough, smooth, and shining, furnished at
the edge with short, rigid, acute spines. The flowers are nu-
merous, small, of a greenish white, growing in bunches around
the branches. Berries red, falling very late. Quincy, Cohas-
set. June.

ILEX CANADENSIS. Canadian Holly.

Leaves deciduous, oval, entire or slightly toothed
at the tip ; peduncles subsolitary, one flowered ; fruit
slightly four cornered.

A slender shrub six or seven feet high. Leaves smooth, oval,
entire, or slightly toothed, often mucronated. Flowers small,
green, on long slender peduncles. Corolla of four spreading,
acute segments. Stamens four, as long as the corolla Germ
round, pointed in the barren flowers j longer and bearing a four

Class IV. Order IV. 63

lobed stigma in the perfect ones ; the shrub being strictly poly-
gamous. Berries deep red. Swamps, Cambridge. May.

68. POTAMOGETON.

POTAMOGETON NATANS. L. Floating Pond weed.

Upper leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base,
petioled, floating. Sm.

A very common species of pond weed, growing near the mud-
dy banks of deep waters. Leaves oblong, sometimes a little
hearted at base, two inches long, floating on the surface, on foot-
stalks accommodated to the depth of the water. In June the
spikes of dull flowers emerge on solitary round footstalks, sur-
rounded at base by lanceolate bractes or stipulae.

POTAMOGETON FLUITANS. L. Long leaved Pond iveed.

Leaves petioled, lower ones linear, very long, up-
per ones lanceolate, nerved, coriaceous.

Leaves narrower than the preceding, the immersed ones very
long and linear. Ponds. June.

POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUM. L. PerfoUate Pond weed.
Leaves cordate-ovate, clasping, all immersed ;
spikes terminal ; flowers alternate.

This has no floating leaves, the flowers only appearing above
water. July.
POTAMOGETON LUCENS. MX. Shining Pond tveed.

Leaves lanceolate, subsessile with a thick midrib ;
spikes long, cylindrical.

A very long, large leaved species. Leaves immersed. Ditch-
es, &c. July.
POTAMOGETON SETACEUM. ll'illd. Setaceous Pond weed.

Upper leaves opposite, lanceolate, five nerved, on
short petioles ; lower ones alternate, filiform ; spikes
dense, shorter than the leaves.

Very different in size from any of the preceding, the wholr
plant being small and slender. July.

i

64 Class V. Order I.

POTAMOGETON PAUCIFLORUM. Short headed Pond weed.

Leaves sessile, linear, flat ; heads about flour flow-
ered.

This species is not spiked, the flowers forming a little ter-
minal head or whorl, a few together. July.

69. RUPPIA.

RUPPIA MARITIMA. -L. Sea Ruppia.

An immersed, grass like plant, of salt water ditches and ponds.
Leaves linear, all under the surface. Spike or head above
water, about four flowered. Seeds four or five on pedicels.
South Boston, &c. July.

Class V. PENTANDRIA. Five stamens.

Order I. MOJVOGYJVM. One style.
A. Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with four naked seeds.

70. ECHIUM. Corolla irregular, bell shaped, with
the throat naked ; stigma two cleft.

71. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla infundibuliform
with the throat naked ; calyx five parted.

72. LYCOPSIS. Corolla infundibuliform with a
curved tube ; its throat closed with convex scales.

73. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel form, the
throat closed with arched valves ; seeds depressed,
fixed laterally to the style.

74. MYOSOTIS. Corolla salver shaped, five cleft,
lobes slightly notched ; throat closed with concave
valves.

B. Flou-ers monopetalous, inferior ; seeds in a vessel.

75. HYDROPHYLLUM. Corolla campanulate with

Class V. Order I. 65

five internal, longitudinal, nectariferous stripes ; cap-
sule one celled, two valved.

76. ANAGALLIS. Corolla wheel shaped ; stamens
hairy ; capsule opening transversely.

77. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla wheel shaped ; stigma
obtuse ; capsule one celled, mostly ten valved.

78. SABBAT i A. Tube of the corolla urceolate,
border from five to twelve parted ; stigma two part-
ed, the divisions spiral ; anthers at length revolute.

79. HOTTONIA. Corolla hypocrateriform, sta-
mens inserted on the tube ; stigma globose ; capsule
one celled.

80. MENYANTHES. Corolla hairy inside ; stigma
cloven, capsule one celled, two valved.

81. VILLARSIA. Corolla rotate, the segments
bearded at base and inflexed at the margin ; five
glands alternate with the stamens ; capsule one celled
without valves.

82. CONVOLVULUS. Corolla campanulate, plait-
ed ; stigmas two ; capsule two or three celled ; the
cells two seeded.

83. DATURA. Corolla funnel form, plaited ; calyx
tubular, deciduous ; capsule two celled, four valved.

84. HYOSCYAMUS. Corolla funnel form, irregu-
lar ; stamens inclined ; stigma capitate ; capsule two
celled, covered with a lid.

85. VERBASCUM. Corolla wheel shaped ; sta-
mens declined, bearded ; stigma simple ; capsule two
celled.

86. AZALEA. Corolla bell, or funnel form ; sta-
mens inserted in the receptacle ; stigma obtuse ; cap-
sule five celled.

9

66 Class V. Order I.

87. DIAPENSIA. Corolla hypocrateriform with a
short tube ; calyx five parted, bracted at base ; stig-
ma three lobed ; capsule three celled, three valved,
many seeded.

88. SOLANUM. Corolla wheel shaped ; anthers
slightly cohering, opening by two pores at the top ;
berry two celled.

C. Flowers monopetalous, superior.

89. SAMOLUS. Corolla hypocrateriform ; stigma
capitate ; capsule one celled, five valved at top.

90. CAMPANULA. Corolla bell shaped, closed at
the bottom by valves bearing the stamens ; stigma
three cleft ; capsule three or five celled, opening by
lateral pores.

91. LOBELIA. Corolla irregular, cloven ; anthers
united ; stigma capitate ; capsule two or three celled.

92. LONICERA. Calyx five toothed; corolla long,
tubular, its border five cleft ; berry distinct, three
celled, many seeded.

93. XYLOSTEUM. Calyx five toothed; corolla
funnel shaped ; berries two, connate at base, two
celled, many seeded.

94. DIERVILLA. Calyx oblong, five cleft ; corol-
la twice as long, funnel shaped, five cleft ; capsule
oblong, four celled, many seeded.

95. TRIOSTEUM. Corolla monopetalous, five lobed,
unequal ; calyx as long as the corolla ; berry three
celled ; cells one seeded.

D. Flowers Jive petalhd, superior.

96. RIBES. Calyx bearing the corolla; style bi-
fid ; berry many seeded.

Class V. Order I. 67

E. Flowers Jive peialled, inferior.

97. CEANOTHUS. Calyx tubular ; petals five,
vaulted ; berry dry, three seeded.

98. CELASTRUS. Calyx flat ; corolla five petal-
led, spreading ; capsule three angled, three celled ;
seeds covered with a hood.

99. VITIS. Petals five, shrivelled, mostly co-
hering at top ; style none ; berry five seeded.

H)0. IMPATIENS. Calyx two leaved ; corolla ir-
regular, with a hooded, spurred nectary ; anthers
united ; capsule superior, five valved, elastic.

101. VIOLA. Calyx five leaved ; corolla irregu-
lar, spurred ; anthers cohering ; capsule one celled,
three valved.

102. CLAYTONIA. Calyx two valved ; corolla
five petalled ; stigma three cleft ; capsule three valv-
ed, one celled, three seeded.

F. Flowers incomplete.

103. THESIUM. Calyx five cleft, bearing the sta-
mens ; corolla none ; seed one, covered.

104. QUERIA. Calyx inferior, connivent, five
parted ; segments oblong, hollowed at tip ; corolla
none ; capsule membranous, not opening.

Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles.
A. Corolla monopetalous.

105. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell shaped ; five nec-
tareous filaments alternating with the stamens ; fol-
licles two.

106. ASCLEPIAS. Corolla reflected ; nectaries
five, ovate, concave, with a little horn projecting
from each ; follicles two.

107. GENTIANA. Corolla tubular at the base,

68 Class V. Order I.

without nectariferous pores ; capsule two valved, one
celled, many seeded ; number of parts variable.

108. Cu SCUTA. Calyx four or five cleft ; corolla
four or five cleft ; capsule two celled, opening trans-
versely at the base.

B. Flowers jive petalled, inferior.

109. HEUCHERA. Petals five, inserted on the
calyx ; capsule two celled, two beaked.

C. Flowers incomplete.

110. SALSOLA. Calyx five parted ,' corolla none ;
capsule one seeded ; seed spiral.

111. CHENOPODIUM. Calyx five parted, five cor-
nered ; corolla none ; seed one, lenticular, invested
with the calyx.

112. ULMUS. Calyx five cleft; corolla none;
seed one, inclosed in a flat membranous capsule.

D. Umbelliferous. Flowers five petalled, superior, two seeded.

113. HYDROCOTYLE. Umbel simple ; involucre
four leaved ; petals entire ; fruit orbicular, com-
pressed.

114. SANICULA. Umbels in heads; flowers of
the centre abortive ; seeds muricate.

115. DAUCUS. Involucres pinnatifid ; outer flo-
rets abortive ; fruit hispid, cohering.

116. HERACLEUM. General involucre deciduous ;
flowers radiant ; petals notched, with the point in-
flected ; fruit elliptic, notched, compressed, striate,
with a dilated margin.

117. CONIUM. Involucres general and partial,
the partial half wanting ; petals heart shaped, ecnaal ;
fruit ovate, gibbous, five ribbed on each side.

Class V. Order I. 69

118. ANGELICA. Involucres general and partial;
petals incurved ; styles reflected ; fruit roundish,
solid, with three wings on each side.

119. LIGUSTRIUM. Involucres general and par-
tial, fruit oblong, five furrowed on each side, corollas
equal, petals involute, entire.

120. SIUM. Involucres general and partial, many
leaved ; petals heart shaped ; fruit nearly oval, com-
pressed, striate.

121. URASPERMUM. Involucres few leaved ; cen-
tral florets barren ; fruit stipitate, oblanceolate, polish-
ed, partly hispid.

122. PASTINACA. Involucres none ; petals invo-
lute, entire ; fruit ellipital, compressed, flat.

123. SMYRNIUM. Involucres none ; petals acu-
minate, carinate ; fruit somewhat compressed, gib-
bous, striate.

124. (E THUS A. General involucre none ; partial
involucre but half ; fruit roundish ovate, striate.

124. SISON. Involucres about four leaved ; um-
bel of few rays unequal ; petals inflected ; fruit ovate
or oblong, striate.

125. CICUTA. Partial involucres without the gen-
eral ; petals somewhat flat ; fruit subovate ; grooved.

Order III. TRIGYNL1. Three styles.

126. VIBURNUM. Calyx five parted, superior ;
corolla five cleft ; berry one seeded.

127. SAMBUCUS. Calyx five parted, superior ;
corolla five cleft ; berry three seeded.

128. RHUS. Calyx five parted, inferior; corolla
five petalled ; berry one seeded.

70 Class V. Order I.

129. STAPHYLEA. Calyx inferior, five parted ;
petals five ; capsules inflated, connate ; nuts two,
globose.

130. SAROTHRA. Calyx five parted ; corolla five
petalled ; capsule one celled, three valved.

Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. Four styles.

131. PARNASSIA. Calyx five parted ; petals five ;
nectaries five, cordate, crowned with globular headed
filaments ; capsule two celled, four valved.

Order V. PENTAGYN1A. Five styles.

132. ARALIA. Flowers umbelled, with involu-
cres ; calyx five toothed, superior ; corolla five pe-
talled ; berry five seeded.

133. LINUM. Calyx inferior, five leaved ; petals
five ; filaments coalescing at base ; capsule ten celled,
five valved ; seeds solitary.

134. DROSERA. Calyx five parted, corolla five
petalled, inferior ; capsule one celled, three or five
valved, opening at top ; seeds many.

135. STATICE. Calyx one leaved, entire, plaited;
petals five ; seed one, invested by the calyx.

PENTANDRIA.
MONOGYNM.

70. ECHIUM.

ECHIUM VULGARE. L. Vipers Bugloss.

Stem bristly and tuberculated ; stem leaves lanceo-
late and rough with stiff hairs ; flowers in lateral
spikes. Sm.

Class V. Order I. 71

Stem erect, round, covered with firm bristles standing on little
protuberances. Leaves rough, covered with the same kind of
bristles. Spikes of flowers axillary, recurved, gradually straight-
ening, bearing a row of crowded purplish flowers. Road side,
Roxbury.- June, July. Biennial.

71. LITHOSPERMUM.

LITHOSPERMUM oFFiciNALE. Lt. Common Gromwdl.

Seeds smooth ; calyx nearly equal to the corolla ;
leaves lanceolate, acute, veiny.

A rough branching plant introduced from Europe. Leaves
entire, rather acute. Flowers small, yellowish, in recurved
leafy spikes. Seeds white. Dry pastures. June. Perennial.

LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE. L. Corn Gromwell.

Seeds wrinkled ; calyx nearly equal to the corolla ;
leaves obtuse, veinless.

Leaves rough, oblong, obtuse, with only the central vein.
Flowers white. Dry hills, introduced. Annual.

72. LYCOPSIS.

LYCOPSIS VIRGINICA. I/. Virginian Lycopsis.

Small, hispid ; lower leaves spatulate, upper ones
linear-oblong, entire ; racemes solitary ; flowers pe-
dunculated.

A small hairy plant found with Krigia Virginica in dry woods
and on hills. Root leaves spatulate or obovate, those of the stem
oblong, closely sessile or half clasping. Stem erect, square, in
the larger ones branched. Flowers in a leafy raceme, each one
pedunculated and given off from the side of a leaf. Calyx seg-
ments acute, slightly unequal, corolla white or purplish, the seg-
ments rounded, the tube contracted at top and bottom, and swell-
ing in the middle. Stamens short, concealed in the tube. May,
June. Annual.

LYCOPSIS ARVENSIS. L. Wild Bugloss.

Hispid ; leaves lanceolate, repand-toothed ; ra-
cemes double ; flowers sessile.

72 Class V. Order I.

A very bristly plant with small blue flowers, probably intro-
duced from Europe. Dry hills. June, July.

73. CYNOGLOSSUM.

CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALK. JL. Common Hounds tongue.
Stamens shorter than the corolla ; leaves broad
lanceolate, downy, sessile. L.

An erect, downy plant, exhaling an unpleasant odour. Stem
about two feet high, round, hairy. Leaves covered on both
sides with a greyish down, lanceolate, entire, somewhat waved,
the lower ones petioled, upper ones sessile, clasping, inclining
*o an oblong heart shape. Flowers in several racemes, which
are recurved at the end. Calyx downy. Corolla dull purple.
Seeds furnished with small hooks serving for their dispersion.
Road side. Charlestown. June. Biennial.

CYNOGLOSSUM AMPLEXICAULE. MX. Clasping Hounds tongue.
Hairy ; leaves oval-oblong, the upper ones clasp-
ing ; corymb terminal, leafless, on a long stalk.

A tall, erect, hairy plant, with large leaves and a small dis-
tant corymb or panicle of handsome flowers. Calyx segments
acute, hairy. Corolla purple, hypocrateriform, with oblong,
obtuse lobes, the throat crowned. Woods, Vermont and New-
Hampshire. June. Perennial.

74. MYOSOTIS.

MYOSOTIS PALTJSTRIS. Pursh. Water Mouse ear.

Perennial ; seeds smooth ; calyx subovate, glabrous,
nearly as long as the tube of the corolla ; stem slight-
ly branched, leaves lanceolate.

Syn. JWrosoTis SCORPIOIDES. First edit.

This plant is by many of our botanists considered a variety of
M scorpioides. It is found about the edges of ditches and
streams. Stem rooting at base, ascending, mostly smooth.
Leaves scattered, broad lanceolate, sessile, aearly smooth.
Racemes terminal, rolled back at the end. Flowers point-
ing one way, small, rose coloured. From June to October.
Perennial.

Class V. Order I. 73

Subgenus ROCHELIA. Seeds echinate.
MYOSOTIS VIRGINIANA. L. Virginia Monte ear.

Hairy, seeds bristled with hooks, leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, racemes divaricate.

Syn. ROCHELIA VIRGINIANA. R. $ S.

Stem erect, furrowed, hairy, with numerous branches. Leaves
large, the lower ones petioled, lanceolate, entire, roughish,
hairy. Flowers small, in numerous short racemes. Calyx seg-
ments oblong, subacute. Corolla white, roundish, entire, as long as
the calyx, crowned at the mouth. Seeds covered with short ad-
hering hooks or bearded points.

A weed in cultivated ground and rubbish July. Annual.

75. HYDROPHYLLUM.

HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINICUM. L. Virginian Hydrophyllum.
Smooth ; leaves pinnatifid and pinnate, the seg-
ments oval-lanceolate, cut-serrate ; fascicles conglom-
erate.

Root fleshy, fibrous, very sweet to the taste. Leaves pinnate ;
leafets ovate, cut and toothed acuminate, nearly smooth, the up-
per ones running together. Petioles clasping the stem. Stem a
foot high, somewhat semi-cylindrical. Flowers in a crowded
tuft at the top. Segments of the calyx linenr, pectinate with
hairs. Corolla bluish white, bell shaped, divided into five ob-
tuse segments, having each a triangular bivalved nectariferous
cavity running down its inside. Stamens twice as long as the
corolla. Germ covered with close, erect hairs. Style as long
as the stamens, bifid at top. On the sides of the Ascutne}' moun-
tain, Windsor, Vermont. June. Perennial.

HYDROPHYLLUM CANADENSE. L. Canadian Hydrophyllum.
Leaves simple, lobed, angular, flowers in crowded
fascicles.

Leaves large and broad, somewhat palmate, about seven

lobed, cut and toothed. Flowers much as in the preceding.
Collected in the western part of the state.
10

74 Class V. Order I.

76. ANAGALLIS.

ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS. L. Scarlet Pimpernel.

Leaves ovate, dotted beneath ; stem procumbent.
Sm.

A humble but very delicate flower. Stein square, procum-
bent. Leaves ovate, covered on the under side with purple
dots. Flowers on axillary footstalks, bright scarlet. Capsule
spherical, bursting crosswise, a character at any time ascertained
by pressing it. In England it has received the name of " Poor
man's weather glass," from the circumstance that the flowers
close in bad weather, being very sensible to changes of the air.
Common at South Boston. June and after. Annual.

77. LYSIMACHIA.

LYSIMACHIA THYRSIFLOR.A. L. Tufted Loosestrife,

Racemes lateral, pedunculated.

Syn. LTSIMACHIA CAPITATA. Pursh.

Stem simple, smooth. Leaves sessile, opposite, lanceolate,
acute, somewhat revolute at the edges, paler and somewhat
down} r beneath. Flowers small yellow in short rounded racemes
or heads supported by axillary peduncles. The American plant
does not appear to me to differ from the European. The seg-
ments of the corolla and stamens often vary to six and seven, as
in the European. Swamps. June. Perennial.

Subgenus SELEUCIA. Capsule Jive valved, intermediate
barren filaments Jive.
LYSIMACHIA CILIATA. L. Heart leaved Loosestrife.

Leaves opposite, heart-oval, petioles ciliated, flow-
ers chiefly in pairs, drooping.

This Lysimachia is distinguishable from the subsequent spe-
cies by its broader leaves obtuse at base, and its larger flowers.
It rises from one to two feet in height, gives off opposite, oblong,
pointed leaves somewhat heart shaped at base. The upper pairs,
which have flowers in their axils, are so near together as to ap-
pear quarternate. Petioles fringed with hairs extending round
the stem. Flowers in pairs, crossing so near as to appear whorl-

Class V. Order I. 75

ed in fours, yellow. Calyx acute ; segments of the corolla ovate,
toothed and mucronated, covered with minute glands at base.
Anthers sagittate, obtuse; filaments shorter than the anthers, in-
serted in a glandular ring at the base of the corolla, with five in-
termediate, subulate, filamentous bodies covered with glandular
pubescence. Germ globose, style straight, stigma simple. Cap-
sule five valved. Grows on Chelsea beach island. June, July.
Perennial.

LYSIMACHIA HYBRIDA. Mich, Hybrid Loosestrife.

\

Leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, acute at
base ; flowers drooping.

A more common species than the last, which it resembles.
Stem erect, with opposite branches. Leaves of the stem long,
retlexed, narrow, tapering at both ends. Petioles ciliate as in
the former species, the row of hairs extending round the stem.
The flowers in every respect resemble those of the preceding
species, and indeed I can observe no permanent difference except
in the form of the leaves, which are narrow and lanceolate.
Grows among the grass in wet meadows, Roxbury, flowering in
July.

Svbgenus CASSANDRA. Capsule five valved, verrucose ;
stamens monadelphous, two long and three short.

LYSIMACHIA QUADRIFOLIA. L. Four leaved Loosestrife.

Leaves in fours, nearly sessile, peduncles in fours,
one flowered. L.

A plant of singular regularity, having its long simple stem
surrounded by whorls of four oval-lanceolate leaves, with the
same number of yellow flowers on capillary footstalks in their
axils. Calyx segments acute, half as long as the corolla. Seg-
ments of the corolla entire, acute, spotted at base. Stamens un-
equal, two long and three short, united at base, and covered with
glandular hairs. Germ globose, dotted. Style straight. Cap-
sule spherical, five valved, punctate with black warts. Some-
times the number of flowers and leaves in a whorl varies to
three or five" Every where in low ground. June.

76 Class V. Order I.

LYSIMACHIA STRICTA. Mt. Upright Loosestrife.

Racemes terminal ; petals lanceolate, spreading ;
leaves lanceolate, sessile. Ait.

Syn. LrsiMACHiA RACEMOSA. Lam. Mich.
LrsiMAcniA BULBIFERA. Curtis.

A very elegant species, its long, upright raceme appearing
like a hollow cylinder of flowers. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves
glabrous, dotted, acute. Raceme often half a foot in length.
Flowers on horizontal, capillary footstalks an inch in length
Calyx acute. Segments of the corolla lanceolate, yellow, black
at base. Filaments pubescent, monadelphous, three short and
two long; anthers saggittate. Germ globose, style ascending,
longer than the stamens; capsule five valved. This species
produces stem bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Low grounds.
July. Perennial.

78. SABBATIA.

S ABB ATI A CHLOROIDES. Ph. Sctbbatid.

Slender, leaves lanceolate, erect ; branches few,
one flowered ; flowers ten or twelve parted, calyx
segments linear, shorter than the corolla.

Syn. CHLQRA DODECAHDRA. L.

ClilROfllA CHLOROIDES. MX.

Stem a foot or more in height, erect, smooth, four angled, with
opposite branches, the branches often higher than the stem and
dichotomous. Leaves opposite, short, smooth, clasping, lanceo-
late, entire, erect. Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles.
Calyx divided into about twelve linear segments. Corolla much
larger than the calyx, divided to the base into about ten seg-
ments, which are oblong, obtuse, red, with a large yellow spot
at base, edged with brown. Stamens about twelve, anthers yel-
low, oblong-linear, rolled up at the tip as they grow old. Germ
oval, style declined, stigmas two, linear, as long as the style?
slightly twisted. The parts of the flower are very variable iij
number. Plymouth, wet ground. June. Biennial. ?

Class V. Order I. 77

79. HOTTON1A.

HOTTONIA INFLATA. Ell. Inflated Hottonia.

Leaves pinnatifid, peduncles inflated, jointed, many
flowered.

Stem immersed, round, fragile, sending out roots. Leaves in
a whorl at or near the surface of the water, pinnatifid with linear
segments. The peduncles which constitute the most conspicu-
ous part of the plant grow several together in a sort of umbel.
They are from half a foot to a foot long, pifoescent, jointed, and
inflated between the joints to nearly the size of the little finger.
Within they are smooth and empty. Flowers in numerous
whorls with short stalks, and linear, obtuse bractes exceeding
them in length. Calyx segments linear, obtuse, persistent. Co-
rolla white, very small, hypocrateriform, the tube a little swell-
ing, the segments obtuse or slightly emarginate. Stamens very
ehort, converging, inserted in the tube of the corolla opposite
the segments. Anthers roundish, two lobed. Germ subglobu-
lar; style short, erect; stigma globose. Capsule one celled, five
valved. Receptacle globular. Seeds minute oval, shining, red,
with a blackish tip. Grows in ditches at Milton and Dorchester.
June. Perennial.

80. MENYANTHES.
MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA. L. Buck Bean.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xlvi.

Leaves ternate. L.

The root of this plant penetrates horizontally in the bog earth
to a great distance. It is regularly intersected with joints at the
distance of about half an inch from each other, these joints being
formed by the breaking off of the old petioles and their sheaths.
The leaves proceed from the end of the root on long stalks, fur-
nished with broad sheathing, stipules at base. They are trifo-
liate, nearly oval, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, and slightly repand,
or furnished with minute irregularities at the edge, which hardly
prevent them from being entire. Scape round, ascending,
smooth, bearing a conical raceme of flowers. Peduncles straight,
scattered, supported by ovate, concave bractes. Calyx erect,
subcampanulate, five parted, persistent. Corolla funnel shaped,

78 Class V. Order I.

tube short, border five cleft, spreading and at length revolute.
elothfed on the upper part with a coating of dense, fleshy, obtuse
fibres. The colour in the Amer. variety is generally white,
with a tinge of red, particularly on the outside. Stamens five,
shorter than the corolla, and alternate with its segments ; an-
thers, oblong arrow-shaped. Germ ovate ; style cylindrical, per-
sistent, as long as the corolla ; stigma bifid, compressed. Cap-
sule ovate, two valved, one celled. Seeds numerous, minute, at-
tached to two lateral receptacles. Margins of ponds and brooks,
Cambridge. May. Perennial.

81. VILLARSIA.

VILLABSIA LACUNOSA. Vtnt. Common Villarsio,.

Leaves heart shaped, angular behind, entire, pitted

beneath ; umbels on the, petioles ; corollas glabrous.

Syn. VILLARSIA AQUATIC A. Ginel.

MENTANTHES TRACHTSPERMA. Mich.

An aquatic with small floating leaves. The petioles are very
slender and flexible. Leaves one or two inches in diameter,
heart shaped, the lobes somewhat angular, like those of Nym-
phsea odorata ; entire, smooth, dotted underneath. Flowers
small, white in umbels growing on the side of the petiole, about
half an inch below the leaf. The umbel is generally immersed
in the water, but one or more flowers rise above the surface,
and expand each day. Calyx in five lanceolate acute segments.
Corolla five parted, emarginate and curled upon the margin.
Anthers inserted at the divisions of the corolla, separated by
small glandular bodies upon pedicels, which appear like stamens
and may occasion a mistake in the class. Germ oval. Style
short, erect. At the place of the umbel is frequently a knot of
solid, oblong, acute bodies, resembling stern bulbs, and tending
downward. Fresh pond. July.

This species appears somewhat different from V. cordata and
V. trachysperma of Elliott.

82. CONVOLVULUS.

CONVOLVULUS SEPIUM. L. Large Bindweed.

Leaves arrow shaped with the posterior lobes trun-

Class V. Order I. 79

eated ; peduncles square, one flowered ; bractes heart
shaped, close to the flower. Sm.
Syn. CALTSTEGIA SEPIUM. Pursh.

The American variety of Convolvulus sepium is one of the
finest of the genus. It climbs about fences and bushes in low
ground, its large red and white blossoms expanding in June and
July. Stem twining, a little angular, smooth. Leaves large,
arrow shaped, the hinder lobes cut off, particularly in the upper
leaves. Flower stalks square, axillary, bearing a pair of heart
shaped bractes so close to the flower as to appear like its calyx.
Perennial.

CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS. Z/. Small Bindweed.

Leaves arrow shaped, the lobes acute ; flowers
generally solitary ; bractes minute, remote from the
flower. Sm.

Not more than half the size of. the last. Stems numerous,
twining. Leaves arrow or halbert shaped, with acute lobes.
Peduncles angular with a pair of very small acute bractes about
their middle. Flowers nearly white. Dorchester. June.
CONVOLVULUS STANS. MX. Downy Bindweed.

Erect, downy ; leaves oblong lanceolate, hearted,
acuminate ; peduncles elongated, one flowered ; brac-
tes ovate, acute ; segments of the calyx lanceolate ;
stem flowering below.

Syn. CALTSTEGIA TOMENTOSA. Pursh.

About half a foot high with leafy branches, never twining.
From the lower part of the stem proceeds a long peduncle,
(sometimes two,) bearing a large white flower. In dry woods.
Fryeburg, Maine July.

83. DATURA.
DATURA STRAMONIUM. L. Thorn Jlpple.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. i.

Capsules thorny, erect, ovate ; leaves ovate, angu-
lar, smooth.

80 Class V. Order I.

Stem erect, simple at bottom, much branched at top by re-
peated forks, smooth or slightly pubescent, hollow in the large
plants, often solid in small ones. Leaves given off from the forks
of the stem, five or six inches long, acute, irregularly sinualed
and toothed, with large acute teeth and round sinuses, the sides
of the base extending unequally down the petiole. Flowers
single, axillary, on short stalks, erect or nodding. Calix com-
posed of one leaf, tubular, with five angles, and five teeth, de-
ciduous by breaking off from its base. Corolla funnel shaped
with a long tube, five angled, its margin waved and folded, and
terminating in five acuminate teeth. Stamens growing to the
tube by their filaments, with oblong, erect anthers. Germ supe-
rior, hairy with the rudiments of spines, ovate ; style as long
as the stamens ; stigma obtuse, parted at base. Capsule as
large as a small hen's egg, ovate, fleshy, covered with thorns,
four valved, four celled, opening at top. Seeds numerous, reni-
form, black, attached to a longitudinal receptacle, which occu-
pies the centre of each cell. Among rubbish. August, Septem-
ber. Annual.

A variety much more common than the last, and considerably
larger in size, has a uniformly hollow stem, purple, covered
with light dots ; the flowers light purple or blue, striped on the
inside. It answers in every respect to the description of Datura
iatula, as laid down in botanical books. I incline to think the
two species should be incorporated into one, if there are no bet-
ter discriminating marks than those usually laid down. The
dots in the purple cuticle of the American plant do not appear
to result from warts, or any inequalities in its structure, but sim-
ply from variation of colour. The sensible qualities of the two
varieties are the same.

It must be remarked however, that both the plants here de-
scribed differ from the representations in the English Botany,
and in Woodville's Medical Botany ; 1st, in the form of the an-
thers, which are very oblong, four times longer than broad ; 2d.
in the stigma, the sides of which are parallel ; 3d, in the dissepi-
ment of the capsule which is thin, about one quarter the thick-
ness of the valves.

The poisonous properties of this plant, as well as its applica-
tion to medicine, are well known. As a remedy in asthma it
has acquired great reputation.

Class V. Order I. 81

84. HYOSCYAMUS.

HVOSCTAMUS NIGER. Henbane.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xvii.

Lower leaves sinuatecl and clasping ; flowers ses-
sile.

Of the natural order of luridcc like the last, equally poisonous,
and of no less utility in medicine. The whole herb has a glau-
cous or sea-green colour, is hairy and viscid, and emits a rank
offensive smell. The stalk is one or two feet high, round branch-
ing and rigid. The first leaves spread upon the ground, and have
some resemblance to a young thistle. They are large, oblong,
frequently contorted, clasping, cut into acute lobes, and pointed;
the upper ones generally entire.

The flowers form a revolute, one sided spike at the end of the
stem or branch, leaving, as they fall off, a straight row of cap-
sules. The calyx has five short acute segments. The corolla if
funnel shaped, irregular, with five spreading, obtuse segments.
of a pale yellow or straw colour, with a beautiful net work of
purple veins. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolln, with
large oblong anthers. Style slender, longer than the stamens.
declined with an obtuse stigma. Capsule two celled, roundish,
covered with a lid, and invested with the persistent calyx, the
segments of which extend beyond it, and become rigid and prick-
ly. The seeds are numerous, small, unequal, brownish, and are di~-
charged by the horizontal separation of the lid. Road sides, &c
June and July. Biennial.

85. VERBASCUM.

VERBASCUM THAPSUS. L. Common Mullein.

Leaves decurrent, woolly on both sides ; stem sim-
ple. L.

Every body knows this tall, woolly, and very common plant.
Stem erect, straight, woolly, winged by the decurrent base of
the leaves. Leaves exceedingly woolly on both sides, ovate-
lanceolate, sessile, slightly serrato or waved on the margin.
The stem terminates in a long, thick, cylindrical spiko, with
handsome five parted yellow flowers. Dry pastures. Julv. Au-
gust. Biennial.
11

82 Class V. Order I.

VERBASCUM BLATTARIA. .L. jWo//t Mullein.

Leaves clasping, oblong, glabrous, serrate ; pe-
duncles one flowered, solitary.

Two or three feet high. Leaves smooth, oblong, obovate,
doubly serrate, the radical ones somewhat lyrate. Flowers in a
long, terminal raceme, pedunculated, yellow or white, marked
with purple. Stamens covered with purple hairs. Road sides,
not common. Annual.

80. AZALEA.

AZALEA NUDIFLOIIA. L. Naked Jlzalea.

Flowers naked ; leaves lanceolate-oval, pubescent,

the nerve hairy ; corolla hairy ; stamens much longer

than the tube.

An exceedingly beautiful shrub with rose coloured flowers. I
have never seen it wild very near to Boston, but have observed
it in woods in Worcester, Princeton, Douglas, &c. Several va-
rieties occur in the length and colour of the flowers. June.

AZALEA VISCOSA. jL. W-ild Honeysuckle, Swamp Pink.

Leaves with a rough margin ; corollas viscid, hai-
ry : stamens but little longer than the corolla. L.

+> '

A fine flowering shrub, very common among the brushwood
in low land. The small branches and peduncles are commonly
more or less bristly. Leaves crowded, lance-obovate, nearly en-
tire, ciliated, h,;iry on the midrib and margin. Flowers in ter-
minal, umbel-like corymbs. Corollas funnel shaped, varying in
colour, but commonly white, hairy and glutinous on the outside.
June, July.

Several varieties occur in the colour of the leaves, parts < f
the flower and small branches. The leaves are sometimes quite
glaucous.

AZALEA PROCUMBENS. L. Procumbent Azalea.

Leafy flowered ; stems diffusely procumbent ;
leaves opposite, elliptical, glabrous, re volute at the
margin ; corollas campanulate, glabrous ; filaments
equal included.

Class V. Order I. 03

Caespitose. Stems procumbent, spreading in tufts. Leaves
opposite, oblong, obtuse, strongly revolute at the edges, upper
side glabrous, green, under side glaucous and nearly concealed
by the edges and midrib. Flowers axillary, peduncles red. Ca-
lyx leaves ovate, subacute. Corolla purple, campanulate, the
segments ovate, tapering to an obtuse point, glabrous. Stamens
longer than the tube, filaments white with roundish black an-
thers. Style erect, longer than the stamens ; stigma two parted,
On the alpine summits of the White mountains, N. H. July.

AZALEA LAPPONICA. L. Northern Azalea.

Leaves oblong oval, pitted ; stamens irregular in
number.

Syn. RHODODENDRON LAPPONICUM. Wahl.

A beautiful, low, alpine shrub. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen,
scattered, oblong-oval, covered above with fine white pits, the
under surface paler and dotted with black. Flowers subumbelled.
Peduncles and calyx red, covered with light green glands. Seg-
ments of the calyx ovate, ciliate. Corolla deep purple, campan-
ulate with oblong, obtuse segments. Stamens from five to ten
curved, with purple filaments and oblong green anthers. Style
longer. On the alpine regions of the White mountains, New-
Hampshire. July.

Wahlenberg refers this shrub to Rhododendron, with which its
habit certainly agrees. The variable number of stamens leaves
it doubtful between that genus and Azalea.

87. DIAPENSIA.

DIAPENSIA LAPPONICA. L. Northern Diapensia.

Caespitose, flowers pedunculated.

A hardy caespitose plant found only in northern latitudes or on
high mountain?, forming dense solid tufts in the crevices of
the rocks, and flowing within a few inches of the snow and ice.
Stems short, diffuse, concealed in the leaves. Leaves crowded,
linear obtuse, fleshy, evergreen. Calyx leaves five, oblong, ob-
tuse. Corolla hypocrateriform, white, the border in five flat
segments. Stamens inserted in the tube. Style exserted ; stig-
ma obtuse.

On the highest summit of the White mountains, whero it

Class V. Order I.

forms moss-like tufts among the rocks, beautifully spangled in
July with showy white flowers. Perennial.

88. SOLANUM.

SOLANUM DULCAMAHA. L. Bittersiveet, Woody Nightshade.
Stem shrubby, flexuous, without thorns ; upper
leaves hastate ; clusters cymose. Sm.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xviii.

Stein woody, climbing upon fences and bushes. Lower leaves
heart shaped, entire ; upper ones ovate, furnished with two ears
at the base giving them a hastate form. Clusters on the sides
and ends of the stem, on branching and spreading stalks, droop-
ing. Flowers with five acute, spreading or reflexed, purple seg-
ments. Anthers forming a yellow tube projecting from the
flower. Berries oval, bright red. This plant is common in low
grounds, by the side of brooks, &,c. As a medicinal article it
holds a place in most dispensatories July.

SOLANUM NIGRUM. L*. Black Nightshade.

Stem herbaceous, without thorns ; Leaves ovate,
bluntly toothed and waved. Umbels lateral, droop-
ing. Sm.

Much more ordinary in its appearance than the last. Stem
erect, branching, angular and sometimes winged. Leaves ovate
alternate. The umbels come out from the sides of the stem, re-
mote from the leaves. They consist of drooping white flowers,
with yellow anthers. Berries round, black. This variety was
probably imported from Europe. It grows among rubbish, and
has the aspect and reputation of a poisonous plant.

89. SAMOLUS.

SAMOLUS VALERANDI. L. Water Pimpernel.

Leaves obtuse, raceme many flowered, pedicels
bracteolate.

A smooth plant about a foot high. Stem erect, round. Leaves
alternate, subsessile, obovate, obtuse, entire, those of the root
petioled. Racemes terminal, many flowered. Pedicels often
two together, one flowered, geniculate, with a small lanceolate

Class V. Order I. 85

bracte at the bend. Flowers small, white. Brocksides. July.
Perennial.

90. CAMPANULA.
CAMPANULA PERFOLIATA. L. Clasping Bell flower.

Stem simple ; leaves heart shaped, toothed, clasp-
ing ; flowers sessile, aggregate. L.

Syn. CAMPANULA AMPLEXICAULIS. Mich.

Found by the road side in Medford and elsewhere. Stem
erect, leafy, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves small, alter-
nate, reniform-heart shaped, tooth-crenate, clasping the stem.
Flowers axillary, sessile. Segments of the calyx lanceolate,
very acute, with a distinct middle rib. Corolla blue, spreading.
June. Annual.

CAMPANULA ERINOIDES. Lt. Slender Bell flower.

Stem triangular, the angles rough backward ;
leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers terminal.

Syn. CAMPANULA FLEXUOSA. Mich.

Found in meadows among the high grass, supporting itself like
a Galium on surrounding plants. Stem from eight to twenty in-
ches in height, very slender and flexible, uniformly triangular,
the angles rough with minute reflexed prickles. Leaves given
oft' successively from the three sides, linear, sessile, nearly en-
tire, the midrib gnd margin rough backward. A variety occurs
with lanceolate leaves with a few minute teeth. Branches few,
near the top, axillary, leafy, one or two flowered. Flowers
small, terminal. Corolla very small, twice or thrice the length
of the calyx, deeply five cleft, white with pale blue veins.
Filaments valve like, hairy. Stigma' tritid. Capsule globular,
three celled. Found at Medford and Brighton. Variety 2d at
Sudbury. June, July.

91. LOBELIA.
LOBELIA CAUDINALIS. L. Cardinal flower.

Stem erect ; leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate ; spike
terminal, pointing one way. L.

This superb plant, cultivated and much prized in Europe, is a

86 Class V. Order I.

*

native of our meadows and brooksides. It rises to the height of
two feet and upward, with a simple, erect, leafy seem. Leaves
alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and serrate. Raceme
terminating the stem, consisting of large flowers, more or less
inclining to one side, of a bright scarlet colour. Corolla with a
long tube ending in five spreading segments, the three lower
ones widest. Tube of stamens curved in at the top. June,
July. Perennial.

LOBELIA PALLIDA. Mulil. Pale Lobelia.

Somewhat hairy ; stem erect, simple ; leaves ob-
long-spatulate, dentate ; flowers spiked.

Syn. LOBELIA SPICATA. Lam.

Stem upright, smooth, or a little hairy. Leaves spatulate, ob-
tuse at the end, tapering at base, slightly toothed or crenate,
pubescent at the edge and under side, sessile. Flowers in a long
terminal spike, on short peduncles, blue. Moist pastures and
road sides. July. Perennial.

LOBELIA KALMII. L. Kalms Lobelia.

Slender erect, simple ; radical leaves spatulate ;

stem leaves linear, very slightly toothed ; flowers
alternate, remote, pedicelled.

Found in the western parts of the state. More slender and
delicate than any of the others. Flowers blue. July.

LOBELIA INFLATA. L. Indian Tobacco.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xix.

Branching and hairy. Leaves serrate, ovate ;
capsules turgid.

This plant varies in height from six inches to two or three
feet. The small plants are nearly simple, the large ones much
branched. Root fibrous. Stem erect, in the full sized plant
much branched, angular, very hairy. Leaves scattered, sessile,
oval, serrate, veiny and hairy. Flowers in spikes or racemes,
pedunculated, each one in the axil of a small leaf. Segments of
the calyx linear, acute, standing on the germ, which is oval
and striated. Corolla bluish purple, the tube prismatic and
cleft above, the segments spreading, acute, the two upper ones

Class V. Order I. 37

lanceolate, the three lower ones oval. Anthers collected into
an oblong, curved body, purple ; filaments white. Style filiform ;
stigma curved and inclosed by the anthers. Capsules two celled,
turgid, oval, compressed, ten angled, covered with the calyx.
Seeds numerous, small, oblong, brown. Fields and road sides.
Midsummer. Annual.

The whole plant operates as a violent emetic.

LOBELIA DORTMANNA. L. Water Lobelia.

Leaves linear, two celled, entire ; stem nearly
naked. L. .

A very singular aquatic plant. The leaves grow in a single
tuft at the bottom of the water. They are from one to three
inches long, recurved, blunt, and of a fleshy appearance. On
cutting them across, they are found to consist of two empty par-
allel tubes. The stem rises out of water, bearing a few remote
pendulous flowers of a pale blue colour. Segments of the calyx
acute, persistent. Tube of the corolla prismatic, its segments
lanceolate. Capsule partly superior and inferior, tipt with the
style, two celled. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed, black.
The whole plant gives out a milky juice on being broken.
Found in Fresh pond. July.

92. LONICERA.

LONICERA PARVIFLOIIA. Small yellow Honeysuckle.

Whorls of the spike subsessile ; corollas short,
ringent, gibbous at base ; filaments bearded ; leaves
all connate, glaucous beneath, deciduous, the upper
ones perfoliate, and much exceeding the flowers.

Syn. LONICVHA DIOICA. L.

An erect shrub with pale, rough bark. Leaves oblong, undu-
late and revolute at the edge, white-glaucous underneath, mostly
sessile, the upper ones connate. Flowers in a terminal head or
whorl. Germs aggregate, ovate, supporting a minute calyx of
five subacute teeth. Corolla yellow, the tube gibbous at base,
the border irregular, with its segments commonly curled or re-
volute at the edge. Stamens exserted, as long as the segments
of the corolla, smooth above, growing to the corolla, and slightN

88 Class V. Order I.

hairy below. Style nearly as long- as the stamens, curved ; stig-
ma capitate. Found in woods in the western parts of the state.
June.

LONICERA HIRSUTA. Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle.

Corollas ringent, hairy ; filaments bearded ; leaves
hajry, the lower ones obovate, upper ones connate.

Syn. CAPRIFOLIUM PUBESCENS. Goldic, Edin. Journal

A woody vine said to twine upon trees to the height of twenty
or thirty feet. My specimens, given me by Mr. Eaton half a
dozqn years since, and published in his Manual, are very hairy.
the leaves obovate, finely ciliate, some of them abruptly acumi-
nate, the upper ones roundish and connate. Flowers yellow,
larger than in the last species. Woods, Williamstown. Said
to grow also in Worcester. June.

93. XYLOSTEUM.

XYLOSTEUM CILIATUM. Fly Honeysuckle.

Berries distinct, leaves ovate, subcordate, slightly
ciliate ; corollas slightly spurred, the tube ventricose,
segments short, acute ; style exserted.

Syn. XYLOSTEUM TARTARICUM. MX.
LONICERA CILIATA. Muhl.

A shrub with opposite leaves and yellow funnel shaped flow-
ers hardly an inch long. Leaves thin, ovate, a few heart shaped
at base, slightly ciliate, somewhat pubescent when young. Flow-
ers in pairs with a nectariferous projection on one side of the
base. Berries in pairs, ovate. Woods, Vermont, New-Hamp-
shire. May, June.

XYLOSTEUM VILLOSUM. Hairy Fly Honeysuckle.

Berries connate, young branches villous; leaves ob-
long, obtuse, hairy on both sides ; peduncles short.

A much smaller shrub than the preceding, with very obtuse,
oblong or obovate leaves. These, when young, are quite hairy,
but grow smoother by age. Flowers yellow, about half as long
as in the preceding, germs united, styles exserted. Berries in
pairs, united at base. Sent from Williamstown by Professor

Class V. Order I. tf9

Dewey. Found on the borders of alpine ponds on the While
mountains by Mr. Greene. June, July.

94. DIERVILLA.

DIERVILLA CANADENSIS. Muhl. Yellow Dlervilla.

Racemes terminal ; leaves serrate.

Syn. LONICESA DIERVILLA. L.

This shrub with us is usually of small size. Leaves opposite,
on short petioles, ovate, smooth, serrate, acuminate. Flowers of
a pale yellow ; small, funnel shaped, with five roundish, unequal
segments. They grow in the axils of the upper leaves. Woods,
Cambridge, Brookline. June.

95. TRIOSTEUM.

TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM. L. Fever root.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. ix.

Leaves connate, flowers sessile, whorled.

Syn. TRIOSTEUM MAJUS. MX.

The root of this plant is perennial and subdivided into nume-
rous horizontal branches. The stem is erect, hairy, fistulous,
round, from one to four feet high. Leaves opposite, the pairs
crossing each other, connate, ovate, acuminate, entire, rather
flat, abruptly contracted at base into a sort of neck, resembling
a winged petiole, of variable width. In general this is narrow
when the plant is in flower, and wider when it is in fruit. The
flowers are axillary, sessile, five or six in a whorl, the upper
ones generally in a .-ingle pair. Each axil is furnished with
two or three linear bractes. The calyx consists of five seg-
ments which are spreading, oblong-linear, coloured, unequal,
persistent. Corolla tubular, curving, of a dull brownish purple
covered with minute hairs, its base gibbous, its border open anil
divided into five rounded, unequal lobes. Stamens inserted in
the tube of the corolla; stigma peltate. The fruit is an oval
berry of a deep orange yellow, hairy, somewhat three sided,
crowned with the calyx, containing three cells, and three hard,
bony, furrowed seeds, from which the name of the genus is
taken. Woods, Sweet Auburn, Cambridge. June. Perennial

The root is medicinal.
12

90 Class V. Order f.

96. RIBES.

RIBES TRIFLORUM. IVilld. Wild Gooseberry.

Thorn subaxillary ; leaves smooth, three or five
lobed, cut-toothed ; peduncles about three flowered ;
pedicels elongated ; petals spatulate, undulate, style
hairy, semibirid, exserted ; berries smooth. Willd.

The buds of this species produce at flowering time a small
tuft of leaves with two or three bell shaped flowers. Petioles
ciliate. Leaves smooth above, pubescent beneath. Calyx green,
its segments reflexed. Petals white, erect, nearly truncated,
curled. Style hairy below, smooth above. Fruit somewhat re-
sembling the common gooseberry. Woods. May.

RIBES RIGENS. JUx. Mountain Currant.

Unarmed, leaves lobed and toothed, the veins pu-
bescent beneath ; racemes erect, lax, berries hispid.

Stems procumbent, rooting. Leaves mostly five lobed, tooth-
ed, smooth on both sides, the veins of the younger ones pubes-
cent beneath. Racemes erect, the peduncles and germs covered
with glandular hairs. Calyx hemispherical, the segments patu-
lous, greenish, with purple striae. Petals wedge shaped, shorter
than the calyx. Stamens converging, anthers black. Style as
long as the stamens, bifid. Berries hairy.

The berries, when bruised, have the odour of Ictodes fcetidus.

On the Wachusett, Monadnock, and White mountains. June.

RIBES FLORIDUM. I'Herit. Large flowering Currant.

Unarmed ; leaves dotted on both sides ; racemes
pendulous ; flowers cylindrical ; bractes longer than
the germ. Willd.

This is a common, wild currant, having its leaves generally in
five lobes, toothed at the edge, and covered on both surfaces
with small, whitish, glandular points, just visible to the naked
eye. Petioles fringed with compound hairs. Racemes pendu-
lous, downy, many flowered. Calyx tubular-campanulate, with
recurved segments. Petals greenish white, straight, a little re-
flexed at point. Fruit black, watery and insipid. Woods.
Mav.

Class V. Order I. 91

RIBES CYNOSBATI. Prickly Gooseberry.

Subaxillary thorns about two ; leaves lobed, cut
and toothed, downy ; racemes nodding, few flower-
ed ; calyxes erect, campanulate ; fruit prickly.

Subaxillary spines from one to three. Petioles downy. Leaves
soft and downy on both sides, cleft into three or five lobes, which
are cut and toothed. Racemes few flowered. Calyx whitish,
bell shaped, contracted at the mouth, the segments reflexed.
Petals very small, obovate ; germ hispid. Berry covered with
long prickles so as to resemble a burr. Woods. Walpole, Han-
over, N. H. June.

RIBES LACUSTRE. Pers. Swamp Gooseberry.

Subaxillary thorns few ; stem hispid-aculeate ;
leaves divided into lobes beyond the middle ; petioles
villous ; berries racemose, hispid.

A handsome shrub with dissected leaves. The older branches
are smooth with one or more deflexed axillary spires. Young-
branches hispid with small reflexed prickles. Petioles slender,
villous, with fine scattered hairs. Leaves deeply live lobed, the
lobes cut and toothed, like those of some Geraniums. Peduncles
slender, hispid. Fruit on rather long pedicels, hispid. In the
Notch of the White mountains, by the side of the Saco river.

97. CEANOTHUS.

CSANOTHUS AMERICANA. L. Jersey Tea.

Leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, triply nerved ; pan-
icles axillary, elongated. Willd.

A small white flowering shrub, not unfrequent in dry or sandy
soils. Leaves two or three inches long, and one broad, finely
serrate and tapering into a long point. From the axils of the
upper leaves come out leafless branches bearing crowded bunch-
es of minute white flowers, on very slender white pedicels.
Calyx segments five, indexed between the petals. Petals hood-
ed at the end, on slender claws which project, together with the
stamens, between the segments of the calyx. Nectary a small
dark green circle around the germ. Stamens opposite the pe-

92 Class V. Order I.

tals, bent inward at first, finally erect. Germ triangular, style
three cleft. Fruit a dry, three celled, blackish, somewhat tri-
angular berry, growing in close bunches.

The leaves were used, among other substitutes, for tea, during
the American revolution. -Flowers in June.

* CEANOTHUS OVALIS. Oval Ceanothus.

C. foliis ovalibus, glanduloso-serratis, tripliner-
viis, nervis pubescentibus ; paniculis corymbosis,
abbreviatis.

Leaves oval with glandular serratures, three nerved,
the veins pubescent underneath ; panicle corymbose,
abbreviated.

Leaves from one to three irches long, petioled, elliptical,
sometimes oblong, obtuse or subacuto, crenately serrate, the
serratures tipped with small black glands which are most con-
spicuous in the young leaves, the veins slightly pubescent be-
neath, and sometimes the under surface covered with glands.
Peduncles or flowering branches shorter than in the last species ;
often very short. Flowers larger than in the last, in short
hemispherical panicles resembling corymbs, white. Fruit black-
ish. On the shores of Lake Champlain, gathered by Mr. Boott.

Very distinct from C. intermedius of Elliott and Pursh, and
much larger.

98. CELASTRUS.

CELASTRUS SCANDENS. Lt. Climbing Staff tree. IV ax work.
Unarmed ; leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate ; ra-
cemes terminal ; stem twining. Willd.

A strong woody vine, twining round small trees and climbing
to a great height. Flowers of a greenish white, in small racemes
on the ends of the young shoots. The fruit is a berried capsule.
When ripe, the three valves turn backward, disclosing a bright
scarlet berry. The valves are of a light red colour, partitioned
in the middle and finally waved on the edge. About fences and
thickets. June.

Class V. Order I. 93

99. VITIS.

VITIS LABRUSCA. Common wild Grape Vine.

Leaves heart shaped, somewhat three lobed, den-
tate, downy underneath. Willd,

This vine is dioecious, a fact which Michaux affirms of all the
species observed by him in America.* The leaves are very
broad and white underneath. Flowers small, greenish, in pani-
cles made up of small umbels opposite to leaves, as are also the
tendrils. Fruit large, purple, and pleasantly flavoured. Found
in woods in low ground. June.

VITIS HEDERACEA. Will(L. Common Creeper.

Leaves quinate, ovate, acuminate, dentate. Willd.

Sijn. HEDERA QUINQVEFQLIA. L.

VITIS QUINQUEFOLIA. Lam. <$ Sm.
AMPELOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA. Mich.

The common creeper is much cultivated as an ornament of
walls. The stems climb to a great height, supported by radi-
cating tendrils. Leaves in fives, petioled, smooth. Flowers in
branched clusters ; petals green, not united at their summit.
Berries of the size of peas. Found growing wild in woods and
about fences. June.

100. IMPATIENS.

IMPATIENS NOLI TANGERE. Mich. /3. Touch me not.

Flower stalks solitary, many flowered ; leaves
ovate ; joints of the stem swelling. L.

Syn. IMPATIENS MACULATA. MuhL
IMPATIENS FVLVA. Nuttall. ?

Found about brooks and in moist shades, flowering from June
to September. The flowers are of a tawny yellow, spotted on
the inside, and resembling small cups or pitchers, hanging on
slender footstalks. Nectary horn shaped ; petals spreading, the
two lower ones large. The capsule, when ripe, bursts and
scatters its seeds by an clastic power like the common balsamine
of the gardens, another of the genus. Height of the plant about

* Excepting those placed i.n his genus Ampdopsis.

94 Class V. Order I.

two feet ; stems succulent, smooth ; leaves ovate, toothed.
Annual.

101. VIOLA.*

VIOLA LANCEOLATA. L. Spear leaved yiolet.

Stemless ; root creeping ; leaves lanceolate, flow-
ers white.

Root creeping and fibrous. Leaves lanceolate, varying in
width, smooth, crenate, somewhat obtuse. Petioles semicylin-
dric, variable in length. Scape tetragonous with two acute
bractes near the middle. Calyx mostly acute. Petals white,
greenish at base, the lower and sometimes the two lateral ones
striate with purple, the two lateral ones bearded or smooth.
Common in wet meadows. May. Perennial.

VIOLA BLANDA. Willd. Sweet scented white Violet.

Stemless ; root creeping ; leaves heart shaped and
ovate, smooth ; flowers white.

Root fibrous and in the older plants creeping ; leaves smooth
and crenate, sometimes broad heart shaped with a deep sinus, at
others ovate with the base truncate or acute. Petioles semicy-
liudrical. Scape and bractes as in the preceding species. The
flowers exactly resemble those of the former species, both being

* The great attention which this genus has received from botanists, espe-
cially in this country, may be attributed to the ear!y and almost simultaneous
period when most of its species are in flower, and when there is less to at-
tract botanical notice than at other seasons. Most of the species are
changeable and polymorphous, and the attention which has been paid them
lias resulted in a multiplication of names, considerably exceeding the real
species. Unfortunately the characters used by botanists to distinguish the
species, are most of them more liable to variation, than in other plants.
For example, the width of the leaves and the form of their base are often
liable to vary ; the cucullation, or roiling in, is a character common to
most of the genus; the pubescence depends greatly upon soil ; the bearding
of the petals is uncertain ; the comparative length of the stalks is fallacious,
being influenced by situation and earliness of flowering, so that the same
violet growing in the water shall have a petiole twice as long as the leaf,
while in drier ground it shall be shorter than the leaf; the scapes also being
longer or shorter than the leaves, as they appear early or late. On these
accounts much care is requisite in admitting, as distinct species, those which
are not sufficiently constant, independently of accidental influences, to be
entitled to a distinctive character.

Class V. Order I. 95

ibund smooth and bearded. Both are somewhat fragrant, the
blanda most distinctly so. Meadows. May. Perennial

These two violets, with almost every intermediate form of
the leaf, grow together abundantly in wet, open situations about
this city. I am not without suspicion, that they are all descend-
ants of one species.

* VIOLA ACUTA. Jlcute Violet.

Acaulls ; foliis ovatis, glabris, petalis acutis,

albis ; bracteis petala longitudine subcequantibus.

Stcmless ; leaves ovate, glabrous ; petals acute,
white ; bractes nearly as long as the petals.

This is our smallest native violet, and after observing it for
several years I am satisfied that its characters are sufficiently
permanent to render it a distinct species. Among the other
white violets it is noticeable by its even and always acute petals,
and likewise well distinguished by its long linear bractes which
greatly exceed those of any similar violet. Root creeping. Sti-
pules linear subulate, sometimes a little ciliate-toothed Leaves
ovate, smooth, crenate, rather obtuse. Petioles mostly smooth,
and shorter than the leaves, hardly winged, but in dry soils ciliate
with reflexed hairs. Scapes four sided, supporting a pair of
Unear-lanceolate, foliaceous, incurved bractes, which are nearly
as long as the petals. Calyx smooth, acute. Petals oval, re-
markably even or tlat, and acute, the odd one obovate, striate
with purple at base, the lateral ones slightly striate, and rarely
bearded. Stigma capitate, rostrate. Grows in Cambridge, par-
ticularly about the pine trees on Craigie's road, in moderately
damp soil. May, June. Perennial.

VIOLA PALMATA ? fVilld. Palmated Violet.

Stemless ; pubescent, leaves cordate, hastatc-lo-
bate or palmate, the divisions toothed ; segments of
the calyx lanceolate, smooth.

Hoot denticulate. Petioles hoii-y. Leaves pubescent, veiny,
with a long crenate, subacute middle lobe, and one or two
lateral lobes, the base cordate. The first leaves are simply cor-
date. Stipules lanceolate, ciliatc-scrrute. Bractes linear, about

96 Class V. Order I.

as long- as the calyx. Flowers of a fine purple, the two lateral
petals furnished with a glandular beard, and nearly resembing
those of V. cucullata, from which this plant is possibly derived.
Uplands. May, June. Perennial.

VIOLA PEDATA. Lt. Pedate Violet.

Stemless ; leaves pedate, seven parted. L.

A large flowering species, very distinct from the other Ameri-
can violets. Root fleshy, furnishing- the best example we pos-
sess of the premorse or abrupt form. Petioles furnished at the
base with long, ciliate stipules. Leaves perfectly pedate, con-
sisting of from five to nine segments, which are wedge-formed
and lanceolate, and mostly toothed at the end, the middle one dis-
tinct, the lateral ones connected. Segments of the calyx very
long and linear. Petals pale purple, white or yellowish at base,
all of them beardless and without striae. Stigma compressed, its
apex obliquely truncate, perforated. Woods and dry soils.
May, June. Perennial.

VIOLA SAGITTATA. Jlit. Jlrrow leaved Violet.

Stemless ; leaves mostly smooth, oblong, heart-
arrow shaped, cut at the base, serrate, petals bearded.

Leaves in most plants smooth, oblong or ovate, obtuse or
acute, bluntly serrate, the lower serratures large and divergent,
giving the leaf a hastate appearance. Petals dark purple, white
at base, strongly bearded. Flowers rather erect. In low grounds
near the colleges, Cambridge. May, June. Perennial.

VIOLA OVATA. Nutt. Spade leaved Violet.

Stemless ; leaves ovate, crenate, hairy ; petiole
margined.
Syn. VIOLA PRIMULIFOLJA. Pursh.

This violet grows on dry hills and pastures, and is nearly re-
lated to the foregoing, from which it has probably descended un-
der the influence of a dry soil. The leaves are hairy on both
sides, ovate, sometimes cut at the base like V. sagittata. Flowers
paler purple, and very numerous. The whole plant is highly
mucilaginous. Common in barren soils. May. Perennial.

Class V. Order I. 97

VIOLA CUCULLATA. Ait. Hood leaved Violet.

Stcmless ; leaves heart shaped, rolled in at base ;
petioles not margined.
Syn. VIOLA STRIATA. ? Schweinitz.

The most common blue violet of our wet meadows and low
grounds. The leaves are strongly heart shaped and crenate ;
the petioles commonly much longer than the leaves. Both are
sometimes hairy, and sometimes smooth. Scapes four angled.
Flowers large, purple, the lateral petals bearded, the beard glan-
dular or not so. I have not been able to satisfy myself of a per-
manent difference between this plant and V. striata. May.
Perennial.

VIOLA ROTUNDIFOLIA MX. Round leaved yellow Violet.
Stemless ; leaves orbicular-cordate with the sinus
closed, slightly toothed, smoothish ; petiole pubes-
cent ; calyx obtuse.

A yellow violet of small size when in perfect flower in May,
but becoming larger with coriaceous leaves and apetalous flow-
ers in summer. In old woods in the western parts of the state.
Perennial.

A cospecies or variety is found with longer leaves.

VIOLA DEBILIS. MX. Spreading Violet.

Caulescent; smooth, leaves reniform-cordate, some-
what acuminate, crenate ; peduncles twice as long as
the leaves ; stipules ciliate-serrate.

Stems angular. Leaves heart shaped, crenate, nearly smooth.
Mi pules linear-lanceolate, with loose spreading teeth. Peduncles
longer than the petioles with two linear bractes. Calyx leaves
smooth, lanceolate, acute. Petals pale purple, the two lateral
ones bearded inside. Stigma rostrate. On the Concord turn-
pike in Cambridge. June.

VIOLA CANADENSIS. L. Canada Violet.

Caulescent ; smooth : leaves cordate, acuminate.,

13

98 Class V. Order L

serrate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; stipules
short, entire.

A large species often more than a foot in height. Leaves
heart shaped, the largest ones strongly acuminate, the lower
ones acute or obtuse, in some plants all obtuse. Flowers parti-
coloured, the two upper petals purple without, the lower petals
pale. In woods, Windsor and Woodstock, Vermont. June.

VIOLA PUBESCENS. Ait. Yellow Violet.

Stem erect, villous ; leaves heart-shaped, pubes-
cent ; stipules oblong, serrulate at tip. Ait. abr.

Syn. VIOLA PENXSTLVANICA. Mich.

Stem simple, pubescent, somewhat triangular. Leaves alter-
nate, broad heart shaped or deltoid, with a tapering base, point-
ed, crenate, hairy, longer than their petioles. Stipules large,
unequally ovate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, solitary, hairy,
furnished with two subulate bractes. Calyx smoothish. Petals
yellow, streaked with dark purple, and slightly bearded inside.
On the Concord turnpike, Cambridge. June.

102. CLAYTONIA.

CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA. L. Linear Claytonia.

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; racemes solitary ; calyx
acute ; petals obovate, retuse ; root tuberous.

A delicate spring flower chiefly found in old moist woods.
Stem about six inches high with a pair of opposite linear leaves
about half way up. Racemes bearing about a dozen flowers on
slender pedicels an inch long. Calyx subacute. Corolla white
veined with purple. In Connecticut. May. Perennial.

CLAYTONIA SPATHULATA. ? Pursh. Broad leaved Claytonia.
Leaves spatulate ; raceme solitary ; calyx obtuse :
petals roundish, retuse ; root tuberous.

Specimens gathered by Mr. Boott on the Camel's Rump moun-
tain in Vermont, agree tolerably well with the foregoing cha-
racter. The root leaves are spatulate and obtuse ; those of the
stem opposite, lance-oval, and subacute

Class V. Order II. 99

103. THESIUM.

THESIUM UMBELLATUM. Li. Umbelled Thesium.

Flowers umbelled ; leaves oblong. L.

Syn. THESIUM CORTMBULOSUM. Mich.

COMAXDRA UMBELLATA. Nutlall.

Stem round, slender, seldom exceeding a foot in height.
Leaves oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, alternate, smooth. Branch-
es near the top, few, alternate. Umbels of few flowers, termi-
nal, with an involucre of about four leafets. Flowers on short
peduncles. Calyx five cleft, the tube green, segments white.
Stamens inserted on the calyx. Seed one. Dry woods. June.

A tuft of pubescence connects the anthers with the segments
of the calyx. According to Mr. Nuttall, the germ is three seed-
ed and becomes afterwards one seeded by abortion. He consid-
ers the calyx as terminating in a glandular ring, the segments
above being petals. These characters form his genus Comandrct.

104. QUERIA.

QUERIA CANADENSIS. L. Queria.

Stem erect, dichotomous ; leaves oval ; stipules
scariose.

Syn. AKTCHIA DICHOTOMA. MX.

A very slender branching plant. Stem dividing by forks into
numerous, filiform branches, the joints furnished with a pair of
very small oval, subsessile leaves, and several minute membra-
nous stipules. Flowers minute. Stamens variable from three
to five. Dry woods. July, August.

DIGYJVM.

105. APOCYNUM.
APOCYNUM ANDROSJEMIFOLITM. Dog's Bane.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xsxvi.

Glabrous ; stem erect and branching ; cymes late-
ral and terminal ; corolla spreading.

This grows often to the height of five or six feet, though its
common elevation is three or four. Its stalk is smooth, simple

100 Class V. Order II.

below, branching repeatedly at top, red on the side exposed to
the sun. Leaves opposite, smooth on both sides, paler beneath,
ovate, acute, on short petioles. The flowers grow in nodding
cymes from the ends of the branches and axils of the upper
leaves, furnished with minute acute bractes. Calyx five cleft,
acute, much shorter than the corolla. Corolla white tinged with
red, monopetalous, campanulate, with five acute spreading seg-
ments. Stamens five, with very short filaments, and connivent,
oblong, arrow-shaped anthers, cohering with the stigma about
their middle. The nectary consists of five oblong, glandular
bodies alternating with the stamens. Germs two, ovate, conceal-
ed by the anthers. Stigma thick, roundish, agglutinated to the
anthers. The fruit is a pair of slender linear-lanceolate follicles,
containing numerous imbricated seeds each crowned with a long-
pappus, and attached to a slender central receptacle.- -Road sides

and borders of woods. June, July. Perennial.

i
APOCYNUM CANNABINUM. L. Indian Hemp.

Stem erect ; leaves oblong-ovate, pale and downy
beneath ; segments of the corolla erect.

Different from the preceding in its narrower leaves, and small-
er, straighter flowers. Stem erect, smooth, branching. Leaves
opposite, on short petioles, oblong-ovate, acute, glabrous above,
paler and downy underneath. Cymes terminal, the peduncles
smooth or downy, and furnished with linear bractes. Calyx seg-
ments acute. Corolla small, greenish, its segments obtuse and
erect. The fibres of the bark are strong, like hemp. Woods
and meadows. July. Perennial.

106. ASCLEPIAS.
ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA. Butterfly weed.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxvi.

Hairy ; leaves alternate, oblong lanceolate ; branch-
es cymose.

The root of this plant is large, fleshy, branching, and often
somewhat fusiform. It is only by comparison with the other spe-
cies that it can be called tuberous. The stems are numerous,
growing in bunches from the root. They are erect, ascending,

Class V. Order II. 101

or procumbent, round, hairy, green or red. Leaves scattered,
the lower ones pedunculate^, the upper ones sessile. They
are narrow, oblong-, hairy, obtuse at base, waved on the edge,
and in the old plants sometimes revolute. The stem usually di-
vides at top into from two to four branches, which give off
crowded umbels from their upper side. The involucrum con-
sisis of numerous short subulate leafets. Flowers numerous,
erect, of a beautifully bright orange colour. Calyx much small-
er than the corolla, h've parted, the segments subulate, reflexed,
and concealed by the corolla. Corolla five parted, reflexed, the
segments oblong. The nectary or stamineal crown is formed of
five erect cucullate leaves or cups, with an oblique mouth, hav-
ing a small incurved acute horn proceeding from the base of the
cavity of each, and meeting at the centre of the flower. The
mass of stamens is a tougb, horny, somewhat pyramidal sub-
stance, separable into five anthers. Each of these is bordered
by membranous, reflected edges, contiguous to those of the next,
and terminated by a membranous, reflected summit. Internally
they have two cells. The pollen forms ten distinct, yellowish,
transparent bodies, of a flat and spatulate form, ending in curved
filaments, which unite them by pairs to a minute dark tubercle
at top. Each pair is suspended in the cells of two adjoining an-
thers, so that if a needle be inserted between the membranous
edges of two anthers and forced out at top, it carries with it a
pair of the pollen masses. Pistils two, completely concealed
within the mass of anthers. Germs ovate, with erect styles.
The fruit, as in other species, is an erect lanceolate follicle on a
sigmoid peduncle. In this it is green with a reddish tinge and
downy. Seeds ovate, flat, margined, connected to the receptacle
by long silken hairs. Receptacle longitudinal, loose, chaffy.
Dry soil. Woburn, Newton. August. Perennial.

ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA. L. Common Silk weed or Milk tveed.
Stem simple ; leaves lance-oblong, gradually acute^
downy underneath ; umbels somewhat, nodding ; fol-
licles muricate.

Very common by road sides and borders of fields. Stem three
or four feet high, undivided. Leaves opposite, large, oblong.
Umbels of flowers lateral and terminal, nodding. Calyx segments

102 Class V, Order II.

lanceolate. Corolla green and red, reflexed quite back. Nec-
taries red, truncated obliquely inward, and cleft with an ob-
lique ridge on each side the fissure, the horns moderately in-
curved. Mass of anthers cylindrical with black corpuscles at the
top of the wings, each of which draws out a pair of yellow obo-
vate pollen masses. Pods or follicles, oblong, acute, covered
with soft spinous projections. They contain large quantities of
a fine silken down attached to the seeds, for which the plant has
been cultivated in Europe and America. It is used as a substi-
tute for feathers, fur, cotton, &,c. July. Perennial.

ASCLEPIAS OBTUSIFOLIA. Mich. Blunt Itaved Silk weed.
Leaves closely sessile, oblong, obtuse, waved ; um-
bel terminal, on a long peduncle ; corollas smooth.
Mich. abr.

Leaves opposite, ovate, heart shaped at base, sessile, apparent-
ly clasping, very much waved on the margin, obtuse at the end,
mucronated. Stem erect, supporting a terminal umbel at a dis-
tance from the leaves. The flowers are larger than in any spe-
cies here described. Calyx leaves ovate, acute, a quarter as
long as the petals. Corolla spreading, afterwards reflexed,
greenish white tinged with red. Nectaries paler, large, cylin-
drical, obliquely truncated inward, cleft inside, with acute in-
curved horns rising from their centres. Mass of anthers more
cylindrical than in some other species, its summit discoid, um-
bilicate, with five rounded teeth. Pollen masses resembling
those in A. phytolaccoides. Cambridge, Sweet Auburn. July.
Perennial.

ASCLEPIAS PHYTOLACCOIDES. Pursh. Poke leaved Silk weed.
Stem erect, simple ; leaves ovate, acute ; umbels
lateral, on long stalks, nodding ; nectaries truncated
obliquely outward.

Sljll. JlsCLEPlAS EXALTATA. Muhl.

A tall, large flowering species, more delicate in its appearance
than A. Syriaca. Stem erect, slender, smooth, four or five feet
high. Leaves large, opposite, on short petioles, ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, smooth above, pale and slightly pubescent under-

Class V. Order II. 103

neath. Umbels somewhat nodding on rather long peduncles, given
off at the upper pairs of leaves. Involucre irregular, of short
linear leafets. Flowers large. Petals green. Nectaries white
or Hesh coloured, truncated obliquely outward, and toothed at
the top inside, with long horns curving inward. Mass of an-
thors cylindrical, green with black dots, * ,yhite on the summit
At thp top of the wings of the anthers are five minute black cor-
puscles, which, being drawn out with a pin, bring with them
pairs of vellow, narrow obovate pollen masses. Low grounds.
June. Perennial.

ASCLEPIAS PURPURASCENS. TJ. Dark flowered Silk weed.
Stem nearly simple ; leaves ovate, hairy beneath :
corymbs erect ; horns of the nectary resupinate.

This species is well defined by the peculiar curvature of the
horn. Stem erect, smooth, with a barely perceptible down,
slightly branched at top, three or four feet high. Leaves oppo-
site, glabrous above, paler and downy beneath, the midrib pur-
ple above. Umbels terminal, on stout footstalks with flowers
about the size of A. Syrinca. Calyx small, very acute. Corolla
reflexed, acute, of a dark crimson purple, sometimes lighter if
the plant grows in the sun. Nectaries of the same colour, trun-
cated very obliquely inward, the horns bent inward at a right
angle so close to the stigma that they appear at first view to be
wanting. Mass of anthers greenish, variegated with brown, and
about half as long as the nectaries. 111 different soils, Cam-
bridge, Newton, rare. July. Perennial.

ASCLEPIAS PULCHRA. IVilld. Water Silk weed.

Leaves lanceolate, pubescent underneath ; stem

divided toward the top ; umbels erect, in pairs.

mild

Common in wet ground, by the sides of ponds, &c. Stems
eommonly in bunches, erect, downy, subdivided near the top.
Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very acute point, sometimes
hairy on both sides, as is also the stem. Umbels many, small, on
downy peduncles. Involucre many leaved, deciduous. Flowers
small, half the size of A. Syriaca. Corolla crimson-purple, acute.
Nectaries paler, truncated obliquely inwards, almost to their

104 Class V. Order II.

base ; horns erect incurved. Mass of anthers greenish, as long;
as the nectaries; stigma whitish. Flowers purple. July.-
Perennial.

The bark is very strong and fibrous.

ASCLEPIAS QUADRIFOLIA. Four leaved rfsclepias.

Stem erect, simple, smooth ; leaves ovate, acumi-
nate, petioled, the middle ones in fours ; umbels few,
lax, filiform.

A delicate species growing in dry woods. Stem about a foot
high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaves in fours, slightly
petioled, ovate, acute, paler underneath. The upper and lower
ones are most frequently opposite. Umbels few, axillary and ter-
minal. Petals flesh coloured. Nectaries nearly white with the
horns curved inward. Roxbury, Brookline. June. Perenni- ,
aJ.

ASCLEPIAS VERTICILLATA, L. Whorl edvlsclepias.

Leaves revolute, linear, whorled ; stem erect. L.

This very neat species is altogether different in its habit from
those already described. Stem slender, marked with downy
stripes. Leaves in whorls of five or six, linear, revolute at the
margin, paler beneath. Umbels several, small, coming out from
among the upper whorls. Corolla greenish with a central trans-
parent line. Nectaries white, scarcely half as long as their
horns, auriculated at base inside, concavely truncate, with an
acuminate tooth each side the fissure within. Horns arching
and meeting at a distance from the stigma. On a hill near the
Dedham turnpike, Roxbury. July. Perennial.

Subgenus ACERATES. Horn of the nectary wanting*
ASCLEPIAS VIRIDIFLORA. Pursh. Green flowered Asclepias.

Stem simple, erect, hairy ; leaves oblong, subses-
sile, downy on both sides ; umbels lateral, solitary,
subsessile, nodding, dense and globose ; horn wanting.

An inelegant species with small greenish umbels. In Leices-
ter, Massachusetts. In New-Haven, Dr. Ives. July.

Class V. Order II. 105

107. GENTIANA.

GENTIANA SAPONARIA. L. Soapworf Gentian.

Stem round ; leaves lanceolate-oval, three nerved ;
flowers sessile, fascicled, axillary and terminal ; co-
rollas ventricose, segments obtuse, inner folds toothed.

A very fine plant, distinguished by its large purple flowers,
which are so nearly closed at the top as to resemble buds.
Stem erect, simple, smooth. Leaves opposite, oval-lanceolate,
acuminate, smooth, three and sometimes five nerved. Flowers
sessile in bunches at the top, and frequently on the sides in the
axils of the upper leaves. Corolla bell shaped, purple and white,
slightly five cleft, its segments subdivided and folded together
so as to close the mouth. Found in moist woods, Cambridge.

O

September, October.. Flowers sometimes white or variegated.
GENTIANA PNEUMONANTHE. L. Marsh Gentian.

Stem round ; leaves linear lanceolate, rather ob-
tuse ; terminal flowers fascicled, lateral ones solitary ;
corollas five cleft, campanulate ; segments rounded ;
inner folds one toothed.

Allied to the foregoing, but much more slender in all its parts,
besides the differences of character. Swamps near Portland.
August.

Subgenus CROSSOPETALA, Corolla four cleft, hypocrate-
riform, throat nuked.

GENTIANA CRINITA. Froel. Fringed Gentian.

Corollas four cleft, the segments cut-ciliate ; leaves
lanceolate, acute ; stem erect, round. Froel.

This gentian is exceeded by few native plants in the delicacy
and beauty of its flowers. The stems are divide 1 toward the top
into several erect branches. The leaves are opposite, ovate-
lanceolate, smaller than in the first species. Flowers erect, on
the ends of the branches, remote from the leaves. The stamens
are four in number, as are the segments of the calyx and corolla.
Calyx square with acute angles and segments. Segments of the
corolla of a deep fine purple, fringed at the end, expanded in
14

106 Class V. Order II,

the sun, erect and twisted at other times, contracted below, with
four large internal glands at base. Germ lanceolate, stigmas?
two, thin, roundish ovate. On the Concord turnpike. Septem-
ber, October.

108. CUSCUTA.

CUSCUTA AMERICANA. L. Dodder.

Flowers peduncled, umbellate, five cleft. Willd.

A small, yellowish, leafless vine, twining round other plants,
which it penetrates with lateral roots so as to derive nourish-
ment from their juices. Its small umbels of flowers appear in
June and July, and are followed by crowded, roundish, depress-
ed, mostly four seeded capsules, tuberculated under a magnifier,
and having a terminal cavity.

109. HEUCHERA,

HEUCHERA AMERICANA. L. Mum Root.

Viscid-pubescent ; leaves rough, round-lobed and
toothed ; stalks of the panicle divaricate ; calyx ob-
tuse ; petals as long as the calyx, lanceolate ; sta-
mens much exserted,

Syn. HEUCHERA CORTUSA. MX.

Found in Connecticut, but not within my knowledge in Mas-
sachusetts. June.

110. SALSOLA.

SALSOLA CAROLINIANA. Mich, American Saltivort.

Herbaceous, decumbent ; leaves subulate, spinous.
smooth, dilated and entire at base ; calyx axillary r
margined.

A stiff, prickly plant of the sea shore. Stems much branched,
angular, smooth.. Leaves cylindrical while youag, tipt with a
spine, sessile. The lower leaves are deciduous, so that when
the fruit is ripe, only the floral leaves remain. These are three
in number to each flower, resembling the other leaves, but short-
er, their base dilated and perfectly entire, not repand as in Sal-
sola Kali. The calyx is externally compressed into a broad.

Class V. Order II. 107

membranous margin, flattish, but rising 1 in the centre. Seed en-
closed in the calyx, cockle-shaped from its spiral cotyledons.
Salt marshes. July, August.

Plants of this genus are used in the manufacture of Soda.

SALSOLA SALSA. Mich. Smooth Salt Wort.

Herbaceous, decumbent, smooth ; leaves linear,
unarmed, fleshy ; fructification crowded, somewhat
spiked.

Stem somewhat erect with numerous spreading branches near-
ly smooth, furrowed. Leaves linear, fleshy, semicylindric, some-
what of a glaucous hue, not prickty. Flowers obscure, sessile,
two or three together in the axil of each leaf. Calyx leaves ob-
tuse, connivent. Stamens slightly projecting. Seed small, spi-
ral. Salt marshes. August. Annual.

111. CHENOPODIUM.

CHENOPODIUM ALBUM. L. White, Goosefoot. Hog-weed.
Leaves rhomboid-ovate, eroded, entire behind, the
upper ones oblong, entire ; seeds smooth. Sm.

A common weed in cultivated and waste ground. Stem chan-
nelled, branched ; leaves mealy, the lower ones unequally tooth-
ed above, the upper ones smaller, entire. Bunches of flowers
erect, green or mealy. July. Annual.

CHENOPODIUM RUBRUM. L. lied Goosefoot.

Leaves triangular, approaching to rhomboid ; deep-
ly toothed, and somewhat sinuated ; clusters upright,
compound, leafy. Sm.

More green, fleshy, and compact than the last. Leaves sinu-
ated, tapering at base. Clusters of flowers, close, interspersed
with small leaves. Among rubbish, especially in low ground.
Annual.

CHENOPODIUM TIYBRIDUM. L. Tall Goosefoot.

Leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate ; ra-
cemes branched, somewhat cymose, divaricate, leaf-
less. Sm.

108 Class V. Order II.

A tall species with large leaves. Stem slender, upright.
Leaves spreading, bright green, with a few large teeth on each
side, heart shaped at bnse, tapering into a long point. Clusters
compound, branching, open, remote from leaves. Wastes and
rubbish. J uly. Annual.

CHENOPOD-UM BOTRYS. L. Cut leaved Goosefoot,

Leaves oblong, smuated ; racemes naked, many
cleft. L.

Stem short, branching, somewhat rigid, leafy. Leaves peti-
oled, oblong, deeply sinuated, slightly pubescent. Flowers in
numerous short axillary racemes, covering the ends of the
branches, and giving them the appearance of long leafy spikes.
The whole plant has a strong, peculiar smell when bruised.
Woods, Brighton. Annual.

112. ULMUS.

ULMUS AMERICANA. L. Common Elm.

Leaves equally serrate, unequal at the base. L.

This stately tree is distinguished at sight from the cultivated
English elms by its long pendulous branches. It also loses itg
leaves in autumn several weeks sooner. The flowers, which
appear in April, have commonly from six to eight stamens.
They are small, of a dull purple colour, and grow in bunches on
slender footstalks. Germs orbicular, compressed. Styles two,
recurved, hairy on both sides. The seeds are contained in a flat,
oval, winged capsule or samara, which is ciliated at the edge.
The leaves grow alternately on opposite sides of the branches ;
they are more smooth and more uniformly serrated than those
of the English elm. The wood of the elm is tough, and princi-
pally used to form the naves or hubbs of wheels.

ULMUS FULVA. MX. Slippery Elm.

Branches rough ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate,
nearly equal at base, unequally serrate, pubescent
both sides, very rough ; buds covered with fulvous
down ; flowers sessile.

The slippery elm is well known for the mucilaginous qualities

Class V. Order II. 109

of its inner bark. It is found in different parts of Worcester
county, but I have not met with it nearer Boston.

113. HYDROCOTYLE.

HYDROCOTYLE AMERICANA. L. Pennywort.

Leaves reniform, somewhat lobed, crenate. L.

A small plant found in moist ground under the shade of bushes,
&c. Stem creeping. Leaves kidney shaped, doubly crenate,
light green, very smooth and thin. Flowers minute, in very
small umbels or bunches, sessile. July. Perennial.

HYDROCOTYLE UMBELLATA. L. Umbelled Hydrocotyle.

Leaves peltate, crenate, emarginate at base ; um-
bels pedunculated, many flowered, flowers pedicelled.

An aquatic, larger and firmer than the preceding species.
Leaves reniform and peltate, floating in deep water, or erect in
shallow. Umbels found only in shallow water, or wet ground.
Fresh pond. July.

114. SANICULA.

SANICULA MARILANDICA. L. Sanlcle.

Barren flowers on peduncles, perfect ones sessile,

Gr.

Stem upright, smooth, furrowed, divided into a few erect
branches. Leaves divided somewhat in a pedate manner, acute-
ly serrate, the upper ones generally ovate-lanceolate resembling
heads, with an involucre of short ovate leaves. Umbels simple,
few flowered, the barren flowers on short peduncles, the perfect
or fruitful ones sessile. Seeds furnished with hooked bristles.
About thickets in low ground. June.

115. DAUCUS.

DAUCUS CAROTA. JL. Carrot,

Fruit hispid, petioles nerved underneath.

The common carrot, in its wild state, grows at Chelsea and
elsewhere, and is known at sight when in fruit by the cohesion
of the whole umbel, forming a concave surface. Involucre
pinnatifid. June. July. Biennial.

110 Class V. Order U.

116. HERACLEUM.
HERACLEUM LANATUM. Mich. Cow Parsnep.

Leaves ternate, woolly underneath, leafets petioled
roundish-heart shaped, lobed ; fruit orbicular. Mich,
abr.

One of the largest of our umbelliferous plants. Petioles and
nerves of the leaves channelled, bristly. Leafets large, woolly
on the under side, deeply cut into lobes, which are again cut,
and unequally serrate. Umbels radiate, often a foot wide. Pe-
duncles furrowed. Leafets of the involucres lanceolate, tapering
to a very long point, deciduous. Flowers white. Petals heart
shaped with a very deep inflected sinus. Seeds thin, round-oval,
emarginate, marked with three short lines. South Boston, Dor-
chester. June. Perennial.

117. CONIUM.
CONIUM MACULATUM. L. Hemlock.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xi.

Fruit unarmed, with the ridges undulated.

A well known poisonous plant used as a narcotic in medical
practice. Root biennial, somewhat fusiform and generally branch-
ed. Stalk round, very smooth, striated, hollow, jointed, and
more or less marked with purplish spots. Leaves two or three
times pinnate, of a very bright green, with long sheathing peti-
oles inserted on the joints of the stem ; the leafets pinnatifid and
toothed. Flowers in terminal umbels, the general involucre
with half a dozen lanceolate, reflected leafets, the partial invo-
lucre with three or four situated on the outside. Flowers very
small, white. Petals five, oval with their points inflexed. Sta-
mens five, spreading, about the length of the corolla. Germ in-
ferior. Styles two, reflexed outwardly. Fruit roundish-oval,
compressed, ribbed, the ribs being transversely wrinkled or cre-
nate, separating into two oblong hemispherical seeds. In waste
ground and road sides. June. Biennial.

118. ANGELICA.

ANGELICA TRIQ.UINATA. Mich. Common Angelica.

Petiole three parted, its divisions pinnate-five leav-

Class V. Order II. Ill

ed ; leafets cut-toothed, of the terminal leafets the odd
one rhomboid, sessile, the lateral ones decursive. Mich.

Syn. ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA.? N. Y. Cat.

A very large umbellate plant, well known for its fine aromatic
flavour. Stem five or six feet high and an inch or more in
thickness, hollow, purplish, smooth throughout. Stipules large
and swelling. Petioles roundish, slightly furrowed on the upper
side. Leaves mostly twice ternate, smooth, pale and veiny be-
neath, the terminal leafet sessile and sometimes three lohed, the
highest lateral ones decurrent ; all of them sharply and irregu-
larly serrate. Umbels three, terminal, spherical, without gene-
ral involucre. Partial stalks angular, with subulate involucres,
shorter than the pedicels. Petals green with a tinge of red on
the outside. Seeds oblong-hemispherical, three winged on the
back Cambridge, meadows. June.

The circumstance that the terminal leafet is sessile, never pe-
tioled, is sufficient evidence this plant is not A. atropurpurea of
Linnaeus, as many of our botanists suppose.

119. LIGUSTICUM.

LIGUSTICUM SCOTICUM. L. Sea Lovage.

Stem leaves twice ternate, the upper ones trifoliate ;
umbels straight ; involucre and involucels linear,
many leaved.

Stem purple or green, flexuous, striated, a foot or two high
and larger than a goose quill. Petioles with large sheaths.
Leaves twice ternate ; the leafets sessile, and sometimes con-
nected at base, oval or rhomboidal, smooth, shining, veiny, and
somewhat fleshy. Umbels with general and partial involucres.
Flowers white. Fruit oblong-oval, separating into seeds which
have three strong ridges on the back. On the borders of Charles
river, Cambridge, and other parts of the edge of salt marshes.
August, September. Perennial.

120. 6IUM.
SIUM LATIFOLIUM, JL. Water Pcirsnep.

Leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong-lanceolate, equally

serrate. Sm.

A tall aquatic plant common in ditches and muddy brook-

112 Class V. Order II.

Stem erect, hollow, smooth, with deep furrows, and sharp, prom-
inent angles. Leaves pinnate ; leafrts in half a dozen pairs,
with an odd one, ovate-lanceolate, equally serrate, or laciniated
if under water. Umbels solitary, mostly terminal. General
Involucre of many leaves lanceolate, and occasionally serrate.
Partial involucres small. Flowers white. Fruit ovate, striated.
From July to September. Perennial.

121. URASPERMUM.

URASPERMUM CLAYTONI. Nutt, Sweet Uraspermum.

Stem smooth ; leaves decompound, leafets cut-
toothed ; styles of the fruit filiform, divergent.

Syn. SCANDIX DULCIS. Muhl

MTRRHIS CLATTOKI. MX.?

Root fleshy, fusiform or branching, with an agreeable sweet,
Spicy flavour, like that of Anise. Stem about two feet hiffh,

o 7

smooth when full grown, striated. Leaves ternate, the divisions
pinnate or ternate, the lower ones on long, smooth petioles, the
upper ones sessile. Stipules hairy at the edge. Leafets ovate,
toothed and cut, slightly pubescent, shining underneath. Um-
bels of a few long rays. General involucre of from two to four de-
ciduous lanceolate leaves. Partial ones five leaved, shorter.
Partial umbels few flowered, the central flowers abortive. Fruit
stipitate, clavate, oblanceolate, blackish and tasteless, covered,
especially on its lower part and stipe, with appressed, aculeate
bristles. The styles which crown the fruit are filiform and de-
flected, not parallel as in the following species. The dry seeds
are tasteless, and have a caudate appendage at base. In rich
woods, Oak island. Watertown. June. Perennial.

* URASPERMUM HIRSUTTTM. Hairy Uraspermum.

U. hirsutum ; foliis decompositis, foliolis pin-
natifido-incisis ; stylis frucius pyramidatis, ap-
proximatis.

Hairy ; leaves decompound, leafets cut-pinnatifid ;
styles of the fruit pyramidal, approximate.

This plant differs from the preceding in the taste of its root,
which is not sweet and anisate, but rank and unpleasant, some-
what like that of Aralia nudicaulis. Its more hairy aspect when

Class V. Order II. 113

adult, and its more pinnatifid leaves, make it distinguishable at
sight. Stem, stalks and veins, clothed with divergent hairs at
all periods. Leaves resembling those of the foregoing species,
but always more deeply cut, and covered with scattered hairs.
General involucre of two or three leafets, deciduous. Partial
involucre of five oval acuminate leafets. Barren flowers central ;
fertile ones four or five external. Fruit stipitate and bristly as
in the last, but differing in the styles which are pyramidal or
ovate, only half as long as in the last, and appressed so as to
form one point, instead of diverging. Woods on the Concord
turnpike. June. Perennial.

The difference of this species was first pointed out to me by
Dr. Martyn Paine, in specimens sent from Montreal.

122. PASTINACA.

PASTINACA SATIVA. Parsnip.

Leaves simply pinnate, pubescent underneath.

The parsnip in its wild state is abundantly naturalized in
waste grounds. The root is materially changed by difference of
soil. It becomes strong, acrid and virose. Stem three or four
feet high, smooth, angular. Umbels with yellow flowers and
large flat fruit. July. Biennial

123. SMYRNIUM.

SMYRNIUM AUREUM. Golden Alexanders.

Leaves twice ternate, leafets ovate-lanceolate, ser-
rate ; rajs of the umbel short.

Syn. THAPSIUM AUREUM. Ntttt.

About two feet high. General involucre none, partial involu-
cre of about three short lanceolate leafets on one side. Flowers
orange yellow, in umbels of moderate size. Fruit oval with
membranous ridges. At Walpole, New-Hampshire. June.

124. ^THUSA.

-&THUSA CYNAPIUM. L. Fools Parsley.

Leaves similar, bipinnate, leafets pinnatifid.

This plant has at first sight considerable resemblance to Co-
mum maculatum. although smaller, and has been often gathered
jr.

114 Class V. Order II.

by mistake for that, plant by drug-gists. Stem about two feet
high, striated, not spotted. Leaves bipinnate and at length pin-
natifid. The distinguishing mark of this plant is in the partial
involucres which consist of only three leafets which are exter-
nal, linear, long and pendulous, Common about the streets of
this city, probably introduced from Europe. July, August.
Annual.

124. SISON.
SISON CANADENSE. L. Honeworf.

Leaves ternate ; umbels irregular.

Syn. CHAEROPIITLLVM CANADIAN HE. Pursh.
MrRRHis CANADENSIS. Nutt.

Stem smooth. Leaves in threes, the radical ones cleft, those
of the stem doubly toothed, rhomboidal, smooth or shining. Um-
bel branched, unequal, of few rays, with no general involucre.
Partial umbels unequal, close, few flowered, with a minute in-
volucre. Flowers small, white. Seeds smooth, oblong. Chel-
sea beach island. July.

125. CICUTA.
CICUTA MACULATA. L. American Hemlock.

Bigeltnv, Medical Botany, PI. xii.

Root fascicled, leaves oblong, with mucronate ser-
ratures.

The root is composed of a number of large, oblong, fleshy
tubers, diverging from the base of the stem, and frequently being
found of the size and length of the finger. The root is peren-
nial, and has a strong, penetrating smell and taste. In various
parts of of the bark it contains distinct cells or cavities, which
are filled with a yellowish resinous juice. The plant is from
three to six feet high. Its stem is smooth, branched at top, hol-
low, jointed, striated, and commonly of a purple colour, except
when the plant grows in the shade, in which case it is green.
The leaves are compound, the largest being about three times
pinnate, the uppermost only ternate. Most of the petioles are
furnished with long obtuse stipules, which clasp the stem with
their base. Leafets oblong, acuminate, serrate, the serratures

Class V. Order III. 115

Very acute or mucronated. The veins end in the notches, and
not at the points of the serratures. The flowers grow in um-
bels of a middling size, without a general involucre. The par-
tial umbels are furnished with involucres of very short, narrow,
acute leafets. The distinctness or separation of these umbels
characterizes this plant at a distance among other plants of its
kind, whose umbels are more crowded. Calyx of five very
minute segments. Petals five, white, obovate, with inflected
points. Fruit nearly orbicular, compressed, ten furrowed, crown-
ed at top, and separating into two semicircular seeds. Common
in wet meadows. July, August. Perennial.

This is probably the most dangerous of all our poisonous ve-
getables, and various instances of speedy death have taken place
in children who have unwarily eaten the root. See a particular
account in the American Medical Botany, volume 1.

ClCUTA BULBIFERA. L. BuWlfeTOUS Clcuttt.

Leaves decompound, linear ; branches bulbiferous.

Stem about three feet high, round, hoilow, striated, green,
with a slight glaucous powder. Leaves thrice compound ; leafets
smooth, linear, with divergent teeth. Stipules membranous,
gradually lost in the petiole. Branches numerous, -covered with
small oval, acuminate, scaly bulbs, invested by the dilated base
of leafets, resembling bractes. These bulbs are in whorls when
young, but are afterwards scattered by the growth of the branch-
lets, which support them. Umbel small, terminal. General in-
volucre none, partial of short, acuminate leafets. Flowers white.
Petals small, ovate, acuminate with the point indexed. Frnit
suborbicular, compressed, striate. Ditches and ponds. July.
August. Annual.

TR1GYN1JL.

126. VIBURNUM.

VIBURNUM LENTAGO. L. Sweet Viburnum.

Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate,
petioles margined, curled. Ait.

A tall shrub in low grounds. Leaves very finely serrate, the
*erratures sharp, a little turned inward. Petioles with a mem-

116 Class V. Order III.

hranous margin, widest in the upper leaves, waved or curled.
Flowers in cymes, as are all the subsequent species. Fruit plea-
sant to the taste. South Boston, Cambridge. June.

VIBURNUM PYRIFOLIUM. ? L, Pear leaved Viburnum.

Smooth ; leaves oblong-oval, subacute, subserrate ;
cymes subpedunculate.

Leaves opposite, oblong-oval extended into an obtuse point,
smooth on both sides, coriaceous, slightly serrate or eroded.
Petioles and peduncles covered with minute black glands. Cymes
nearly sessile, furnished with linear deciduous bractes. Calyx
segments short, acute. Segments of the corolla orbicular.
Sides of Monadnock mountain, New-Hampshire. June.

VIBURNUM NUDUM. L. Naked Viburnum.

Glabrous ; leaves oval, revolute at the edge, near-
ly entire, petioles smooth ; cymes pedunculated.

Leaves smooth and coriaceous, ov^l, obtuse or acute, many
of them acuminate, obeoletely crenate and slightly revolute.
Cymes on peduncles an inch or two long and covered with minute
dots. Bractes caducous. Swamps, rare. June.

The leaves have an evergreen and coriaceous appearance and
turn black in drying. Low woods, Cambridge, Weston. June.

Variety /3. parvifoiinm. Leaves not half the size of the fore-
going, mostly acuminate. At Sandwich. Mr. Greene.

VIBURNUM DENTATUM. L. Arrow wood.

Leaves ovate, dentate-serrate, plaited. L.

A more common shrub than the foregoing. The shoots are
slender and very straight, from whence it has received the name
of Arrow wood. Leaves roundish or oval, very regularly tooth-
ed, the veins parallel and prominent underneath. Moist woods.
June, July.

VIBURNUM ACERIFOLIUM. L. Maple Viburnum.

Leaves three lobed, acuminate, sharply serrate ;
petioles without glands, hairy ; cymes not radiate.

i

Leaves rounded or hearted at base, broad, divided into three

Class V. Order III. 117

lobes with large teeth, very soft with minute down underneath.
Cy.nes on long peduncles. Dry woods, Roxbury. June, July.

VIBURNUM LANTANOIDES. Alx. Hobble bush.

Petioles and nerv 7 es pulverulent and downy ; leaves

roundish-heart shaped, abruptly acuminate, unequally

serrate ; cymes radiate, closely sessile ; fruit ovate.

Young leaves roundish and meaiy in appearance, older leaves
very large. Outer florets of the cj'me very large, white, hypo-
crateriform and barren, the segments obovate ; inner florets
small, bell shaped, fertile, the segments ovate. Berries large.
In old woods, Princeton, Jaffrey, New-Hampshire. June.

VIBURNUM OXYCOCCOS. Pursh. Tree Cranberry.

Leaves three lobed, three nerved, lobes divaricate,
acuminate, toothed ; petioles glandular ; cymes radi-
ate.

Leaves paler underneath with large, unequal, bluntish teeth.
Petioles smooth with about two glands in front at the base of the
leaf. Outer florets barren, with large white hypocrateriform
corollas. Fruit large, red, ripening late, and remaining after
the leaves have fallen, intensely acid and somewhat bitter. In
Lancaster, New-Hampshire, and in Maine. Juty.

The different species of Viburnum are fine flowering shrubs,
and with the Elder, next described, constitute a principal orna-
ment of our woods and thickets during the first part of summer.

127. SAMBUCUS.

SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS. L. Common Elder.

Cymes five parted ; leaves nearly bipinnate, stem
shrubby. Willd.

Michaux says he could observe no difference between this
species and the Sambucus nigra of Europe 1 , except in size, the
latter being a tree, the former a shrub. Leaves pinnate, the low-
er leafets double or ternate, and all of them oblong-oval, sharply
serrate, tapering to a very long and acute point. Flowers white :
berries blackish : both considered medicinal. June, July.

118 Class V. Order III.

SAMBUCUS PUBESCENS. MX. P articled Elder.

Bark verrucose ; pairs of leafets two, oval- lanceo-
late, subpubescent underneath ; cymes panicled.

A smaller shrub than the preceding. Leaves pinnate. Lea-
fets rive, lanceolate, sharply serrate and acuminate. Flowers
white, in a panicle, with opposite, divaricated branches. Calyx
teeth acute, spreading. Segments of the corolla oval, revolute.
Stamens inserted on the corolla. Style very short, ending in
three brownish stigmas.

Common in Vermont and the interior of New-England, though
I have not seen it near the sea coat. It is hardly to be distin-
guished in the dried specimen, from S. racemosa of Europe.

128. RHUS.

RHUS GLABRUM. L. Smooth Sumach.

Glabrous ; leaves pinnate, of many pairs, leafets
lance-oblong, serrate, whitish underneath, flowers
dio3cious.

A common species of Sumach found about fences and borders
of fields. Petioles and leaves unarmed and smooth. The flow-
ers are dioecious. Barren panicle much larger and spreading.
Petals twice as long as the calyx, subacule, green. Stamens
five, with oblong green anthers, and the rudiments of three
styles. Fertile panicle more crowded ; corolla about as long as
the calyx, green; germ reddish with three styles. The leaves
of this and the two following species are astringent and used in
tanning. Berries crimson, astringent, and acid. June, July.

RHUS TYPHINUM. LJ. Stag's Horn or Velvet Sumach.

Branches and petioles hairy ; leaves pinnate, of
many pairs, hairy underneath ; leafets lance-oblong,
sharply serrate ; flowers dioecious.

A larger species than the last ; its leafstalks and young
branches covered with thick bristly hair. Bunches of berries
crowded, purple, velvet like. This species is also dioecious.
In low ground. June.

The bark and leaves give out a milky juice on being broken,
both in this and the other species.

Class V. Order III. 119

RHUS COPALLINUM. L. Mountain or Dwarf Sumach.

Leaves pinnate, entire; petioles membranous, joint-
ed ; flowers dioecious.

A smaller shrub than the preceding. The youag branches
and petioles are downy. Leafets oval-lanceolate, acute, entire.
Between each pair the petiole spreads out into a broad leafy
expansion, contracted at the insertion of the leafets. Flower*
dioecious.

RHUS VERNIX. L. Poison Sumach or Dogwood.

Bigelovv, Medical Botany, PI. x.

Leaves annual, pinnate, glabrous ; leafets oblong.,
entire, acuminate ; panicle lax, flowers dioecious.

This species grows in swamps, where its fine smooth leave?
give it the air of a tropical shrub or tree. The trunk is from
one to five inches in diameter, branching at top, and covered
with a pale greyish bark. The wood is light and brittle, and
contains much pith. The ends of the young shoots and the pe-
tioles are usually of a fine red colour, which contributes much
to the beauty of the shrub. The leaves are pinnate, the leafets
oblong or oval, entire, or sometimes slightly sinuate, acuminate,
smooth, paler underneath, nearly sessile, except the terminal one.
The flowers, which appear in June, are very small, green, in
loose axillary panicles. Where they appear not axillary, it is
because the leaf under them has been detached. The barren
and fertile flowers grow on different trees. The panicles of
barren flowers are the largest and most branched. They are
furnished with short, oblong bractes, and downy pedicels. The
calyx has five ovate segments, and the corolla live oblong, sig-
moid petals. The stamens are longer than the petals, and pro-
ject through their interstices. The rudiment of a three-cleft
style is found in the centre. In the fertile flowers the calyx and
petals resemble the last, while the centre is occupied by an oval
germ, ending in three circular stigmas. The fruit is a bunch of
dry berries, or rather drupes of a greenish white, sometimes
marked with slight purple veins, and becoming wrinkled when
old. They are roundish, a little broadest at the upper end, and
compressed, containing one white, hard, furrowed seed.

120 Class V. Order III.

The effluvium of this shrub is a violent poison to certain con-
stitutions, producing in them a distressing cutaneous eruption,
when it is handled or even approached. On others, and I be-
lieve on a majority, it exerts no influence. The leaves have
been rubbed, chewed, and swallowed without injury. Their
taste is simply herbaceous and astringent, and does not indicate
any extraordinary quality.

In Japan a fine varnish is said to be prepared from the juice
of the Rhus vernix, a tree, whose identity with the present is
still a subject of dispute.

RHUS RADICANS. Poison Ivy.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xlii.

Leaves ternate ; leafets petioled, ovate, naked, en-
tire ; stem rooting ; flowers dioscious.

A hardy climber, frequently seen running up trees to a great
height, supporting itself by lateral roots, and becoming nearly
buried in their bark. The leaves of the Rhus radicans are ter-
nate, and grow on long semicylindrical petioles. Leafets ovate
or rhomboidal, acute, smooth and shining on both sides, the
veins sometimes a little hairy beneath. The margin is some-
times entire and sometimes variously toothed and lobed, in the
same plant. The flowers are small and greenish white. They
grow in panicles or compound racemes on the sides of the new
shoots, and are chiefly axillary. The barren flowers have a
calyx of five erect, acute segments, and a corolla of five oblong
recurved petals. Stamens erect with oblong anthers. In the
centre is a rudiment of a style. Tne fertile flowers, situated on
a different plant, are about half the size of the preceding. The
calyx and corolla are similar, but more erect. They have five
small, abortive stamens and a roundish germ, surmounted with a
short, erect style, ending in three stigmas. The berries are
roundish, and of a pale green colour, approaching to white.

This species, like the last, is poisonous to many persons.
The juice stains linen a black colour. Common about the bor-
ders of fields, &c. June.

Class V. Order IV. 121

129. STAPHYLEA.

STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA. L. Bladder tree.

Leaves trifoliate, racemes pendulous ; petals cili-
ate below ; fruit ovate.

A handsome shrub from six to ten feet high, remarkable for its
large inflated capsules. Leaves ternate, somewhat hairy; lea-
fets oval, serrate, acuminate, paler underneath. Flowers in a
short, nodding panicle or raceme. Bractes minute, lanceolate,
scarious. Calyx five parted, erect, tinged with red, its segments
oblong, obtuse ; its base contracted into a stalk which forms a
joint with the peduncle. Petals white, obovate, obtuse, concave.
Stamens erect, with downy filaments. Germ oval, triangular.
Styles three, cohering into one. Capsule large, inflated, ovate,
triangular, three parted at top, supporting the three styles, three
celled ; seeds obovate, fixed to the central receptacle. In woods
at Weston ; also in the western parts of the state. May, June.

130. SAROTHRA.

SAROTHRA GENTIANOIDES. L. Pine weed.

Syn. HrpERjcuM SAROTHRA. Mich.

A small, erect, branching plant. Leaves appressed, scale-like,
so small, that the plant appears leafless. Branches numerous,
subdivided, erect. Flowers small, yellow, with from five to ten
stamens and three styles. Capsule oblong, coloured. On sandy
soils exposed to the sun. July, August.

TETRAGYNIA.

ISO. PARNASSIA.
PARNASSIA CAROLINIANA. J\lv. Grass of Parnassus.

Radical leaves suborbiculate, nectaries of three
bristles. MX.

Radical leaves roundish-ovate, entire, smooth, veined, tapering
at base. Scape a foot high, smooth, with five sharp angles, fur-
nished about its middle with one ovate, half clasping leaf. Calyx
leaves oblong, obtuse, nerved, brown at the tips. Petals ovate,
much longer than the calyx, white, with ten or twelve green
nerves, reticulated on the sides at base. Nectaries five, alter-
16

122 Class V. Order V.

nating with the stamens, each consisting of three equal, filamenta-
ry branches, ending in yellow, glandular heads. Anthers oblong..
Germ ovate ; style none, stigmas four, sometimes five, at first in-
distinct, but afterwards prominent and recurved. Capsule ovate,
one celled, four or five valved ; receptacles lateral, affixed to
the valves. Seeds numerous, ovate. After the anthers have
fallen, the nectaries are easily mistaken for stamens by the inex-
perienced. Wet meadows, Rhode-Island and Connecticut.
August. Perennial.

PEJVTAGYWM.

132. ARALIA.

ARALIA NUDICAULIS. L. Wild Sarsaparilla.

Stemless, leaves decompound, scape leafless. Willd.

A well known aromatic root. It has no stem unless the ter-
mination of the root be so considered. Leaves on long stalks,
generally subdivided into three times three, or three times five
leafets, which are oblong-ovate, finely serrate, acuminate, vein-
ed and slightly hispid. The scape rises between the leafstalks,
and supports a few simple umbels of greenish flowers. Involu-
cre scarcely any. Calyx with five very short, acute teeth.
Petals five, green, with a central nerve, acute, reflexed. Sta-
mens five, whitish, erect. Styles five, much shorter, acute, in-
curved. Woods and thickets. May, June. Perennial.

ARALIA RACEMOSA. L. Pettymorrcl. Spikenard.

Stem herbaceous, smooth ; leaves decompound ;
peduncles axillary, branching, umbelled. Willd.

Tall and irregularly branched. Stem smooth, dark green or
red. Leafets large, ovate or heart-shaped, serrate. Flowers in
small umbels, which are again arranged in branching racemes,
from the axils or forks of the stem. In woods. June, July.

It is aromatic and in high estimation with people of the coun-
try.

ARALIA HISPIDA. Mich. Bristly Aralia.

Stem shrubby at base, hispid ; leaves twice pin-
nate ; leafets cut serrate ; umbels on long peduncles.

Class V. Order V. 123

The lower part of the stem endures the winter, and has a
shrubby appearance, but most of the herb is annual. The stem
is set with thick and stiff bristles at the base. Leafets much
smaller than in the preceding, sharply and unequally serrate,
ending in a long point. Umbels several, on long peduncles.
Calyx teeth very short, subacute. Corolla greenish white with
a prominent rib on the upper side of each petal. Stamens as
long as the petals. Styles erect in the flower, but recurved and
tipt with black in the fruit. Woods, Cambridgeport. June.

133. LINUM.

LINUM VIRGINIANUM. Virginian Flax.

Calyx leaves acute ; panicle terminal ; flowers
alternate, remote ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate,
the radical ones ovate.

Stem ascending, smooth, very slender, about a foot long.
Leaves scattered, sessile, lanceolate, the lower ones obovate,
smooth. Flowers small, in a dichotomous panicle ; segments of
the calyx unequal, acuminate. Petals obovate, yellow. Cap-
sules spherical. Woods. J uly. Perennial.

134. DPtOSERA.

DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Round leaved Sun-dew.

Leaves orbicular, radical, depressed ; petioles hai-
ry ; scape bearing a simple raceme. Sin.

The thick glandular hairs, which cover the leaves of this and
other species, will readily distingush them from other plants.
Leaves small, round, spreading on the ground in a flat circle.
Scape smooth, bearing a one-rowed, curved raceme of small
white flowers. Wet, boggy land. July, August.

DROSERA LUNGIFOLIA. L. Long leaved Sun-dew.

Leaves spathulate-obovate, radical ; petioles naked ;
scape bearing a simple raceme.

More slender than the last species. It has sometimes creep-
ing roots which throw out a succession of leaves, and appear,
when gathered, like leafy stems. Swamp, Charlestown, near
Craigie's road. July.

124 Class V. Order V.

DROSERA TENUIFOLIA. Muhl. Linear Sun-dew.

Leaves filiform, scape radical, raceme mostly sim-
ple, styles about six.

Syn. DROSERA FILIFORMIS.? Ph. Nutt.

Leaves rolled inward when young, long and linear or filiform,
smooth and deeply channelled on the back, covered with glan-
dular hairs in front and sides. Scape erect, smooth, round, most-
ly simple. Raceme unilateral, recurved, mostly simple. Flow-
ers on short pedicels, erect, large. Calyx oval, hairj , its seg-
ments subacute. Petals five, purple, obovate, denticulate. Sta-
mens ten ; anthers oblong, yellow, crowded. Styles six, whitish,
declined from the gerrn so as to stand without the stamens,
which they exceed in length.

Borders of ponds, abundant, Plymouth, Massachusetts, where
it was found by Judge Davis, twenty years ago, and lodged in
Professor Peck's herbarium.

It will be seen that the foregoing description disagrees, in
several respects, with that of Mr. Nuttall under D. filiformis.
I am inclined, however, to believe them varieties of the same
species.

135. STATICE.

SATICE CAROLINIANA. Marsh Rosemary.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxv.

Scape round and panicled ; leaves obovate-lanceo-
late, smooth, obtuse, mucronated, and flat on the

margin.

A purple flowering plant of the salt marshes, very conspicuous
about midsummer. The root of this plant is perennial, large,
fleshy, fusiform or branched. Several tufts of the leaves and
scapes are often produced from the same root. The leaves are
narrow-obovate, supported by long petioles, smooth, veinless,
obtuse, mucronated by the prolongation of the middle rib, level
and flat on the margin, in which respect they differ from S.
limonium, which is undulated. Scape round, a foot high,
smooth, furnished with a few scales, flexuous at top, giving off
numerous branches, which end in spikes of flowers ; the whole
forming a large panicle. The base of each branch and flower

Class VI. Order I. 125

is supported by an ovate, mucronated scale. The flowers are
alternate, erect, consequently one sided in the horizontal branch-
es ; mostly in pairs, but appearing single from one expanding
before the other. They grow on a short forked peduncle,
which is concealed by several sheathing scales, part of which
are common to the two, and part peculiar to the upper one.
The calyx is funnel shaped, five angled, the angles ciliate and
ending in long acute teeth with sometimes, not always, minute
intermediate teeth. The upper part of the calyx is scarious
and of a pink colour. Petals spatulate, obtuse, longer than the
calyx, pale bluish purple. Stamens inserted in the claws of the
petals, anthers heart shaped. Germ small, obovate, with five
ascending styles shorter than the stamens. Seed oblong, invest-
ed with the persistent calyx. Perennial.

The root is strongly astringent, and with us is an officinal
article of considerable consumption.

Class VI. HEXANDRIA. Six stamens.

Order I. MONOGYN1A. One style.

136. LEONTICE. Calyx inferior, six leaved ; pe-
tals six, opposite to the calyx ; capsule berry-like,
mostly inflated, one celled.

137. BERBERIS. Calyx six leaved, inferior ; co-
rolla six petalled ; two glands at the base of each
petal ; berry two seeded.

138. PRINOS. Calyx six cleft, inferior ; corolla
six parted, wheel shaped ; berry six seeded.

139. ALLIUM. Spathe many flowered ; corolla
inferior, six parted, spreading ; umbel crowded ; fruit
capsular.

140. PONTEDERIA. Corolla inferior, ringent, six

126 Class VI. Order I.

cleft ; stamens inserted three in the tip, and three in
the tube of the corolla ; capsule three celled.

141. HYPOXIS. Spathe two valved ; corolla su-
perior, six parted ; capsule narrower at the base.

142. ALETRIS. Calyx none ; corolla half superi-
or, tubular, six cleft, wrinkled, persistent ; stamens
inserted in the top of the tube ; style triangular ; cap-
sule opening at top, three celled, many seeded.

143. STREPTOPUS. Calyx none ; corolla inferior,
six petalled, subcampanulate ; berry roundish, three
celled ; seeds few, hilum naked.

144. CONVALLARIA. Calyx none ; corolla six
cleft, inferior ; stigma three sided ; berry three celled.

145. UVULARIA. Calyx none ; corolla inferior,
petals six, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at their
base ; stamens very short.

146. DRACAENA. Calyx none ; corolla inferior,
six petalled ; filaments a little thickened in the mid-
dle, berry two or three celled.

147. ERYTHRONIUM. Calyx none ; corolla infe-
rior, six petalled ; the three inner petals with a cal-
lous prominence on each edge near the base.

143. LILIUM. Calyx none ; corolla inferior, six
petalled, the petals with a longitudinal groove from
the middle to the base.

149. ACORUS. Spadix cylindrical, covered with
flowers ; corolla six petalled ; style none ; capsule
three celled.

150. JUNCUS. Calyx six leaved, inferior, perma-
nent ; corolla none ; capsule three valved ; stigmas,
three.

Class VI. Order I. 12?

Order III. TRIGYN1A. Three styles.

151. HELONIAS. Corolla six parted, spreading,
the segments without glands ; capsule three celled,
three horned, cells few seeded.

152. MEDEOLA. Calyx none ; corolla inferior
six parted, revolute ; berry three celled.

153. TRILLIUM. Calyx three leaved, inferior ;
corolla three petalled ; berry three celled.

154. TRIGLOCHIN. Calyx three leaved, inferior ;
corolla three leaved, resembling the calyx ; styles
none ; capsule bursting at the base ; seeds solitary.

155. RUMEX. Calyx three leaved inferior; petals
three comment ; stigma many cleft ; seed one, trian-
gular, naked.

Order V. POLYG YNM. Many styles.

156. ALISMA. Calyx three leaved ; corolla three
petalled ; capsules numerous, clustered, one seeded.

HEXANDRIA.
MONOGYJVM.

136. LEONTICE.

Subgenus CAULOPHYLLUM. Fruit scarcely inflated, open*
ing when rife.

LEONTICE THALICTROIDES. J\Tx. Poppoose root.

Glabrous ; leaves supradecompound ; leafets oval,
the lower ones petioled and lobed, the terminal one
three lobed.

128 Class VI. Order I.

Syn. CAULOPHTLLVM TIIALICTROIDES. MX.

A smooth plant with leaves resembling a Thalictrum, but
many times larger. Flowers in a small racemose panicle at the
division of the leaf stalks. Fruit stipitate, dark blue. Accord-
ing to Mr. Nuttall the germ is two seeded, and the fruit becomes
one seeded by abortion ; so that it appears hardly necessary to
separate Caulophyllum from Leontice.* Woods, Deerfield ;
Woodstock, Vermont. May, Perennial.

157. BERBERIS.

BERBERIS VULGARIS. L. Barberry bush.

Flowers in racemes ; spines three forked ; serra-
tures of leaves terminated by soft bristles. Sm.

Few shrubs are better known or more common by road sides
and fences, in gravelly soils. Branches dotted and armed with
triple thorns. Leaves inversely ovate, serrate, the teeth and
point ending in short bristles. The yellow flowers appear in
June in hanging clusters; succeeded by oblong, acid berries of a
deep red colour. This plant agrees almost precisely with the
European.

A very remarkable degree of irritability, not exceeded by the
sensitive plant, exists in the flowers of the Barberry. When
these are fully expanded, the stamens are found spread out on
the inner side of the corolla. In this situation, if the inside of
the filament be touched with a pin or straw, it instantly contracts
and throws the anther violently against the stigma. This fact,
which has been particularly described by Dr. Smith in the Eng-
lish Barberry, is not less remarkable and distinct in the Ameri-
can variety of the shrub.

It is a commonly received opinion, both here and in Europe,
that the barberry is injurious to cultivated grain. Wheat, rye,
&c. growing in its neighbourhood, are said to be blighted. But
some distinguished philosophic agriculturalists, among whom
are Duhamel and Broussonet, have assured us that the opinion
is without foundation. May not the supposed fault belong to the
peculiar soil and situation which the barberry frequents ?

* See also Decandolk Reg. veg. ii. 24.

\

Class VI. Order I. 129

138. PRINOS.
PRINOS VERTICILLA.TUS. Black Alder.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. Ivi.

Leaves deciduous, oval, serrate, acuminate, slightly
pubescent beneath ; flowers axillary, aggregate.

This shrub is irregular in its growth, but most commonly
forms branches six or eight feet in height. Leaves alternate or
scattered, on short petioles, oval or obovate, acute at base, sharp-
ly serrate, acuminate, with some hairiness, particularly on the
veins underneath. Flowers small, white, growing in little tufts
or imperfect umbels, which are nearly sessile in the axils of the
leaves. Calyx small, six cleft, persistent. Corolla inonopeta-
lous, spreading, without a tube, the border divided into six ob-
tuse segments. Stamens erect, with oblong anthers. In the
barren flowers they are equal in length to the corolla, in the
fertile ones shorter. Germ in the fertile flowers large, green,
roundish, with a short neck or style, terminating in an obtuse
stigma. Berries of a bright scarlet, in irregular bunches, round-
ish, supported by the persistent calyx, crowned with the stigma,
six celled, containing six long seeds, which are convex outward-
ly, and sharp edged within. These berries are bitter and un-
pleasant to the taste, with a little sweetness and some acrimony.
Swamps. July.

PRINOS AMBIGUUS. MX. Long leaved Black Alder.

Leaves deciduous, oval, acute at both ends, barren
flowers crowded, fertile ones solitary.

Leaves more oblong, and less sharply serrate than in the last.
Flowers often four or five cleft. Roxbury. June.

PRINOS GLABER. L. Evergreen Winter berry.

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, glabrous, serrate at tip.

Distinguished from the former by its smooth coriaceous, ever-
green leaves, which are of a bluntish lanceolate form, with a
few small remote teeth at the end. Flowers axillary. Swamp?,
June, July.

17

130 Class VI. Order I.

159. ALLIUM.

ALLIUM CVNADENSE. L. Canada Garlic.

Scape naked, round ; leaves linear ; head bearing
bulbs.

Leaves radical, smooth, channelled above. Scape smooth,
round. Spathe ovate, acute. The scape supports a head of
bulbs with a short leaf under each, and a few pedunculated
whitish flowers. Woods, Chelsea beach island. June. Peren-
nial.

ALLIUM TRICOCCON. Willd. Lanceolate Garlic.

Scape naked, half round ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
fiat, smooth ; umbel globose ; seeds solitary.

This garlic with broad lanceolate leaves I have met with in
the woods at Berwick, Maine. July. Perennial.

140. PONTEDERIA.

PONTEDERIA coRDATA. L. Pickirel-iveed.

Leaves heart shaped, flowers spiked. L.

During the month of July, the tali blue spikes of Pontederia
are very conspicuous on the borders of ponds and rivers of deep
water and muddy bottoms. Stem erect, fleshy, cylindrical.
Leaves long, heart shaped, very smooth, with convergent nerves.
Stem leaf sheathing at the base of its stalk. Flowers in a cylin-
drical spike, proceeding from a short spathe. Corollas blue, ir-
regular, the tube curved, pubescent, channelled, green at base,
the border in six divisions, the three uppermost united, with
commonly, not always, a yellow spot in the middle. The flow-
ers roll themselves up when old. Capsule oblong, curved, with
six acute, unequal, toothed angles. Seed one, oblong, acuminate.
Perennial.

141. HYPOXIS.

HYPOXIS ERECTA. L. Yettoio Bethlehem Star.

Hairy ; scape about four flowered, shorter than
the leaves ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; peduncles twice
as long as the flower.

Class VI. Order I. 131

Syn. Hrpoxis CAROLIXIANA. Mich.

The yellow, star-like flowers of this plant appear among the
grass in pastures, in June and after. Root bulbous. Leaves
grass like, hairy. Scape slender, hairy, divided at top into about
four peduncles, with subulate bractes or spathes at their base.
Corolla wheel shaped, of six lanceolate petals or segments, hairy
on the outside. Perennial.

142. ALETRIS.
ALETRIS FARINOSA. Star Grass.

Bigelovv, Medical Botany, PI. 1.

Flowers pedicelled, oblong-tubular, somewhat wrink-
led in fruit ; leaves broad lanceolate.

This plant has a single circle of radical leaves, sessile, nerved,
lanceolate, smooth. Stem or scape, from one to three feet high,
invested with remote scales, which sometimes expand into small
leaves. The flowers form a slender, scattered spike with very
hort pedicels and minute- bractes. Calyx none. Corolla white,
oblong bell shaped, divided at the mouth into six acute, spread-
ing segments. The outside, particularly as the flower grows
old, has a roughish, wrinkled or mealy appearance, by which the
specific name was suggested. Stamens short, inserted near the
mouth of the corolla at the base of the segments. The circum-
stance of their being opposite to the segments, and not alternate
with them, affords a distinguishing mark of this genus. An-
thers somewhat heart shaped. Germ pyramidal, half inferior,
tapering : style triangular, separable into three. Capsule in-
vested with the permanent corolla, triangular, three celled, three
Talved, at top. Seeds numerous, minute, fixed to a central re-
ceptacle. The root is intensely bitter. In low grounds, Bridge-
water. July. Perennial.

143. STREPTOPUS.

STREPTOPUS DISTORTUS. Jllx. Curling Streptopus.

Smooth, leaves clasping; pedicels solitary, genicu-
late and contorted in the middle.

Syn. UVULARIA AMPLEXIFOLIA. Willd.
Whole plant glabrous Stem round, branching. Leaves clasp-

Class VI. Order I.

ing-, to appearance perforate, oblong acuminate, glaucous under-
neath. Peduncles opposite the leaves, turning downwards, fili-
form, contorted. Flowers bell shaped, greenish white, the pe-
tals reflexed, gibbous at base, where the stamens are inserted.
Fruit scarlet, oblong, many seeded. Woods, in the western
parts of Massachusetts. June. Perennial.

STREPTOPUS ROSEUS. MX. Red flowering Streptopus.

Smooth, leaves clasping, serrulate-ciliate, anthers
short, two horned.

The species a good doal resembles the last, but the leaves ap-
pear ciliate, and when viewed with a magnifier are found to be
edged with short cartilaginous fiiaments. Flowers reddish. In
Vermont and New-Hampshire. June. Perennial.

144. CONVALLARIA.

Subgenus SMILACINA. Corolla four or six parted, spread-
ing ; flowers terminal.
CONVALLARIA BIFOLIA. L. Tivo leaved Solomon's Seal.

Stem two or three leaved, leaves heart shaped,
flowers tetrandrous. Mich.

Syn. SMILACINA CANADENSIS. Pursh.

The creeping roots of this little plant cause it to spread ex-
tensively in the moist situations where it grows. Its stem is an-
gular and furnished with two or three smooth, thin, delicate
leaves, oblong heart shaped and sessile, the lower one sometimes
pedunculated. Flowers white, in a short erect cluster. Corolla
four cleft ; stamens four. Germ round, depressed, style straight,
stigma bifid. The ihiripe berries are white and spotted, a cir-
cumstance said to be common to all the species, Flowers in
May. Perennial.

CONVALLARIA TRIFOLIA. L. Three leaved Solomon's Seal.
Stem pubescent with three alternate leaves ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate ; raceme terminal, lax.

Syn. SMILACINA TRIFOLIA. Pursh.

Stem round. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, clasping. Spike
terminal, erect, simple. Peduncles short with minute concave

Class VI. Order I. 133

bractes. Corolla rotate with six lanceolate reflexed petals. Sta-
mens six, straight, spreading. Germ triangular-ovate ; style
straight, stigma triple. Near the Monadnock mountain, Mr.
Nuttall. May. Perennial.

CONVALLARIA STELLATA.

Stem clothed with alternate, clasping, lanceolate
leaves ; raceme simple, terminal, few flowered.

Syn. SMILACIKA STELLATA. Pursh.

About a foot high. Stem round, smooth, flexuous. Leaves
alternate, two ranked, oblong or lanceolate, clasping, smooth
above, glaucous or downy underneath. Raceme terminal, erect,
simple, consisting of a few white flowers with six oblong petals
and six stamens. Low grounds, South Boston. June.

CONVALLARIA RACEMOSA. L. Clustered Solomon's Seal.

Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, oval, acuminate ;
raceme terminal, compound.

A large species, every part of it covered with fine down.
Root fleshy, sweet and mucilaginous. Leaves alternate, oblong,
laro-e, nerved, smooth in appearance, tapering to a long point,
their base narrowed into a sort of petiole. The stem terminates
in a compound raceme of white flowers on peduncles generally
of the same colour. Corolla rotate, of six small linear divisions.
Stamens longer than the petals, with conical filaments. Germ
round. Style straight, short. In low ground. June. Perennial.

Subgenus POLYGONATUM. Flowers cylindrical.
CONVALLARIA MULTIFLORA. L. Many flowered Solomon's Seat.

Leaves alternate, clasping ; stem round ; pedun-
cles axillary, many flowered. L.

Syn. PoLrcoNATUM MULTIFLORUM. Pursh.

A smaller plant than the preceding species. Stem about two
feet high, smooth, round, simple, nodding at top. Leaves alter-
nate, oval, nerved, pale and pubescent underneath, slightly clasp-
ing at base. Flower stalks axillary, drooping, branched, sup-
porting several pendulous green flowers. Corollas long, funnel
shaped, somewhat cylindrical, six cleft. Anthers oblong, acufp.

134 Class VI, Order I.

.filaments growing to the corolla ; style as long as the stamens.
About fences and shady places. May, June. Perennial.

CONVULLARIA CANALicuLATA. Channelled Solomon's Seal.
Stem channelled, leaves alternate, clasping, ob-
long, pubescent at the edge, peduncles axillary, two
flowered.

Syn. PoLTGONATUM CANALICULATUM. Pursh.

Resembles the last, but is distinguished by its angular stalk,
Resembles greatly C. polygonatum of Europe, and is by some
considered identical. Woods June. Perennial.

145. UVULARIA.

UVULARIA PERFOLIATA L. Perfoliate Bellwort.

Leaves perfoliate ; segments of the corolla gran-
ular within, capsule truncated. Mich.

Has the habit of the last genus. Stem smooth, round, running
through the leaves. Leaves oval, smooth, perforated by the
stem near their base, furnishing a good example of the perfoli-
ate leaf, the sides reflexed when young. Branches axillary.
Flowers pendulous, pale yellow, of six petals, their inside cover-
ed with small tubercles, dilated toward the bottom and terminat-
ing in a hollow nectary. Filaments short, fleshy; anthers twice
as long, terminating in a slender point. Germ obovate ; style
longer than the stamens and separating into three diverging stig-
mas, bell shaped. Capsule three cornered, appearing as if cut
off in the middle. Woods, Watertown, Brookline. May. Pe-
rennial.

UFTJLARIA GRANDIFLORA. Sm. Large flowered Bellwort.

Leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute ; petals smooth
inside ; anthers obtuse ; nectaries roundish.

Similar to the foregoing, but larger, the leaves narrower, the
flowers brighter yellow and smooth inside. Woods, Vermont.
.May. Perennial.

Class VI. Order 1. 135

UVCLARIA SESSILIFOLIA. L. Sessile leaved BeUwort.

Leaves sessile, lance-oval, glaucous underneath ;
capsule pedunculated ; ovate. Fers.

Stem slender, smooth, dividing at top into two branches, one
bearing only leaves, the other leaves and a flower. The leaves
are alternate, thin, smooth, paler underneath. The flower pale
yellow or greenish, on a slender axillary peduncle. ' Petals ob-
long-linear with an obscure tooth on each side at base. Anthers
longer than the filaments. Germ ovp.l, triangular, pedicelled.
Style longer than stamens, dividing into three stigmas. Capsule
ovate, contracted at base. Woods, Brookline. May- Perennial.

146. DRACAENA.

DRACAENA BOREALIS. L. Northern Dracana.

Leaves oblanceolate ; scape umbclled ; berries two
celled.

Leaves radical or nearly so, a foot long, oblanceolate, smooth
and shining, ciliate with fine loose hairs. Scape round, support-
ing a terminal umbel of a few handsome green bell shaped flow-
ers. Petals sis, lanceolate, spreading, gibbous at base. Stamens
erect, anthers oblong. Style erect. Stigma semilunar, com-
pressed. Germ superior, oval. Fruit an oblong berry, two
celled, few seeded, and of a deep amethystine blue.

This plant has been improperly associated by Desfontaines
with his genus Smilacina, from which it differs in its campanu-
late corolla, entire semicircular stigma, and two celled fruit, as
well as in habit and colour. I have preferred leaving it where
it was placed by Linnaeus, though it differs from the rest of the
Dracaenas in some respects. Woods, Gloucester on the Wachu-
sett, Monadnock and White mountains. June. Perennial.

147. ERYTHRONIUM.

EKYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM. Common Enjthronium.

Bigclow, Medical Botany, PI. Iviii.

Scape naked, leaves lanceolate and involute at the
point ; style club-shaped, and undivided.

136 Class VI. Order I.

Syn. EarTHRONJUM LANCEOLATUM. Pursh.
ERTTHRONIUM DENSCJNIS. MX.

A delicate liliaceous plant with spotted leaves. The root is a
solid bulb, situated deep in the ground, brown outside, white an<i
homogenous within. The whole plant is smooth and glossy.
Scape naked, slender. Leaves two, nearly equal, lanceolate,
yeinless, of a dark brownish green, clouded with irregular spots,
sheathing the scape with their base, and terminating in an ob-
tuse callous point. Flower solitary, drooping. Petals six, lan-
ceolate, yellow, the three outermost partly crimson on the out-
side, the three innermost having an obtuse tooth on each side
near the base. In a clear sun the petals are expanded and revo-
lute, but at night and on cloudy days they are nearly closed.
Filaments flat, anthers oblong-linear. Germ obovate, style lon-
ger than the stamens, club-shaped, three lobed at top and termi-
nating in three distinct, but not detached stigmas. Capsule ob-
long obovate, somewhat pedicelled. In rich, moist soils, South
Boston, Cambridge. May. Perennial.

" ERYTHRONIUM BRACTEATUM. Bracted Erythronium.

E. scapo bracteato ; foliis lanceolatis incequalibus.
Scape bracted ; leaves lanceolate, unequal.

Leaves very unequal, the primary one being two or three
times a;; large as the secondary. Scape shorter than the leaves
with a narrow lanceolate bracte about an inch long, situated an
inch or two below the flower. Corolla yellow, half as large as
in the preceding species, petals gibbous at base. Stamens half
as long as the corolla. Style clavate ; stigmas united ? Discov-
ered by Mr. Boott on the Camel's Rump mountain, Vermont,
and by him designated by the foregoing name. June.

148. L1LIUM.

LILIUM CANADENSE. L. Common yellow Lily.

Leaves in whorls ; flowers terminal, drooping,
petals spreading.

A great portion of our meadows are embellished with the
flowers of this lily in the first part of summer. Stem green, va-
rying in height from one to three feet, with lanceolate leave?

Class \l. Order 1. 137

surrounding it in distant whorls. Flowers sometimes one, and
frequently three on a plant, bell shaped, pendulous, yellow, spot-
ted inside ; petals lanceolate, turned outward, but hardly reflex-
ed. June. July. Perennial.

LILIUM SUPERBUM. L. Superb Lily.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, three nerved, glabrous,
lower ones whorled, twice as long as the internodes;
upper ones scattered ; flowers in a pyramidal raceme,
corollas rerlexed.

One of ibe most magnificent of our native plants. Stem erect,
straight, from three to six feet high, bearing a large pyramid of
orange coloured flowers, amounting not unfrequently to thirty or
forty in number. In low grounds, rare, July.

By cultivation in a rich soil, L. Canadense approaches io cha-
racter to this species.
LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM. L. Common red Lily.

Leaves in whorls ; flowers erect ; corolla bell
shaped, petals with claws. L.

The red liiy is a less shewy, but equally beautiful species
with the first. It frequents a drier soil, and is commonly found
about the margins of fields, among bushes, &,c. Leaves whorled,
a few sometimes scattered. Flowers one, two, or three, upright,
of a dark vermillion colour, spotted. The petals are supported
on long claws, which gives the flower an open appearance.
June, Julv Perennial,

t>

149- ACORUS.

ACORUS CALAMUS. L. Sweet Flag.

Summit of the stalk above the flowers very long
and leaf like. Sm.

Sweet flag root is an officinal article in considerable estima-
tion. At times when the plant is not in flower, the aromatic
flavour of the root will readily distinguish it from the other spe-
cies of flag, a name indiscriminately applied here to plants with
sword shaped leaves, as Iris, Typha, &.c. When in flower, the
long, round, solitary spadix, projecting from the side of an ap-
18

138 Class VI. Order I.

parent leaf, is a sufficient mark. The spadix is closely covered
with small, green flowers with six petals, and as many stamens.
Meadows. June, July. Perennial.

150. JUNCUS.

JUNCUS EFFUSUS. L. Soft RusTi. Bulrush.

Culm naked, straight ; panicle lateral, loose, thrice
compounded ; capsules obtuse. Sm.

Found every where in moist land, growing commonly in bunch-
es. Stems perfectly simple, smooth, round, and leafless, sheathed
at the base and filled with spongy pith. Panicle proceeding
from a fissure in the side of the stem, much branched, and bear-
ing many small green flowers. June, July. Perennial.

JUNCUS FILIFORMIS. L. Filiform Rush.

Culm naked, filiform, nodding, panicle lateral,
bracted, nearly simple, capsule roundish.

Resembles the foregoing, but more slender, nodding, and the
panicle further below the top. On the borders of alpine ponds
on the White mountains. Mr. Greene.

JUNCUS TRIFIDUS. L. Trifid Rush.

Culm naked, terminated by three leaves and three
flowers.

A small rush, abundant near the summit of the White moun-
tains, having a sessile spikelet of a few flowers supported by
long bractes or terminal leaves. July. Perennial.

JUNCUS TENUIS. Wittd. Slender Rush.

Culm roundish, undivided ; leaves linear, channel-
led ; corymb terminal ; leaves of the calyx acumi-
nate, larger than the obtuse, three sided capsule.
Willd.

A small, hardy species, common about foot paths and road
sides. Stem roundish, leafy at base. Leaves slender, channel-
led on the upper side. Corymb or cyme terminal, unequal,
invested with a long leafy involucre. Capsule obtuse, a little
shorter than the calyx. June. Perennial.

Class VI. Order I. 139

JUNCUS BUFONIUS. L. Toad Rush.

Culm leafy, dichotomous ; leaves angular, subseta-
ceous ; flowers oblong, solitary, sessile.

A small rush of wet grounds, sometimes viviparous. July.
JUNCUS BULBOSUS. Li. Bulbous Rush, Black Grass.

Culm compressed, undivided ; leaves linear, chan-
nelled, panicle cymed ; calyx obtuse, shorter than
the capsule ; capsule roundish, obtuse.

A common rush of salt marshes, often giving, when in fruit, a
dark colour to the tracts where it prevails. It makes good hay.
July.

JUNCUS SPICATUS. Lt. Spiked Rush.

Leaves flat ; spike racemed, nodding, compound
at base ; capsules acute.

Culm slender, with an oblong, nodding head. On the summit
of the White mountains, its only American locality with which
I am acquainted. July.

* JUNCUS MILITARIS. Bayonet Rush.

J. folio unico, articulato, culmum superante ;
panicula terminali, prolifero ; capitulis subquinquc-
floris.

Leaf one, jointed, longer than the culm ; panicle
terminal, proliferous ; heads about five flowered.

Root creeping, scaly. Culm as large as a goose quill, two or
three feet high, smooth, with a long sheath or two at base, and
commonly another above the leaf. Leaf cylindrical, erect, joint-
ed with internal partitions, inserted below the middle of the
culm, and exceeding it in height by half a foot or more. Pani-
cle terminal, erect, of half a dozen smooth branches, most of
them proliferous, invested with sheathing, lanceolate bractes at
base. The branchlets end in small heads of from four to six ses-
sile flowers. Calyx segments acute, brown, edged with green.
The unripe capsule is acuminate. Discovered by Mr. Greene
growing plentifully in a pond at Tewksbury.

140 Class VI. Order I.

JUNCUS POLYCEPHALOS. Mich. Many headed Rush.

Culm few leaved, erect ; leaves somewhat knotty ;
heads round, many flowered, panicled; calyxes linear ;
stamens six. Mich. abr.

Syn. JUNCUS ECHINATUS. Mufil.

Common in meadows and low ground. Stem erect, firm,
round, smooth. Leaves round, smooth, interrupted with nume-
rous transverse partitions or joints. Heads resembling small
burrs, sessile and pedunculated, in a proliferous panicle or um-
bel, with very unequal branches. Calyx leaves crowded, linear-
lanceolate, very acute. Perennial.

This plant sometimes undergoes a singular alteration in its
fructification from the bite of an insect.

JUNCUS CAMPESTRIS. L. Field Rush.

CulmJeafy. Leaves flat, hairy ; spikes terminal,
sessile, or pedunculated ; capsules obtuse. Sm.

Hardly half a foot high in dry ground, but in wet situations
much taller. Stem upright, round, leafy. Leaves short, grass
like, flat, acute, the edges fringed with fine, loose hairs. Spikes
terminal, umbelled, most of them on peduncles, irregular ovate,
obtuse, erect or nodding. Calyx leaves lanceolate, acute. Cap-
sules three seeded, inversely ovate, obtuse, shorter than the
calyx. May. Perennial.

JUNCUS MELANOCARPUS. MX. Black fruited Rush.

Culm leafy, leaves sublanceolate, smooth ; panicle
capillary, lax; flowers pedicelled.

Culm a foot a more in height, smooth, leafy. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, glabrous, those of the root eight or ten inches long.
Panicle large, nodding, decompound, many flowered. Ultimate
corymbs of from four to six flowers, of which one is sessile, the
rest on capillary pedicels. Calyx acuminate. Capsule with a
short beak. At the cascade of New river in the White moun-
tains. June.

Class VI. Order III. 141

TRIGYNM.

151. HELONIAS.

HELONIAS DIOICA. Ph. Unicorn Root.

Scape leafy ; raceme spiked, nodding ; pedicels
short, scarcely bracted ; filaments longer than the
corolla ; petals linear ; leaves oblong-lanceolate.

Syn. VERATRUM LUTEUM. Willd.

In various parts of Connecticut. July. Perennhil.

152. MEDEOLA.

MEDEOLA VIRGINICA. L. Cucumber Root.

Leaves in whorls.

Syn. GrROMiA VIRGIXICA. Nutt.

Few plants exceed this in geometrical regularity of structure
-and appearance. The stem is erect, smooth, and commonly in-
vested with loose tufts of cotton-like down. Tha leaves are in
two whorls, the lowermost a few inches from the top, consisting
of about seven or eight broad lanceolate leaves, the uppermost
of three, and rarely four ovate ones. The flowers are terminal,
and bend down through the insterstices of the upper leaves.
Petals lanceolate, greenish white, revolute. Stamens erect,
slender. Germ single oval, stigmas three, rarely four, reflexed,
twice as long as the stamens, of a reddish colour as well as the
stamens. Berry three celled, many seeded. The root is tube-
rous, with a flavour resembling the cucumber. In' low woods
and swamps. June, July. Perennial.

153. TRILLIUM.

TRILLIUM CERNUUM. L. Nodding Trillium.

Flower on a footstalk, drooping. Willd.

This is the only species I have observed in the immediate
neighbourhood of Boston. Leaves three, large, roundish, or
rhomboid, pointed. Flower terminal, from the bosom of the
leaves, bending down so as to be sheltered beneath them. Calyx
leaves three. Petals three, alternate with the calyx leaves,
nearly white, reflexed. Stigmas three, recurved. In shady
Ihickets, May, June. Perennial.

142 Class VI. Order III.

TRILLIUM ERECTUM. L. Erect Trillium.

Peduncle inclined ; flower nodding ; petals ovate ;
acuminate, flat, spreading ; much broader, but scarce-
ly longer, than the calyx ; leaves broad, rhomboidal,
acuminate, sessile.

Flowers dull brownish purple, greenish outside ; odour offen-
sive. Root used in medicine. In old woods in the middle and
western parts of the state. May. Perennial.

TRILLIUM PICTUM. Pursh. Painted Trillium.

Peduncle somewhat erect, petals oval-lanceolate,

acute, recurved, twice as long as the calyx ; leaves

ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, and abruptly pe-

tioled.

Petals white, striped at base with purple, undulate at the
edge. A very handsome species. On the Ascutney mountain,
Vermont. May, June.

154. TRIGLOCHIN.

TRIGLOOHIN MARITIMUM. L. Sea Arrow Grass.

Capsule six celled, grooved, ovate. Willd.

The leaves of this plant are rush-like, smooth, fleshy, flexible,
and semicylindrical. They have a sweetish, not unpleasant
taste. Stalk solitary, bearing a long, dense spike of greenish
flowers on very short pedicels. They have six leaves, three of
which may pass for calyx and three for petals. Anthers nearly
sessile. Salt marshes and ditches. June. Perennial.

The cultivation of this plant for cattle has been recommended.

155. RUMEX.

RUMEX CRISPUS. L. Curled Dock.

Calyx valves ovate, entire, all bearing grains ;
leaves lanceolate, waved, acute.

Root fusiform. Stem furrowed, smooth. Leaves lanceolate,
rather acute, waved and curled on the margin. Racemes of half
whorls, leafy towards the base. Valves enclosing the seed heart-
shaped, reticulated, very slightly serrate or repand on the mar-

Class VI. Order III. 143

gin, each bearing a grain, of which one is much larger than the
other two. Rubbish and cultivated grounds. June. Perennial.

RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS. L. Broad leaved Dock.

Valves toothed, one chiefly graniferous ; root
leaves heart shaped, obtuse ; stem roughish. Sm.

Grows in the same places as the last, but is somewhat later in
its appearance. Root more divided. Stem furrowed, rough
near the top. Leaves large, oblong, heart-shaped, obtuse at the
end ; the petiole and midrib often red on the upper side. Ca-
lyx leaves heart-shaped, reticulated, furnished with long, subulate
teeth, one only bearing a full, distinct grain. July. Perennial.

These two species, originally from Europe, are among our
most troublesome weeds.

* RUMEX PALLIDUS. White Dock.

R. foliis lineari-lanceolatis, acutis ; spicis graci-
libus ; valvulis ovatis, integris, granum vix super-
antibus.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; spikes slender ;
valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the grain.

Stems numerous, ascending, smooth, round, slightly furrowed.
Leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, acute, petioled, more or less
waved on the margin. Spikes slender, owing to the shortness
of the pedicels, the largest with a leaf at base. Calyx linear,
acute. Petals ovate, obtuse, erect. Stamens six, anthers whitish,
two lobed. Styles three. Fruit crowded, the valves ovate, en-
tire or furnished with a single tooth at base, with a large, white,
fleshy, obtuse grain nearly covering the back of each. Salt
marshes. J une. Perennial.

First sent by Dr. Nichols from Danvers.

RUMDX BRITANNICA. L. Yelloiv rooted Water Dock.

Valves very entire, all of them graniferous ; leaves

lanceolate with obsolete sheaths.

A tall species growing in deep mud in watery situations.
Leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth and even. Stem furrowed, sur-
rounded above the joints with torn sheaths, a character which

144 Class VI. Order V.

distinguishes it from Rumex verticillatus, another aquatic spe-
cies with long tubular sheaths. Valves of the calyx large, heart-
shaped, entire, each bearing a grain. July. Perennial.

RUMEX ACETOSELLA. L. Sorrel. Sheep's Sorrel.

Flowers dioecious, leaves lanceolate, hastate ; calyx
valves without grains.

A common and unprofitable intruder into every species of
ground, but particularly such as are dry and sandy. The root
leaves furnish a good example of the halberd shape or hastate
form. Flowers in panicled racemes small, with stamens and
styles on distinct plants. Valves ovate, entire, destitute of
grains. The acid properties of the plant are well known.
May. Perennial.

fOLYGYJVM.

156. ALISMA.

ALISMA PLANTAGO. L. , Water Plantain.

Leaves ovate, acute, capsules obtusely three cor-
nered. Sm.

Common in small ponds and ditches. Leaves radical, petioled,
ovate, acute, smooth, nerved, entire. Panicle decompound, its
branches given off in whorls with bractes. Flowers with three
calyx leaves and three deciduous petals of a purplish white.
Capsules three cornered, obtuse. June, July. Perennial.

Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. Seven stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNM. One style.

157. TRIENTALIS. Calyx seven leaved ; corolla
seven parted, equal ; berry one celled, juiceless.

Class Vlll. Order I. 145

HEPTANDRIA.
MOJYOGYJYM.

157. TRIENTALIS.

TRIENTALIS AMERICANA. Ph. American Trientalis.

Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; petals acu-
minate.

Syn. TKIENTALIS EUROPEA. MX.

A plant seldom exceeding half a foot in height, having its
leaves chiefly in a tuft or whorl at the top, with one or more
white star-like blossoms above. Leaves lanceolate, minutely
serrate, shining, acuminate, pointed. Flowers on filiform pedun-
cles. The number of stamens and divisions of the calyx and co-
rolla is commonly seven, but often varies to six or eight ; seg-
ments of the calyx linear. Petals ovate, acuminate. In low
woods, particularly among the pine trees on Craigie r s road.
May, June. Perennial.

On comparison of specimens I am satisfied that the American
species is distinct from the European in having the leaves
minutely serrulate, and the petals acuminate ; though these
marks are not noticed by Pursh.

Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. Eight stamens.
Order 1. MOJYOGYJYM. One style.

158. EPILOBIUM. Calyx four cleft, tubular, su-
perior ; corolla four petalled ; capsule oblong ; seeds
feathered.

159. (ENOTHERA. Calyx four cleft, tubular, su-
perior ; corolla four petalled ; capsule four celled,
four valved ; seeds naked.

19

146 Class VIII. Order I.

160. RHEXIA. Calyx four cleft, inferior ; corol-
la four petalled ; anthers curved ; capsule four celled,
in the body of the calyx.

161. MENZIESIA. Calyx one leaved; corolla mo-
nopetalous, ovate ; filaments inserted in the receptacle ;
capsule four celled, divided by the inflexed edge of
the valves ; seeds numerous.

162. DIRCA. Calyx none ; corolla tubular, the
border obsolete ; stamens longer than the tube ; ber-
ry one seeded.

163. VACCINIUM. Calyx superior, four toothed ;
corolla monopetalous ; stamens inserted on the recep-
tacle ; berry four celled, many seeded.

Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles.

164. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Calyx four cleft, col-
oured ; corolla none ; capsule two beaked, one celled,
many seeded.

Order III. TR1GYNM. Three styles.

165. POLYGONUM. Calyx five parted, resembling
a corolla ; corolla none ; seed one, angular, inclosed
in the calyx ; stamens and pistils irregular in number.

OCTANDRIA.

MOJYOGYJVM.

158. EPILOBIUM.

EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. L. Spiked Willow Herb.

Leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, entire, veiny ;
flowers unequal. Ait.

Class VIII. Order I. 147

Syn. EPILOBIUM SPICATUM. Pcrs. Muld.

A tall plant bearing a profusion of blue flowers. Stem round,
erect, with alternate branches near the top. Leaves narrow,
lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath, nearly sessile. Racemes
terminal, leafless. Flowers on footstalks, irregular ; calyx linear,
acute ; petals light bluish purple, obovate, unguiculate, standing
on the long, glaucous or whitish germ. Stamens unequal, four
long and four short, with oblong anthers. Style at lirst club
shaped, but at length separating into four revolute branches.
When the pods are opening, the plant appears covered with the
downs of the seeds. In woods and low grounds. A large quan-
tity grows near Brighton new road. June, July. Perennial.

EPILOBIUM LINEARE. Muhl. Linear Willow Herb.

Stem terete, pubescent, branching at top ; leaves
linear, entire, revolute at the margin.

Stem round, a little, downy, branching. Leaves scattered,
linear, entire, revolute at the edge. Flowers axillary, on short
stalks. Germs downy, square, green. Calyx leaves oblong,
acute. Petals inversely heart shaped, white with a reddish
tinge. Stigma capitate. Moist woods. August. Perennial.

EPILOBIUM COLORATUM. Muhl. Coloured IViliow Herb.

Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, petioled, opposite,
the upper ones alternate ; stem round, pubescent.

A more branching plant than the foregoing. Stem erect,
round, with opposite pubescent branches. Leaves lanceolate,
glabrous, their veins often of a red colour, on short petioles, the
bases of which unite round the stem in an elevated line. Flow-
ers axillary, purple, regular, with very long, linear germs.
Meadows and swamps. July, August. Perennial.

EPILOBIUM ALPINUM. L. Alpine, Epilobium.

Stem simple, roundish, one or two flowered ;
leaves opposite, elliptical, entire ; flowers sessile.

Leaves rather more ovate than in the European plant. On
the White mountains of New-Hampshire. July.

148 Class VIII. Order I.

159. (ENOTHERA.

(ENOTHERA BIENNIS. L. Tree Primrose.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat ; stem a little rugged

and villotis ; stamens shorter than the corolla. Willd.

The large, yellow flowers of this plant are frequently seen
overtopping the fences by which they grow, during most of the
summer. In the country it is vulgarly known by the name of
Scabish, a corruption probably of Scabious, from which however
it is a very different plant. Stem from three to five feet high,
rough, hairy, and branching. Root leaves petioled ; stem leaves
sessile ; both pubescent, slightly toothed. Flowers solitary, ax-
illary. Germ sessile, four grooved, surmounted by the long,
tubular calyx, which divides into four reflexed segments ; petals
large, roundish, sometimes emarginate. This plant, originally
American, is now naturalized, and very common throughout Eu-
rope. Biennial.

CENOTHERA PUMILA. L. Diucirf Tree Primrose.

Leaves lanceolate, very entire, obtuse ; capsules

slightly pedicelled, elliptic-obovate, angular. Willd.

Stem oblique at base, ascending, round, slender, about a foot
high. Leaves sessile, blunt. Flowers yellow, small, nearly ses-
sile, in a leafy spike. Petals inversely heart-shaped. Stamens
shorter than the corolla. Capsules inversely ovate, with eight
angles. Pastures. Perennial.

This plant is exactly the CE. pumila of Custis' magazine,
t. 555.

160. RHEXIA.

KHEXIA VIRGINICA. L. Virginian Rhexia.

Stem with four winged angles ; leaves sessile,
oval-lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, calyx with glandular
hairs.

Stem square with membranous angles. Leaves opposite, oval,
three nerved, with scattered hairs on both sides and on the mar-
gin. Peduncles axillary and terminal. Calyx urn-shaped, hairy,
with four acute segments ; petals purple and finely contrasted with

Class Vlll. Order I. 149

the long, crooked, yellow anthers. Style declining. Low grounds.
July, August. Perennial.

161. MENZIESIA.

JVIENZIESIA C<ERULEA. ISwz. Purple Menzif.sia.

Leaves scattered, crowded, linear, obtuse, cartila-
ginously denticulate ; peduncles terminal, aggregate,
one-flowered ; flowers campanulate, decandrous ; ca-
lyx acute.

Srjn. ERICA COERULEA. Willd.

A beautiful alpine shrub resembling a heath in its foliage and
flowers. The leaves are not unlike those of the fir tribe. Pe-
duncles and calyx pubescent. Calyx in five segments, purplish,
oblong-linear, obtuse. Corolla purple, cylindric-ovate, divided
at the mouth into five auriculated emarginate segments. Fila-
ments roundish, purple, nearly as long as the corolla, inserted in the
receptacle. Anthers oblong, bifid at top. Style erect, green, as
long as the stamens. Germ globular. Capsule roundish with
five longitudinal depressions, five celled, the dissepiments formed
by the indexed margins of the valves. Seeds oblong ovate.
On the barren summit of the White mountains. July.

162. DIRCA.
DIRCA PAHTSTRIS. Leather Wood.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, Pi.xxxvii.

This is an irregular shrub somewhat distinguished by the
horizontal tendency of its branches and leaves. The branches
have an interrupted or jointed mode of growth. They are flex-
ible and exceedingly strong and tough. Leaves scattered or al-
ternate, with very short petioles, oval, entire, subacute, downy
when young; smooth and membranous when fully grown, and
pale on the under side. The flowers appear much earlier than
the leaves. Previously to their emerging they exist in minia-
ture within a small hairy bud, which occupies a sheath or cavi-
ty in the end of each flowering branch. They are commonly in
bunches of three together with their peduncles cohering. Each
flower is about half an inch long, of a yellow colour and without
calyx. The corolla is funnel shaped, with a contraction near

150 Class VIII. Order I.

the base, and another in the middle, its border dilated, and slight-
ly and irregularly toothed. Stamens eight, much longer than
the corolla, the alternate ones longest, the filaments capillary
and inserted into the tube ; anthers roundish. Germ ovate,
placed obliquely, the style appearing to issue from one side.
Style capillary, curved, and longer than the stamens. The fruit
is a small, oval, acute, red, one-seeded berry. Low woods and
marshes on Kennebec river, also at Keene, New Hampshire.
April and May. Perennial.

163. VACCINIUM.

VACCINIUM RESINOSUM. L. Black Whortleberry or HucMe-

berry.

Racemes bracted ; corollas ovate ; leaves elliptic,
somewhat acute, entire, deciduous, sprinkled with
resinous dots underneath. Ait.

The leaves of this very common shrub are oval, the young
ones acute, the older ones blunt ; their under surface covered
with shining, adhesive, resinous particles. Flowers in lateral
clusters. Corolla five cornered, ovate, contracted at the mouth,
of a dull reddish green. Fruit globular, black, sweet. Woods
and hills. June.

VACCINIUM TENELLUM. Low Blueberry.

Leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrulate, shining ; fas-
cicles crowded, subterminal, sessile ; corollas ovate.

A low early flowering shrub upon hills and pastures, growing
in beds or bunches. Leaves numerous, broad-lanceolate, serru-
late, shining on both sides. Flowers in short, crowded clusters.
Segments of the calyx ovate, acuminate, spreading. Corolla
reddish white, ovate cylindrical. Anthers included. Style as
long as the corolla. Berries early, large, blue, eatable. May.

VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM. Blue Bilberry.

Leaves oblong-oval, rather smooth ; racemes sub-
sessile ; corollas cylindrical ; style subexserted.

Syn. V. AMOENUM. Jiit.

This shrub is six or seven feet or more in height when full

T

Class VIII. Order I. 151

grown, though it flowers when of but small size. The bark of
the young twigs is of a light green or purplish, minutely dotted
with white. Leaves at flowering time generally about half
grown, pale green or purplish, oblong, acute, nearly entire,
perfectly smooth on both sides, or with the veins hairy under*
neath. Flower in short-nodding racemes or corymbs with smooth
pedicels, very numerous, large and white. Segments of the ca-
lyx rather acute, with a glaucous cast. Corolla oval or cylin-
drical, contracted at the mouth, with spreading segments. Fila-
ments hairy, anthers included, long awned. Style slightly ex-
serted. Berries large, covered with blue powder, acid and
sweet. Swamps. May.

The flowers are acid, and contain much honey.

This is our common large bilberry. It differs from V. corym-
bosum of Pursh, in having a glaucous fruit and some other marks
of less importance. As a variety it may be called glaucocarpum.
The V. corymbosum of Elliott, with lanceolate leaves and awn-
less anthers, seems a different species.

VACCINIUM DISOMORPHUM. MX. Black Bilberry.

Leaves oblong-oval, acute ; clusters bracted with
scales ; calyx obtuse ; corolla ovate.

Shrub about five feet high, its twigs reddish or ash coloured.
The leaves, which hardly begin to unfold until flowering time,
are oval, acuminate, nearly entire, quite hairy underneath.
Flowers small, in very short racemes, with green or purplish
peduncles. Calyx segments obtuse. Corolla ovate, white with
a reddish cast, contracted at the mouth. Anthers included.
Style exserted. Berries small, polished black, crowned with
the erect cylindrical calyx. Swamps. May.

This species resembles the preceding in its general habit,
size, and places of growth. Its flowers and fruit are about half
the size, and its calyx obtuse. In fruit the calyx becomes more
acute and remarkably long. I have preferred applying the
name of Michaux to the present species, rather than introduce
new names into this uncertain and variable genus.

VACCINIUM HIRTELLUM. Ait. Hairy Whortleberry.

Hairy ; leaves obovate-oblong, entire ; racemes

152 Class VIII. Order I.

long, bracted ; corollas angular, campanulate ; fruit
hispid.

Leaves oblanceolate, or wedge shaped and acute, entire, mu-
cronate, ciliate, hairy, shining above, covered with resinous
dots underneath. Racemes long, hairy, erect. Each pedicel
proceeds from the axil of an oval leafet or bracte, and is furnish-
ed about its middle with from one to three bracteolae. Calyx
hairy with half ovate segments. Corolla large, white, globular
or bell shaped, remarkable for its distinct, five angled form, its
segments a little recurved. Anthers included. Style as long as
the corolla. Berry hairy, black, watery and insipid. In the
edge of Richards' pond, Brookline. June.

Very nearly allied to V. dumosum of Pursh, and perhaps only a
variety. Its aquatic growth and hirsute berries, which I do
not find mentioned by American botanists, have led me to sepa-
rate it from that species, with which it is usually considered sy-
nonymous.

VACCINIUM VIRGATUM. Muhl. Blue Whortleberry.

Leaves elliptical, acute, smooth, serrulate or en-
tire ; flowering branches elongated, with sessile ra-
cemes ; corollas oval.

Bark of the twigs generally of a yellowish green colour and
warty. Leaves smooth on both sides, oval, entire, or slightly
serrulate, of a pale green, inclining to glaucous. Flowers in short
racemes on the ends of the twigs which project beyond the
leaves. Segments of the calyx rather obtuse, thin and spread-
ing. Corolla oval with acute reflexed segments. Style as long
as the corolla. The calyx turns blue in drying. Berries large,
covered with blue powder very sweet, and commonly known
by the name of blue huckleberries. Dry woods and woody
hills. June.

This is the V. virgatum of Muhlenberg, though probably not
of Pursh.

VACCINIUM FRONDOSUM. L. Late Whortleberry.

Leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, glaucous

beneath with minute, resinous dots ; racemes loose.

Class VIII. Order L 153

bracted ; pedicels filiform ; corolla globose-campanu-
late ; anthers included.

Distinguished by its loose mode of flowering, the pedicels be-
ing very long and slender, with small lanceolate bractes. Flow-
ers short, cumpanulate, about half as long as those of V. resino-
sum. The leaves under a magnifier exhibit small resinous dots
on their lower surface. Berries large, bluish, sweet, few in
nnmber and ripening with us later than the other species.
Low woods, Cambridge. June.

VACCINIUM STAMINEUM. L. Green Whortleberry. Deer Berry.

Leaves oval, acute, entire, glaucous beneath ; pedi-
cels solitary, axillary, filiform ; corollas spreading-
campanulate ; anthers exserted, awned on the back ;
fruit pyriform.

Leaves large, mostly smooth, those of the flowering twigs
much smaller. Pedicels long and slender. Corolla white and
very open, with the anthers projecting far beyond it, a charac-
ter which distinguishes it from the other species here described.
Style longer than the stamens. The berries which I have not
seen are said to be greenish white. Grows in the western parts
of the state. June.

*VACCINIUM IJLIPINOSUM, /3 aZ^inwm. Mountain Whortleberry.

V. procumbens ;fo!iis obovatis, integris ; floribus
subsolitariis ; baccis oblongis, stylo coronatis.

Procumbent ; leaves obovate, entire ; flowers sub-
solitary ; berries oblong, crowned with the style.

Stem procumbent, growing to the size of the finger. Leaves
small, obovate, roundish-obtuse, entire, smooth both sides, pale
above, glaucous and reticulated beneath. Flowers single or in
pairs, nearly sessile. Segments of calyx obtuse, corolla ovate,
short, ending in four or five rcvolute segments. Anthers about
eight, included, two horned. Style shorter than the corolla.
Berries oblong, deep blue, crowned with the connivent calyx
and persistent style. On the alpine tops of the highest mountains,
20

154 Class VIII. Order II.

Moose Hillock, Camel's Rump, and the White mountains.-
July. The leaves vary to oblong and orbicular.

This little shrub resembles V. uliginosum of Europe, and is
probably a variety. Externally the fruit exactly resembles in
shape that of Gaultheria procumbens.

VACCINIUM VITIS IDJEA. L. Cow Berry.

Stem creeping ; leaves evergreen, obovate, den-
ticulate, re volute, dotted underneath ; racemes ter-
minal, nodding.

This plant has some resemblance to the common cranberry,
but is larger. Stem creeping with herbaceous, angular branch-
es. Leaves small, coriaceous, shining, dotted beneath, revolute
at the edge, obsoletely serrulate. Flowers campanulate-cylin-
drical, reddish, four cleft. Berries red, acid. On the Monad-
nock and other mountains. In Lynn, Mr. Oakes. June.

Subgenm OXYCOCCUS. Corolla four parted with linear,
revolute segments.

VACCINIUM MACROCARPON. Jlit. Craneberry.

Leaves evergreen, entire, oval-oblong, obtuse ;
stems filiform, creeping. Ait. abr.

Syn. VACCINIUM oxrcoccus oblotigifolius. Mich.

The craneberry vine spreads in large beds at the bottom of
the grass in boggy meadows. Stems slender, creeping. Leaves
numerous, small, dark above, whitish underneath. Flower
stalks axillary, slender ; corollas white, their segments long and
reflexed. Anthers projecting. The fruit is large, and esteem-
ed superior to the European craneberry. Perennial.

DIGYJYM.

164. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.

CIIKYSOSPLENIUM opposiTiFOLiuM. L. Golden Saxifrage.
Leaves opposite, roundish, narrowed to a petiole,

slightly crenate.

A small, early, smooth plant in wet places. Stem quadrangu-
lar. Leaves opposite, sometimes single, reniform, crenate. Seg-
ments of the calyx four, roundish-rhomboidal of a green colour

Class VIII. Order III. 155

marked with purple. Anthers scarlet before opening. Nectary
a dark, purplish, elevated ring, growing- to the corolla, and sur-
rounding the two conical germs. The terminal flower is often
decandrous. Wet places. April, May. Perennial.

TR1GYJVM.

1G5. POLYGONUM.

POLYGONUM AVICULARE. Lt. Knot Grass.

Stem procumbent, herbaceous ; leaves lance-oval ;
flowers axillary, subsessile, with eight stamens and
three styles.

A hardy weed growing every where, and even common among
the bricks and paving stones. Stem slender, spreading, striated,
interrupted with frequent joints, branching ; the joints furnished
with short stipules. Leaves oblong-oval, smooth. Flowers
minute, white, in the axils of the leaves. All summer. Peren-
nial.
POLYGONUM TENUE. MX. Slender Pofygonum.

Leaves linear, straight, acuminate ; sheaths tubu-
lar, villous at top ; stem slender, erect, branched,
acute angled ; flowers alternate, subsolitary.

Syn. POLTGONUM LINIFOLIUM. Muld.

A small erect species with scattered, axillary, nearly sessile
flowers. Dry soils. July. Annual.

POLYGONUM HYDROPIPER. L. Water Pepper.

Stamens from six to eight ; styles two, half unit-
ed ; leaves lanceolate, spotless, waved ; spike fili-
form, nodding ; stem erect.

Syn. POLTGONUM nronoi'iPERojDES. Pursh.

PoLTGONUM PUNCTATUM. Ell.

Well known for its intense acrimony. Leaves lanceolate,
chiefly smooth, with pellucid points. Stipules loose, glabrous,
fringed with hairs at top. Spikes of flowers, slender and nod-
ding. Michaux observed eight, and never less than seven sta-

156 Class VIII. Order III.

mcns in this plant in America. Rubbish in lo\v grounds, ditches.
&,c. August, September. Annual.

It appears perfectly similar to the European plant, which is
punctate with pellucid dots, and varies from six to eight stamens.
See Rees' Cyclopedia, &c.

POLYGONUM HTDROPIPEROIDES. MX. Hairy Polygonum.
Stamens eight, styles three, half united ; stipules
hairy and ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, some-
what hairy ; spikes linear, weak ; bractes subimbri-
cate, ciliate.

This plant, which is occasionally found about Boston in low
grounds, is not the P. hydropiperoides of Pursh, nor P. mite of
Elliott. The whole stem is hairy and branched, and the spikes
numerous. The rest agrees exactly with Michaux's description,
except that the flowers, as far as I have observed, have fewer
stamens. July.

POLYGONUM PERSICARIA. L. Spotted Polygonum.

Stamens six ; styles two, half united ; spikes
ovate-oblong, erect ; peduncles smooth ; stipules cili-
ate. Curt.

This plant is without acrimony. Leaves spreading, lanceo-
late, acute, and commonly marked with a dark spot, somewhat
heart-shaped, in the centre. Stipules tubular, short, ciliated at
top. Spikes terminal, on smooth footstalks, erect, oblong. Flow-
ers rose coloured. In the same soils as the last. July, August.
Annual.

POLYGONUM VIVIPARUM. L. Alpine Polygonum,

Stem simple, one spiked ; leaves lanceolate, revo-
lute at the edge.

A small species with a few linear-lanceolate leaves and a
slender spike which generally bears stem bulbs at its lower
part. On the White mountains, New-Hampshire. July.

POLYGONUM VIRGINICUM. Virgaled Polygonum.

Flowers pentandrous, digynous, unequal, leaves
broad-oval ; spikes virgated with remote flowers.

Class VIII. Order III. 157

This species is distinguished by its very long 1 , virgated, flow-
ering branches. Stem two or three feet high, somewhat hairy.
Sheaths hairy, ciliate, entire or split. Leaves on short petioles,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Peduncles or flowering branches
oftr-n a foot long. Flowers small, greenish, scattered, with ge-
nerally five stamens. Seed compressed, tipt with the deflected
cloven style. Woods. June, July. Perennial.

POLYGONUM AMPHIBIUM. L. Amphibious Polygonum.

Stamens five, styles two, half united ; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, acute, rough at the edge ; spike cy-
lindrical.

Syii. POLJ-GONUX AMPHIBIUM. /3. emcrsum. MX:

Distinct from the following species by its leaves, which are
generally lanceolate, though sometimes rounded at base, the
edges ciliate-serrulate, so as to feel rough, the veins also having
sometimes the same character. Stem fleshy, decumbent, root-
ing. Sheaths tubular, smooth, entire, the lower ones sometimes
ragged or ciliate. Spike solitary, terminal, at first ovate, at
length cylindrical. Flowers large, rose coloured. Borders of
ponds and ditches, growing above water. August. Perennial.

It agrees perfectly with European specimens.

POLYGONUM COCCINEUM. Willd. Floating Polygonum.

Stamens five, styles two, half united ; leaves ob-
long, smooth throughout, lucid ; spike cylindrical.

Syn. POLTCONUM AMPHIBIUM. a. i\(,\ans. J\Ix.

A more perfectly aquatic species than the last, better distin-
guished from it by the entire smoothness of its leaves than by
the characters usually given. Stem rooting at the joints. Leaves
mostly floating, green and shining above, purplish beneath, with-
out hairs, commonly oblong and obtuse at both ends, some-
times hearted at base and snbacute. Sheaths entire, the lower
ones sometimes ragged. Spike terminal, ovate by the expand-
ing of the lower flowers first, at length cylindrical. Flowers
rose coloured. In deep waters. August. Perennial.

POLYGONUM ARTICULATUM. L. Jointed Polygonum.

Stamens eight, styles three ; spikes panicled, fill-

158 Class VIII. Order III.

form ; flowers solitary, pedunculated ; bractes imbri-
cate, truncate ; leaves linear.

A delicate, erect species with numerous spikes. Stem straight,
slender, branching, with truncated sheaths. Leaves small, linear.
The spikes are jointed by a succession of imbricate sheathing
bractes, from each of which proceeds a capillary, nodding pe-
duncle, bearing a handsome, reddish white flower. Dry hills
and pastures. August. Annual.

POLYGONUM SAGITTATUM. L. Scratch GrttSS.

Stem prickly backward ; leaves sagittate ; flowers
in heads, with eight stamens and three styles. Mich.

Stem slender, four angled, the angles rough backward with
small prickles. Leaves arrow-shaped, oblong, on short petioles,
the petiole and mid rib rough backward. Flowers in small
heads on the ends of the branches, white or purplish. Wet
ground. J uly. Annual.

POLYGONUM ARIFOLIUM. L. Hastate Polygonum.

Stem prickly backward ; leaves hastate ; spikes
few flowered, flowers distinct, with six stamens and
two styles. Mich.

Stem as in the last. Leaves halberd-shaped, twice as > large
as the last, thin and tender. The stem terminates with a few
separate, pale, reddish flowers. Found in a marshy spot near
Sweet Auburn, Cambridge. June, July. Annual.

POLYGONUM CONVOLVULUS. L. Black Bindweed.

Leaves heart-arrow shaped ; stem twining, angu-
lar ; segments of the calyx bluntly keeled. Sm.

Stem twining, climbing on other plants. Leaves alternate,
petioled, heart-shaped, with the hinder lobes acute. Branches
axillary. Flowers in terminal, interrupted spikes whitish, the
three principal segments of the calyx furnished with a keel, but
not winged. Flowers all summer in waste and cultivated ground.

O ''

Annual.

Class IX. Order I. 159

POLYGONUM SCANDENS. L. Climbing Polygonum.

Leaves heart-shaped; stem twining, angular; seg-
ments of the calyx winged.

Stem smooth, climbing 1 . Leaves petioled, heart-shaped, with
a deep sinus, acuminate. Branches axillary. Flowers in long
leafy racemes. Calyx much larger than in the last species, with
three broad, membranous expansions, corresponding to the an-
gles of the seed. Cambridge. August. Perennial.

POLYGONUM CILINODE. MX. Running Polygonum.

Leaves heart shaped ; stipules subacute, ciliate at
base, stem angular, running or climbing, roughish ;
calyx obtusely carinate.

Stem purplish, running or twining, with a ring of hairs at each
joint ; calyx of the fruit without wings. About woods, &c.
July, August. Annual.

POLYGONUM FAGOPYRUM. L. Bucku'heat.

Racemes panicled, stem erect, unarmed ; leaves
heart sagittate, angles of the seed equal.

Common buckwheat is sure to remain as a weed about lands
where it has been cultivated. June. Annual.

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Nine stamen*.
Order I. MONOGYJYM. One style.

166. LAURUS. Calyx none ; corolla six parted,
resembling a calyx ; nectary three glands, surround-
ing the germ, each ending in two bristles; inner fila-
ments with two glands each : drupe one seeded.

160 Class IX. Order I.

ENNEANDRIA.
MOJVOGYJVM.

166. LAURUS.

Subgenus EUOSMUS. Polygamous or dicecious. Six
corpuscles instead of the nectary.

LAURUS BENZOIN. L. Fever Bush. Spice Wood.

Leaves obovate, entire, annual ; flowers dioecious.

Syn. LAURUS PSEUDO-BENZOIN. Mich.

An aromatic shrub with a flavour resembling Benzoin. Early
in May, before the leaves are fully expanded, it puts forth small
sessile umbels of pale greenish flowers. Calyx of six oblong
segments. Stamens nine, six exterior and three interior, sepa-
rated by six short clavate bodies resembling the filaments with-
out anthers. The leaves are oval or inversely ov-te, acute at
base, slightly acuminate, nearly smooth, pale underneath, and
somewhat pubescent. Berries red. It grows in low situations
at Brighton and elsewhere, but it is not very common in the en-
virons of Boston.

LAURUS SASSAFRAS. L. Sassafras Tree.

Leaves deciduous, entire, and lobed ; flowers di-
recious. Mich.

In favourable situations the Sassafras rises into a pretty large
tree. The bark of the young twigs is smooth and green. The
leaves are partly oval, and partly in two or three large lobes, en-
tire on their margin, and downy underneath. The oval ones
appear first. Flowers greenish yellow, appearing in May and
June in clusters at the end of the last j^ear's shoots, Brac-
tes linear, pubescent. Petals oblong, obtuse. Stamens in
the perfect flowers six. Style much longer than the stamens.
Germ globular. The barren flowers are more umbelled with
longer stamens, six exterior and three interior, with six glandu-
lar corpuscles at base. Fruit oval, blue, on fleshy incrassated
stalks.

The whole of the Sassafras tree has a strong, spicy flavour,

Class X. Order I. 161

which is most powerful in the bark of the root. The young
twigs, and especially the pith, abound in mucilage. When first
introduced into Europe it acquired great medicinal reputation,
and was sold at the high price of fifty livres per pound. An
express treatise entitled Sassafrasologia was written to celebrate
its virtues. Its properties however appear to be those which
are common to other warm aromatics.

Class X. DECANDRIA. Ten stamens.

Order I. MONOGYMIJ. One style.

A. Flowers monopetalous.

167. EPIG&A. Calyx double ; the outer three
leaved, the inner five parted ; corolla salver shaped ;
capsule five celled.

168. GAULTHERIA. Calyx double; the outer two
leaved, the inner five cleft ; corolla ovate ; capsule
five celled, covered by the inner calyx, which be-
comes similar to a berry.

169. ARBUTUS. Calyx five parted ; corolla ovate,
pellucid at the base ; berry superior, five celled.

170. ANDROMEDA. Calyx five parted ; corolla
ovate ; capsule superior, five celled, the partitions
from the middle of the valves.

171. RHODODENDRON. Calyx five parted ; corol-
la somewhat funnel form ; stamens declined ; capsule
five celled.

172. KALMIA. Calyx five parted ; corolla salver
shaped, with ten prominences underneath, and the

border five horned ; capsule five celled,
si

162 Class X, Order I.

B. Flowers many petalled.

173. PODALYRIA. Corolla papilionaceous ; keel
compressed, somewhat longer than the banner ; le-
gume inflated, many seeded.

174. CASSIA. Corolla unequal, five petalled ;
three upper anthers barren, three lower ones beaked ;
loinent fiat.

175. RHODOHA. Calyx five toothed; corolla three
petalled, unequal ; stamens declined ; capsule five
celled.

176. LEDUM. Calyx minute, five toothed ; corol-
la flat, five parted ; capsule five celled, opening at
base.

177. CLETHRA. Calyx five leaved ; petals five ;
stigma three parted ; capsule three celled, three
valved.

178. PYROLA. Calyx five leaved ; petals five ;
capsule superior, opening at the angles, many seeded.

179. MONOTROPA. Calyx none ; petals ten, the
five outer ones gibbous at the base ; capsule five valv-
ed ; a fifth part of the fructification often wanting.

Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles.

180. SCLERANTHUS. Calyx five cleft, inferior ;
corolla none ; seeds two, inclosed in the calyx.

181. SAXIFRAGA. Calyx five parted ; coroHa
five petalled; capsule two beaked, one celled ; many
seeded.

182. TIARELLA. Calyx five parted'; petals five,
entire, inserted on the calyx ; capsule one celled, two
valved, one valve largest.

183. MITELLA. Calyx five cleft ; petals five,

Class X. Order I. 163

pinnatifid, inserted on the calyx ; capsule one celled,
two valved ; valves equal.

184. SAPONARIA. Calyx tubular, naked ; petals
five, with claws ; capsule oblong, one celled.

185. DIANTHUS. Calyx tubular with scales at
the base ; petals five, with claws ; capsule cylindri-
cal, superior, one celled.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles.

186. ARENAUIA. Calyx five leaved, spreading;
petals five, entire ; capsule superior, one celled, many
seeded.

187. STELLARIA. Calyx five leaved, spreading ;
petals five, deeply cloven ; capsule superior, one
celled, many seeded.

188. SILENE. Calyx one leafed, swelling ; petals
five, with claws, crowned at the mouth ; capsule su-
perior, three celled, many seeded.

189. CUCUBALUS. Calyx one leafed, inflated ;
petals five with claws, not crowned ; capsule superior,
three celled.

Order V. PENTAGYNM. Five styles.

190. PENTHORUM. Calyx five or ten cleft ; pe-
tals five or none ; capsule five celled, five beaked.

191. CERASTIUM. Calyx five leaved ; petals five,
cloven ; capsule superior, one celled, ten toothed.

192. SPEKGULA. Calyx five leaved ; petals five,
undivided ; capsule superior, ovate, one celled, five
valved.

Order VI. DECAGYXM. Ten styles.

193. PHYTOLACCA. Calyx five leaved, resembling
a corolla ; corolla none ; berry superior, ten seeded.

164 Class X. Order I.

DECANDRIA.
MONOGYNM.

167. EPIGJ5A.

EPIGJEA REPENS. L. Ground Laurel.

Leaves heart-ovate, entire ; corollas cylindrical.
Sw.

Stem woody, trailing, hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong, heart-
ed at base, hairy and rough, with hairy petioles. Flowers fra-
grant, purple, flesh coloured, or white, in terminal or axillary
bunches, of from two to six, on very short hairy peduncles. Ca-
lya double. Corolla salver shaped, longer than the calyx, hairy
within. Filaments inserted in the bottom of the tube, hairy ;
anthers oblong. Germ ovate, hairy ; style straight ; stigma with
five points. In woofls, Gloucester. April, May.

168. GAULTHERIA.
GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS. Partridge JBerry.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxii.

Stem prostrate with branches ascending. Leaves
in a terminal tuft, obovate with a few ciliate serra-
tures. Flowers axillary.

The stem, or as it might be called root, of this plant is hori-
zontal, woody, often a quarter of an inch in thickness. The
branches are ascending, but a few inches high, round, and some-
what down}'. Leaves scattered, near the extremities of the
branches, evergreen, coriaceous, shining, oval, or obovate, acute
at both ends, revolute at the edge, and furnished with a few
small serratures, each terminating in a bristle. Flowers axillary,
drooping, on round downy stalks. Outer calyx of two concave
heart shaped leafets, which may perhaps with more propriety
be called bractes. Inner calyx monophyllous, white, cleft into
five roundish subacute segments. Corolla white, urceolate, five
angled, contracted at the mouth, the border divided into five short,
retlexed segments. Filaments white, hairy, bent in a simicircular
manner to accommodate themselves to the cavity between the

Class X. Order I. 165

corolla and the germ. Anthers oblong, orange coloured, ending
in two double horns, bursting outwardly, for their whole length
above the filaments, and not opening by pores as in Pyrola.
Pollen white. Germ roundish, depressed, five angled, resting on
a reddish, ten toothed, glandular ring. Style erect, straight.
Stigma simple, moist. The fruit is a small, five celled capsule,
invested with the calyx, which becomes large, round, and fleshy,
having the appearance of a bright scarlet berry. Dry woods.
May and August. Perennial.

The leaves have a well known agreeable spicy taste.

GAULTHERIA HISPIDULA. Muhl. Creeping Gaultheria.

Stem creeping, hispid; leaves roundish oval, acute,
flowers solitary, axillary, subsessile, octandrous; co-
rollas short-bell shaped.

Syn. VACCINIUM HISPIDULUM. MX.

Stems creeping, filiform, woody, hispid with appressed bristles.
Leaves evergreen, small, roundish oval, rather acute, with scat-
tered hairs. Flowers solitary, on recurved peduncles, with two
concave bractes. Calyx in four acute segments. Corolla cam-
panulate, somewhat quadrangular, ending in four subacute seg-
men ts. A delicate evergreen growing close to the ground in
old woods in various interior parts of the state. May, June.

The taste of the leaves precisely resembles that of G. pro-
cumbens.

169. ARBUTUS.

ARBUTUS UVA URSI. Bear Berry.

Stem procumbent ; leaves entire. L.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. vi.

This is a shrubby plant, which trails upon the ground, putting
out roots from the principal stems, and tending upward with the
young shoots only. The cuticle is deciduous, and peels oft" from
the old stems. Leaves scattered, obovate, acute at base, attach-
ed by short petioles, coriaceous, evergreen, glabrous, shining
above, paler beneath, entire, the margin rounded, but scarcely
reflexed, in the young ones pubescent. Flowers in a short
cluster on the ends of the branches. Peduncles reflexed, fur-

166 Class X. Order I.

nished at base with a short acute bracte underneath, and two
minute ones at the sides. Calyx of five roundish segments, of a
reddish colour and persistent. Corolla ovate or urceolate, white
with a reddish tinge, transparent at base, contracted at the
mouth, hairy inside, with live short reflexed segments. Stamens
inserted at the base of the corolla with hairy filaments, and an-
thers with two horns and two pores in each. Germ round ; style
straight, longer than the stamens ; stigma simple. Nectary a
black indented ring, situated below the germ, and remaining till
the fruit is ripe. Berries globular, depressed, of a deep red,
approaching scarlet, containing an insipid mealy pulp, and about
five seeds, which in the American plant cohere strongly togeth-
er, so as to appear like the nucleus of a drupe. On the summit
of Blue hills, Milton, and elsewhere. May, June. Perennial.
The leaves are astringent and medicinal.

170. ANDROMEDA.

ANDROMEDA HYPNOIDES. L. Mossy Andromeda.

Stems filiform, spreading ; leaves acerose, crowd-
ed ; peduncles solitary ; flowers campanulate.

This truly delicate and beautiful Andromeda is a native of the
northernmost regions of both continents. It grows on the sum-
mits of the White mountains of New-Hampshire, the only locali-
ty which to my knowledge it inhabits within the United States.
The root and lower part of the stem are woody and firm. The
branches numerous, filiform and spreading. Leaves very short
sessile, subulate, crowded so as to conceal the stem, evergreen.
Peduncles solitary, from the ends of the branches, elongated,
erect. Flower nodding. Calyx purplish, acute. Corolla bell
shaped or hemispherical, half five cleft, purplish white. Fruit
erect, globular, five valved, crowned with the style. This is
the smallest shrubby plant with which I am acquainted, and has
the habit of a moss or smallest lycopodium. June.

ANDROMEDA CALYCULATA. L. Dwarf Andromeda.

Racemes leaning one way, leafy ; corollas subcy-
lindfical ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, obtuse, dotted.
L.

Class X. Order I. 167

A low, evergreen, early flowering shrub. Leaves obl'ong, co-
riaceous, obsoletely serrate, shining, and covered with white
dots above, pale underneath. Flowers in terminal racemes,
each flower proceeding generally from the axil of a small leaf,
Calyx calyculated or double, the outer of two, the inner of rive
pale, acute leaves. Corolla ovate-cylindrical, white or purplish,
the segments renVxed. Anthers brownish, two horned. Milton,
near Neponset river, and elsewhere. April.

ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA. L. Water Andromeda.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, revolute, white under-
neath ; flowers aggregate, terminal, globose.

This most delicate shrub is found in wet bogs and at the edges
of ponds. The leaves are very shortly petioled, lanceolate,
strongly revolute at the edges, dark green, smooth and veined
above, and of a pure, bluish white colour underneach. Flowers
in nodding corymbs with white peduncles. Calyx short, white,
its segments acute, tipt with red. Corolla nearly globular, with
five angles, pale flesh colour. Stamens short, with brownish
awned anthers. Germ globular, style straight. In the edge of
Richards' pond, Brookline. June.
ANDROMEDA PANICULATA. Mich. Panicled Andromeda.

Racemes somewhat panicled ; corollas depressed-
globular, slightly pubescent; anthers short, ovate,
obtuse, awnless. Mich. abr.

A pretty tall shrub. Leaves deciduous, ovate, mostly entire,
somewhat downy. Racemes panicled. Flowers small, white,
somewhat spherical, succeeded by globular capsules, which re-
main through the winter. This plant often bears a large, irre-
gular, spongy excrescence of a yellow colour, the effect of dis-
ease. Swamps. June.

ANDROMEDA RACEMOSA. L. Clustered .Andromeda.

Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, glabrous ;
racemes terminal, one ranked, elongated ; calyx
acute ; corolla cylindrical.

The great regularity of the clusters of flowers in this species

168 Class X. Order I.

causes them to resemble rows of teeth. Leaves on short petioles,
thin, oval serrulate, acute or acuminated, smooth, the veins a
little downy beneath. Flowers racemed, on the ends of the
branches, all pointing downwards. Pedicels short, smooth.
Bractes two, ovate, acuminate. Calyx of five acute segments,
variously coloured. Corolla white, oblong-oval, contracted at
the mouth ; the segments convex, diverging or re volute. Style
just exserted. Filaments converging. Anthers cleft, four awned.
Capsule globular, splitting into five incurved valves and support-
ed by the persistent bractes and calyx. Low woods, Roxbury.
Not common. June.

171. RHODODENDRON.

RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM. L. American Rose Bay.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. li.

Leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath ; umbels
dense, terminal ; corollas somewhat bell shaped, pe-
tals rounded.

A magnificent, flowering shrub, common in the mountainous
regious of the middle states, but more rare toward the north.
Several varieties of it are met with in different parts of the
country. The Rhododendron of the northern states is a large,
straggling shrub, very irregular in its mode of growth. The
bark is of a greyish colour, cracked and broken. Leaves in
tufts at the ends of the branches, evergreen, coriaceous, on
round, fleshy petioles, oblong oval, entire, revolute at the edges,
pale underneath. Both leaves and petioles, when young, are
covered with a light woolly substance. The flowers form a ter-
minal cluster or thyrsus immediately above the leaves, the
stalks and calyxes of which are covered with a glutinous pubes-
cence. Previous to its expansion, the whole bud forms a large
compound bud, resembling a strobilus or cone, each individual
flower-bud being covered by a rhomboidal bracte, which falls off
when the flower expands. Calyx small, of five unequal obtuse
segments. Corolla monopetalous, funnel shaped, with a short
tube, the border divided into five large, unequal segments, which
are white shaded with lake, the upper and largest having a col-
lection of orange coloured spots at its centre. Stamens declin-

Class X. Order I. 169

ate, unequal; filaments white, thickened and hairy at base ; an-
thers two celled, opening by two pores at top ; pollen white.
Germ ovate, hairy, glutinons ; style declinate, equal to the long-
est stamens, thickened upwards ; stigma a rough surface with
live points. Capsule ovate, obtusely angular, five celled. Seeds
numerous, minute. In a swamp at Medfield, also near Portland.

July.

172. KALM1A.

KALMIA LATIFOLIA. Mountain Laurel.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xiii.

Leaves scattered, petioled, oval, and smooth ; co-
rymbs terminal, viscid, and pubescent.

A large and very ornamental shrub, sometimes attaining to the
altitude of a small tree. Its leaves are evergreen, coriaceous,
very smooth, with the under side somewhat palest. Their form
is oval, acute, and entire ; their insertion by scattered petioles,
on the sides and extremities of the branches. The flowers vary
from white to red ; they grow in terminal corymbs, simple or
compound with opposite branches, and made up of slender pe-
duncles. These are invested with a glutinous pubescence, and
supported at base by ovate, acuminate bractes. The calyx is
small, five parted, persistent, with oval, acute segments. The
corolla is monopetalous, with a cylindrical tube, a spreading
disc, and an erect, five cleft margin. At the circumference of
the disc, on the inside, are ten depressions or pits, accompanied
with corresponding prominences on the outside. In these depres-
sions the anthers are found lodged at the time when the flower
expands. The stamens grow from the base of the corolla,
and bend outwardly so as to lodge their anthers in the cells of the
corolla. From this confinement they liberate themselves during
the period of flowering and strike against the sides of the stig-
ma. The germ is roundish, the style longer than the corolla
and declined, the stigma obtuse. Capsule roundish, depressed,
five celled and five valved, with numerous small seeds. Woods,
Gloucester, Princeton, &,c. Not common nearer Boston. June.

KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA. L. Narroiv leaved Laurel.

Leaves lanceolate ; corymbs lateral. L.
A low shrub with rose coloured flowers, very common in low

170 Class X, Order 1.

grounds, and known by the names sheep poison, lambkill, low
laurel, &c. Leaves on short petioles, scattered or in threes, lan-
ceolate, obtuse, smooth, evergreen. Flowers in lateral corymbs,
proceeding from the axils of the leaves, and forming a sort of
whorl round the stem. June.

KALMIA GLAUCA. L. Glaucous Kalmia.

Branches ancipital ; leaves opposite, subsessile, lan-
ceolate, revolute at the margin, glaucous underneath ;
corymbs terminal, with smooth stalks.

A small shrub of northern bogs and mountains. The young
branches are two edged. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, revolute
at the margin, white underneath. Corymbs terminal. Pedun-
cles filiform, each issuing from a pair of concave, obtuse, smooth
bractes. Segments of the calyx ovate, obtuse, reddish with a
white margin. Corolla purple with five lobes and ten de-
pressions. Anthers oblong, blackish. Style longer than the sta-
mens. Keene, New-Hampshire ; on the White mountains, &c.
June.

173. PODALYRIA.

PODALYRIA TINCTORIA. IVilld. Wild ludigO.

Glabrous ; stipules setaceous ; leaves subsessile ;
leafets wedge-obovate ; flowers in terminal spikes.
Mich. abr.

Syn. SoPHORA TINCTORIA. L.

BAPTISIA TINCTORIA. JVutt.

A very common, bushy plant, found in woods and dry soil?
Stem smooth, very much branched. Leaves in threes on a short
petiole ; leafets rounded at the end, and tapering to an acute
base. Stipules very small, caducous. Flowers in a loose spike,
on slender peduncles, yellow ; banner rather shorter than the
wings and keel. Legumes short, rounded, of a bluish cast.
August. Perennial.

For the medicinal properties of this plant, see Dr. Thatcher's
Dispensatory.

Class X. Order I.

171

174. CASSIA.

CASSIA CHAMJECRISTA. L. Dwarf Cassia.

Leaves in many pairs ; petiole with a pedicelled
gland ; stipules ensiform. L.

Leaves pinnate, with ten or a dozen pair of leafefs ; the pe-
tiole with a small gland supported on a footstalk near its base.
Flowers often in pairs, near the stem, yellow, two of the petals
spotted at base. Like others of its family it shuts its leaves at
night, or after an injury. Road sides. August. Annual.

CASSIA MARILANDICA. American Senna.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxxix.

Leafets in eight or nine pairs, oblong-lanceolate,
mucronate ; an obovate gland on the petiole ; ra-
cemes axillary and terminal ; legumes linear and
curved.

The stems, which grow in bunches and often attain the height
of five or six feet, are round, striated, and invested with a few
scattered hairs. Petioles compressed, channellf d above, bearing
from eight to ten pairs of leafets, which are oblong, smooth,
somewhat hairy at the edges, pale on the under side, supported
by short, crooked pedicels, and mucronated with a rigid bristle
at the end. On the base of the petiole is a large obovate pedi-
celled gland, of a shining green, terminating in a dark point at
top, which is sometimes double. Each petiole is also furnished
with a pair of linear-subulate, ciliate, deciduous stipules. The
flowers grow in axillary racemes, extending quite to the top of
the stem. The peduncles are slightly furrowed, pedicels sup-
ported by bractes like the stipules, and marked with minute,
blackish, glandular hairs. Leaves of the calyx yellow, oval, ob-
tuse, the lateral ones longest. Petals five, bright yellow, spatu-
late, concave, very obtuse, three ascending and two descending.
Stamens ten with yellow filaments and brown anthers. The
three upper have short abortive anthers ; to these succeed two
pairs of deflexed linear anthers ; the remaining three or low-
er-most are much longer, crooked, and taper into a sort of beak,
the middle one being shortest. The authors open by a terminal
pore. Germ descending with the lower stamens, hairy. Style
ascending, stigma hairy, moist. The fruit consists of long Ic-

;

172 Class X. Order I.

gumes, which are pendulous linear, curved, swelling at the seeds,
and furnished with slight hairs. Banks of Quinebaug river,
Massachusetts. July, August. The root resembles Senna in
its medicinal properties.

175. RHODORA.

RHODORA CANADENSIS. L. Canadian Rhodora.

A small shrub with beautiful purple flower* on the tops of the
branches, which appear in the spring before the leaves are per-
fectly expanded. Its height is one or two feet. Leaves alter-
nate, oval, mostly entire, pubescent and glaucous underneath.
The flowers are in umbels on the ends of the twigs. The corol-
la consists of three unequal petals, the largest of which is broad,
and divided into three segments or lobes at the end, the other
two are equal, lanceolate, and obtuse. Stamens unequal, curved,
purple, with small anthers. Germ pubescent. Style purple,
longer than the stamens. Low grounds. Maiden, Cambridge.
May. In the Notch of the White mountains, June.

17G. LEDUM.
LEDUM LATIFOLIUM. Labrador Tea.

Leaves linear-oblong ; folded under at the margin,
woolly underneath ; stamens as long as the petals.

A low shrub, of our northern mountains and bogs. The
youngest part of the stem is green and woolly. Leaves on short
woolly petioles, lanceolate, strongly revolute at the sides, smooth
above, covered with thick reddish wool underneath. Flowers in
terminal corymbs with slender peduncles. Bractes obovate con-
cave, covered with shining resinous dots, as are the peduncles
and germ. Calyx minute with five obtuse teeth. Petals five,
oblong, obtuse, white. Stamens from five to ten, as long as the
petals. Germ oval ; style as long as the stamens, a little declin-
ed. On the Monadnock, White mountains, &c. July. The
leaves are astringent and are said to have been used as a substi-
tute for tea.

177. CLETHRA.

CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA. L Alder leaved Clethra.

Leaves obovate, serrate, pubescent underneath ; ra-
cemes simple, bracted. Willd.

Class X. Order I. 173

A tall, elegant, white flowering shrub. Leaves about three
inches long, and from one to two broad, inversely ovate, serrate,
downy underneath in one variety, glabrous in another. Flowers
in long racemes or loose spikes with downy stalks. Bractes line-
ar-subulate. Calyx greenish white ; petals roundish oblong;
stigma triiid. Grows in low soils, Cambridgcport. July, August.

178. PYROLA.

Sulgenus . Stamens ascending, style declined,

stigma annular.

PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Round leaved Winter green.

Leaves prolate-orbicular, flowers racemed, catyx re-
flexed, style declined.

A very common species. Root creeping, putting up erect or
ascending, angular stems. Leaves spreading near the ground,
petioled, roundish ovate and obovate, subacute, scarcely serrate,
much larger than in the following species. Scape angular, with
one or more sheathing scales. Flowers in a large terminal ra-
ceme with nodding pedicels, white, fragant. Calyx segments
ovate with the points rellexed. Stamens tending to the upper
side, and styles to the lower ; stigma truncately-conical surround-
ed with a ring at base, persistent. Common in Woods. June.

PYROLA ASARIFOLIA. MX. Broad leaved Winter green.

Leaves oblate-orbicular, flowers racemed, calyx ap-
pressed, style declined.

Syn. PTROLA CHLORANTHA. Nuttall ?

This species is in flower two or three weeks earlier than the
last, and has leaves which are broader in proportion to their
length, but scarcely half as large. Primary leaves reniform.
sometimes obcordate, sometimes orbicular, obtuse, dark green
and coriaceous. Scape more slender and fewer flowered than
in the last. Flowers greenish with the segments of the calyx
short and appressed. Stamens, style, and stigma much as in the
last. Dry woods, less common than the last. June.

Subgenus . Stamens spreading, style straight.

jtigma peltate.

174 Class X. Order I.

PYROLA SECUNDA. L. One sided Winter green.

Flowers racemed, leaning one way. L.

Less frequent than the former, but resembling it in habit.
Stem as in the last. Leaves petioled, spreading, ovate, acute,
(not obtuse like the last,) minutely serrate, smooth. The flow-
ers all tend to one side of the stem, whence the name. Stamens
equal and uniform ; style straight, permanent. Woods. June.

PYROLA UNIFLORA. L. Onefloivered Pyrola.

Leaves suborbiculate, serrate ; scape one flowered,
style straight.

A small and very delicate plant. Leaves nearly orbicular, pe-
tioled, smooth, crenate. Scape round, short, invested at base
with a few roundish concave scales or bractes, supporting a sin-
gle large fragrant flower. Calyx segments oblong, obtuse. Pe-
tals obtuse, white. Style short, straight, stigma large, peltate,
five rayed.

I have only met with this interesting species in a wood at
Keene, N. H. Mr. Oakes has sent it from Lynn. June.

Subgenus CHIMAPHILA. Stamens spreading, style im-
bedded, stiginnpdtate.

PYROLA UMBELLATA. L. Umbelled Winter green.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxi.

Leaves wedge shaped and toothed, flowers some-
what umhelled, calyx five toothed, style immersed.

Syn. CHIMAPHILA CORTMBOSA. Pursh.

A very common and handsome species. Root woody, creep-
ing, sending up stems at various distances. The stems are as-
cending, somewhat angular, and marked with the scars of the
former leaves. The leaves grow in irregular whorls, of which
there are from one to four. They are evergreen, coriaceous,
on very short petioles, wedge shaped, subacute, serrate, smooth,
shining, the lower surface somewhat paler. The flowers grow
in a small corymb, on nodding peduncles, which are furnished
with linear bractes about their middle. Calyx of five roundish
aubacute teeth or segments, much shorter than the corolla. Pe-

Class X. Order I. 175

tals five, roundish, concave, spreading, cream coloured, with a
tinge of purple at base. Stamens ten. Filaments sigmoid, the
lower half fleshy, triangular, dilated, and slightly pubescent at
the edges ; the upper halt filiform. Anthers two celled, each
cell opening by a short, round, tubular orifice, which points
downward in the bud, but upward in the flower. Pollen white.
Germ roundish, depressed, furrowed, obscurely five lobed, with
a funnel shaped cavity at top. Style straight, half as long as the
germ, inversely conical, inserted in the cavity of the germ, and
concealed by the stigma. Stigma large, peltate, convex, moist r
obscurely five rayed. Capsules erect, depressed, five celled,
five valved, the partitions from the middle of the valves. Seeds
linear, chaffy, very numerous and minute. Dry woods. June
and July.

PYROLA MACULATA. L. Spotted Pyrola.

Leaves lanceolate, rounded at base, remotely serrate,
marked with a longitudinal stripe ; scape two or three
flowered ; filaments woolly.

Syn. CHIMAPHILA MACULATA. Pursh.

A beautiful plant, abundantly distinguished from the other spe-
cies by its variegated leaves. The stalk divides at top into two
or three nodding incrassated peduncles, each furnished with a
small subulate bracte near its middle, and bearing a single flow-
er. Calyx five leaved, the leaves ovate, rather obtuse, finely
ciliate, overlaying each other at base. Petals five, white, ob-
long, obtuse, contracted at base, reflexed. Filaments sigmoid,
the lower half fleshy, angular, and covered with thick hair. An-
thers two celled, opening by two tubular orifices. Germ round-
ish, depressed, furrowed. Style short, thick, inversely conical,
about two thirds exserted. Stigma very large, convex, obscure-
ly five lobed. Woods, near Newton upper falls, rare. On Mount
Holyoke, Northampton. July.

179. MONOTROPA.
MONOTROPA UNIFLORA. Common jMouotropci. Tobacco pipe.

Stem erect, single flowered.
The whole plant is of a clear white, turning black at the tips

176 Class X. Order I.

as it decays. Stem erect, fleshy, glabrous. Leave scattered,
sessile, lanceolate, seraitransparent. Flower large, solitary, ter-
minal, drooping, afterwards erect. Petals five, wedge shaped,
concave, gibbous at base with a corresponding nectariferous
cavity within, glabrous externally, a little downy on the inside.
Stamens ten, those which are alternate with the petals longest.
Filaments bearded. Anthers consisting of two horizontal folds,
cloven outwardly. Between the filaments are ten short, revers-
ed horns extending from the base of the germ downward by
pairs into the five nectaries. Germ large, ovate-globular, with
ten ridges between the filaments which unite in pairs at the top.
Style, if any, short, inversely conical. Stigma funnel shaped,
somewhat five angled, glutinous at the edge. Capsule erect,
five valved. \Voods. July.

On mature examination I am induced to consider the species
with drooping flowers, and that with erect flowers, called M.
morisoniana by Michaux, to be the same plant. It is not un-
common to find erect and drooping flowers in the same bunch.

Subgenus HYPOPJTHYS. Bractes calyciform, styles cylindric.
MONOTROPA LAUNGINOSA. MX. Pine sap,

Flowers spiked ; bractes and flowers woolly.

Syn. HrpopiTHrs LAUNGINOSA. Nutt.

A white plant like the last, extremely similar in its habit and
fructification, though by some made a distinct genus. The root
in this plant and the last consists of a mass of agglomerated
brownish fibres, said to be parasitic on the roots of trees. The
lower part of the stem, which is under ground, is turgid and
covered with closely imbricated rhomboidal scales. The part
above ground is furnished with more remote, scattered, oblong,
concave scales, the uppermost of which become bractes to the
flowers, and are by some considered as a calyx, giving rise to a
generic distinction. The stem and scales are pubescent below
and somewhat woolly at top. Flowers in a terminal raceme,
which is drooping in the young plant, but afterwards becomes
erect. It is generally simple, though I have found specimens in
which it was compound with several branches. Outer petals ot
the flower spatulate, rounded at the end, gibbous at base with a
nectariferous cavity within. Their number is four, and in the

Class X. Order II. 177

terminal one four or five. Inner petals alternating with these,
but part of them usually wanting, lanceolate, acute. Stamens
about eight. Germ ovate furrowed, style straight, as long as the
germ, stigma peltate, concave. From the base of the germ are
horns reversed by pairs into the nectaries. Woods. July.

DIGYNM.

180. SCLERANTHUS.
SCLERANTHUS ANNuus. L. Common Kuawel.

Calyx of the ripe fruit with sharp, spreading teeth ;
stems spreading. Sm.

A small, obscure plant in gravelly soils, road sides, &c. Stems
spreading, decumbent, short. Leaves linear, acute, short, oppo-
site. Flowers green, sessile, in terminal, leafy clusters. Calyx
with five acute, spreading, permanent segments. Stamens from
five to ten. July. Annual.

181. SAXIFRAGA.
SAXIFRAGA VERNALIS. fVilld. Early Saxifrage.

Pubescent ; leaves oval, somewhat petioled, crenate ;
flowers erect, panided, nearly sessile, alternate.

Syn. SAXIFRAGA VIRCINIENSIS. Mich.

One of the earliest flowers upon rocks and dry hills. Leaves
mostly radical, spreading, fleshy, elliptical, a little pubescent,
crenate or serrate, and tapering into a broad petiole. Stem
erect, fleshy, hairy, nearly destitute of leaves. Flowers numer-
ous, crowded, white, arranged in corymbs on the ends of the
branches, which, collectively, form a sort of panicle. April,
May. Perennial.

SAXIFRAGA PENNSYLVANIA. L. Pennsyhanian Saxifrage.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, a little hairy, denticu-
late ; stem naked ; peduncles alternate, forming co-
rymbed heads. JVilld.

A tall, green plant, of little beauty, growing in meadows.

Leaves all radical, many times larger than in the preceding

species, oblong, approaching to oval, very slightly toothed

23

178 Class X. Order II.

Stems large, erect, rank in their growth, hollow, hairy, hearing
heads of small, green flowers, disposed in a sort of panicle ; ca-
lyx segments ovate, acute, reflexed ; petals linear retlexed. The
root is extremely astringent. May. Perennial.

182. TIARELLA.
TIARELLA CORDIFOLJA. L. Common Tiarella.

Leaves cordate, lobed and toothed, teeth mucronate,
scape racemed.

Root creeping and sending out runners. Leaves on long hairy
petioles, heart shaped, lobed and toothed, hairy on both sides.
Scape round, hairy, often furnished with a leaf. Flowers en-
tirely white in a long raceme, with very minute subulate bractes.
Segments of the calyx oblong, obtuse. Petals lanceolate, acute,
clawed. Filaments longer than the corolla, anthers orange.
Germ oval, tapering into two acute unequal styles, which are so
closed together as to appear like one. Capsule two valved, the
lower valve much the longest, acute, and concave upward, with
the upper valve shutting into its cavity. Seeds obovate, smooth,
fixed to the sides. Woods in the interior of the state. At
Keene, New-Hampshire. June.

133. MITELLA.
MITELLA DIPHYLLA. L. Common Mitella.

Leaves lobate-angular, toothed ; stem erect with a
pair of opposite leaves near the top.

Root leaves on long bristly petioles, heart shaped, lobed, and
toothed, covered with scattered bristles. Stem erect, round, bristly,
with generally a pair of opposite, ovate cut and toothed leaves half
way up. Flowers in a long terminal spike with short pedun-
cles. Calyx hemispherical, with short, acute segments. Petals
five, white, beautifully pinnatifid or pectinate, inserted on the
calyx between its segments. Stamens ten, short, converging.
Styles two, short, diverging. Capsule compressed, of two
equal semiorbicular valves tipt with the styles. Seeds black,
obovate, acute at base. Woods, Windsor, Vermont, at the foot
of Ascutney mountain. June. Perennial.

Class X. Order II I. 179

MITELLA PROSTRATA. MX. Trailing Mitella.

Root creeping ; stems prostrate ; leaves alternate,
roundish cordate, subacute, with slight obtuse lobes.

A small, delicate creeping species. Stems prostrate. Leaves
small, on slender hairy petioles, reniform and heart shaped,
doubly crenate as in Hydrocotyle Americana. Scape filiform,
hairy, with a thin raceme, of few flowers. Calyx acute. Petals
pinnatifid. In Barrc, Vermont. Sent by Dr. Paddock. June.

184. SAPONARIA.

SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS. L. Soap Wort.

Calyxes cylindrical, leaves ovate-lanceolate.

A foot or more high, with opposite leaves and numerous flow-
ers resembling pinks with entire petals. Road sides, natural-
ized. July, August. Perennial.

185. DIANTHUS.

DIANTHUS ARMERIA. L. Wild Pink.

Flowers aggregate, fascicled ; scales of the calyx
lanceolate, villous, equal to the tube. Sm.

This small species of pink has a leafy, pubescent stem, ending
in erect branches. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, entire,
pubescent, the lower onesspatulate. Flowers terminal, in bunch-
es, erect, scentless, ephemeral. Calyx equalling the tube of the
corolla ; petals small, red, with white dots, a little toothed.
On the rocky hills in Roxbury and Salem. July. Annual.

TRIGJNU.

18G. ARENARIA.
ARENARIA RUBRA. L. Common Sandwort.

Leaves linear, slightly mucronate, stipules membra-
nous, sheathing ; seeds compressed, angular, roughish.
Sm.

A spreading plant, with small, delicate, red flowers. Stems
prostrate, slender, smooth, pointed, branching. Leaves small,
narrow, ending in a short bristle. Stipules surrounding the stem,

180 Class X. Order III.

whitish, dry. Flower stalks and calyx hairy. Petals small, not
exceeding the calyx. Pastures and road sides. June, July.

ARENARIA MARINA. Sm. Sea tiandwori.

Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, awnless ; stipules sea-
rious, sheathing ; seeds compressed, margin glabrous.
Sm.

Syn. AREXARIA CANADENSJS. Pers.

A more succulent, fleshy plant than the last. Stems prostrate
or decumbent, smooth. Leaves short, fleshy, roundish, not end-
ing- in ti bristle. Flowers pale red, expanded as well as the last
in clear weather, and closed in foul. Salt marshes. July. By
some this is considered a variety of the last.

ARENARIA STRICTA. MX. Straight Arenaria.

Glabrous, erect, many stemmed ; leaves linear subu-
late ; flowers panicled, calyx segments lance-ovate,
acute, striate, much shorter than the petals.

Stems filiform, erect, jointed. Leaves linear, sessile, with a
tuft in each axil. Branches of the panicle opposite, bracted,
elongated. Calyx very acute, five nerved. Petals oblong, ob-
tuse, longer than the calyx. On the borders of Lake Champlain ;
gathered by Mr. Boott. Perennial.

ARENARIA GLABRA. MX. Mountain Arenaria.

Glabrous, with crowded filiform stems ; leaves line-
ar-subulate, spreading, flat ; pedicels elongated, one
flowered ; calyx leaves oval, obtuse, smooth.

This plant differs from the preceding in its smaller height,
fewer leaves, and obtuse smooth calyx. Stems crowded so as to
cover the ground with tufts of flowers, smooth, filiform. Leaves
shorter, and without the axillary tufts of the last species, con-
nate, linear, shining. Flowers large, white. Segments of the
calyx gibbous at base, ovate, obtuse. Petals twice as long as
the calyx emarginate, white. Stamens yellow. Germ ovate.
Styles three. On the summits of the White mountains, abund-
ant August. Perennial.

Class X. Order III. 181

ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA. L. Thyme leaved Arenaria.

Stem dichotomoiis ; leaves ovate, acute, subciliate,
calyx acute ; petals shorter than the calyx.

Stems numerous, procumbent, downy. Leaves often closely
sessile, very acute, about three nerved. Flowers axillary. Ca-
lyx leaves three nerved, acute. Road sides ; naturalized. June.
Annual.

ARENARIA LATERIFLORA. L,. Side flowering Sandwort.

Leaves ovate, obtuse ; peduncles lateral, two flow-
ered. L.

A slender, delicate species, with white flowers. Stem erect,
with hairy veins, filiform, from four to ten inches high. Leaves
opposite, oval, smooth, nearly sessile. Peduncles or flowering
branches axillary, very slender, divided about half way, their
fork furnished with two minute leafets. Each part of the fork
bears a flower. In wet, shady places. June. Perennial.

ARENARIA PEPLOIDES. L. Beach Arenaria.

Stem dichotomous, fleshy, leaves ovate, acute,
fleshy.

This plant grows on sandy beaches in various parts of the sea
coast, particularly at Plumb island, near Newburyport, where it
forms large crowded tufts resembling islets. Stems as large as
small quills, smooth, fleshy, pellucid, furrowed on opposite sides.
Leaves opposite, half clasping, ovate, entire, acute, fleshy,
smooth, the veins only discoverable by their transparency.
Branches few, sometimes dichotomous. Flowers axillary, nearly
sessile. Calyx erect, the segments fleshy, nerveless, subacute.
Petals white, membranous, spatulate. Stamens as long as the
calyx, anthers roundish. Germ ovate, styles short. A fifth part
of the fructification is wanting in some of the flowers. May,
June. Perennial.

187. STELLARIA.
STELLARIA MEDIA. Sm. Chickweed.

Leaves ovate, stems procumbent, with an alternate,
lateral, hairy line. Sin.

182 Class X. Order III.

Syn. JlLSINE MEDIA. L.

Chickweed grows in almost every situation, even between the
bricks in the side walks. Its spreading stems are remarkable
for a hairy line extending from joint to joint, and occupy-
ing the two sides alternately. On breaking the stem an
elastic, fibrous substance is drawn out, which retracts when
liberated. Leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, entire. Peduncles
axillary and terminal, one flowered. Petals white, deeply cleft,
so as to appear ten in number. Stamens three, five, or ten. Cap-
sules opening into six segments. Flowers from the beginning of
spring to the end of fall. Annual.

STELLARIA LONGIFOLIA. J\luhL Stichwort.

Leaves linear, entire ; panicle terminal, spreading,
capillary ; calyx three nerved, about equal to the pe-
tals. Sin.

Sy7i. STELLARIA GBAMINEA. 1st edit.

A small, starry, white flower. Stems decumbent, square, com-
pressed, smooth, very slender. Leaves linear-lanceolate or near-
ly linear, tapering to a point, opposite, smooth. Segments of
the calyx three ribbed, lanceolate acute, as long as the petals.
Petals appearing in ten white, fine segments, like those of Stel-
laria media. Grows among the bushes on Craigie's road. June,
July. Closely allied to S. graminea of Europe, and perhaps
only a narrow leaved variety. ^

*STELLARIA BOREALIS Northern Stellana.

S. foliis ovali-lanceolatis ; pedunculis axillari-
bus, elongatis, unifloris ; petalis calyci subcequali-
bus.

Leaves oval-lanceolate, peduncles axillary, elongat-
ed, one flowered ; petals about equal to the calyx.

Stem spreading, angular, dichotomous. Leaves slightly con-
nate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, nerveless. Peduncles solitary,
axillary, elongated, angular. Segments of the calyx five, ovate,
acute, nerveless. Petals white, deeply cloven. Stamens ten,
alternately longer and shorter. Anthers roundish. Germ ovate ;
styles three. Capsule oblong-ovate, one celled, many seeded.

Class X. Order III. 183

This plant generally occurs without petals, in which state I
discovered it on the White mountains in July, 1816. I have
since received it several times from the same place but always in
the apetalous state, until the last year, when Messrs. Greene and
Little found it there in August with complete flowers.

188. SILENE.
SILENE PENNSYLVANIA. Mich. Catchfly.

Viscid-pubescent; root leaves wedge form, stem
leaves lanceolate ; partial stems few flowered ; petals
slightly emarginate, subcrenate. Mich.

Sometimes called wild pink, from its similarity in habit to some
of that genus. Leaves of the root spatulate, acute at top, and
tapering into a long base ; those of the stem lanceolate, oppo-
site. Flowers in upright, terminal bunches. Calyxes nearly
cylindrical, hairy, and exceedingly glutinous. Corollas purplish
white ; petals wedge shaped, entire or slightly crenate. Found
in dry, sandy soils. June.
SILENE ANTIRRHINA. L. Snnpdragon Catchfly.

Leaves lanceolate, subciliate ; peduncles trifid ; pe-
tals emarginate., calyx ovate.

A slender, tall species which in the day appears destitute of
flowers. Stem smooth, erect, a foot high. Leaves opposite,
lanceolate, subciliate at base, dotted under a magnifier. Panicle
forked, with intermediate flowers. Calyx ovate. Corolla pro-
bably nocturnal. I have never found it expanded by day. Dry
road sides. July. Annual.

189. CUCUBALUS.

CUCUBALUS BEHEN. L. Bladder Campion.

Calyx nearly globular, smooth, reticulated with
veins ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, glaucous, smooth. Sm.
Engl. Bot.

Syn. SILENE INFLATE. Sm. Flor. Brit.

The inflated, bladder-like calyx at once distinguishes this
plant from every thing about it. Radical leaves spatulate, stem
leaves opposite, ovate, acute, entire. Stems one or two feet

184 Class X. Order V.

high, smooth, panicled. Flowers nodding. Calyx oblong-spheri-
cal, thin, elegantly veined. Petals white, spreading, bifid.
About fences and waysides. July. Perennial.

CUCUBALUS STELLATUS. L. Star Campion.

Pubescent, erect ; leaves in whorls of four, oval-
lanceolate, acuminate.

Petals white, about four cleft. Woods, Connecticut. July.
Perennial.

PENTAGYX1A.

190. PENTHORUM.

PENTHORUM SEDOIDES. L. Penthorum,

The only species of its genus. Stem about a foot high, angu-
lar. Leaves alternate lance-oval, serrate, acute, green on both
sides. Flowers terminal, in a few revolute spikes, of a greenish
yellow. Capsule with five beaks at top. Wet ground, brook
sides, &c. July. Perennial.

191. CERASTIUM.

CERASTIUM VULGATUM. L. Mouse Ear Chickweed.

Hairy, viscid, forming tufts ; leaves ovate ; petals

equal to the calyx ; flowers longer than their stalks. Sm.

Stems spreading, round, dichotomous. Leaves ovate, opposite.
Flowers from the forks of the stem, crowded at the ends, on pe-
duncles shorter than themselves. Petals oblong, white, a little
longer than the calyx. In cultivated ground. May. Annual.
CERASTIUM VISCOSUM. L. Viscid Cerastium.

Hairy, viscid, diffuse ; leaves lanceolate-oblong.

In dry fields, &c. Introduced. May, &c.
CERASTIUM SEMIDECANDRUM. L. Small Cerastium.

Hairy, viscid, flowers pentandrous, petals emarginate.

A small species, sometimes of a reddish cast. Sandy soils.
Introduced. May.

CERASTIUM ARVENSE. L. Field Chickweed.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate at base, pe-
tals twice as long as the calyx.

Class X. Order VI. 185

Flowers large, white. Naturalized in the same situations as
the others. May August.
CERASTIUM TENTJIFOLIUM ? Pursh. Narrow leaved Cerastinm.

Pubescent, csespitose ; leaves linear, mostly longer
than the internodes ; petals obovate emarginate, three
times as long as the calyx.

Stems round, hairy, ascending 1 . Leaves narrow-lanceolate,
tapering upwards, subacute, pubescent, the lower ones longer
than the internodes. Segments of the calyx acute, hardly nerv-
ed. Petals not very deeply cleft. On the precipice, near Bel-
lows' falls, New-Hampshire. June.

192. SPERGULA.
SPERGULA ARVENSIS. L. Corn Spurrey.

Leave whorled ; statks of the fruit reflexed ; seeds
kidney shaped, angular, rough. Sm.

A weed in corn fields, by many of our farmers denominated
tares. Stems spreading, becoming erect, smooth, round, swel-
ling at the joints. Leaves linear, obtuse, in whorls at the joints.
Panicle terminal, forked, the peduncles bent downward as the
fruit ripens. Petals little larger than the calyx, white. June
and after. Annual.

DECAGYJVM.

193. PHYTOLACCA.
Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. iii.
PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA. L. Poke.

Leaves ovate, acute at both ends ; flowers with ten
stamens, and ten styles.

A common plant, known also by the names of Garget, Cocum,
Jalap, &c. The root is of large size, frequently exceeding a
man's leg in thickness ; and is usually divided into two or three
principal branches. Its substance is fleshy and fibrous, and easi-
ly cut or broken. Internally it is distinctly marked with con-
centric rings of considerable thickness, while its outer surface
is covered with a very thin, brownish bark, which seems to be
24

186 Class XL Order I.

little more than a cuticle. The stalks, which are annual, fre-
quently grow to the height of six, and even nine feet. They
are round, smooth, and very much branched. When young
their usual colour is green, but in most plants, after the berries
have ripened, they are of a fine purple. Leaves scattered, pe-
tioled, ovate-oblong, smooth on both sides, ribbed underneath,
entire, acute. The flowers grow in long pedunculated racemes
opposite to leaves. Peduncles nearly smooth, angular, ascend-
ing. Pedicels divaricated, sometimes branched, green, white
or purple, furnished with a small linear bracte at base, and two
others in the middle. Calyx none. Corolla resembling a calyx,
whitish, consisting of five round-ovate, concave, incurving petals.
Stamens ten, rather shorter than the petals, with white, roundish,
two lobed anthers. Germ greenish, round, depressed, ten furrow-
ed. Styles ten, short, recurved. The flowers are succeeded by
long clusters of dark purple berries, almost black, depressed or
flattened, and marked with ten furrows on the sides. Road
sides. July, August. Perennial.
The root is a violent emetic.

-Class XI. DODECANDRIA. Twelve stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

194. As A RUM. Calyx three cleft, superior ; corolla
none ; capsule six celled.

195. PORTULACA. Calyx two cleft; corolla five
petalled ; capsule one celled, opening transversely.

196. LYTHRUM. Calyx twelve toothed ; petals six,
inserted into the calyx ; capsule two celled, many

seeded.

Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles.

197. AGRIMONIA. Calyx five toothed, invested
with an outer one ; petals five, inserted in the calyx ;
seeds two in the bottom of the calyx.

Class XI. Order I. 187

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles.
198. EUPHORBIA. Calyx inflated, inferior; petals
or nectaries four or five, standing on the calyx ; cap-
sule three lobed, supported by a pedicel.

DODECANDRIA.
MONOGYNM.

194. AS ARUM.
ASARUM CANADENSE. L. Wild Ginger.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xv.

Leaves two, reniform ; calyx woolly, cleft to the
base ; its segments spreading at top.

A low plant with two leaves and an axillary flower growing
close to the ground. The root is creeping, fleshy, and some-
what jointed. Leaves kidney shaped, pubescent on both sides,
with long, round, hairy petioles. Flower solitary, growing from
the fork of the stem on a pendulous, hairy peduncle, and some-
times nearly buried in the ground. Calyx very hairy or woolly,
consisting of three broad, concave leafets, which are mostly of a
brownish or dull purple on the inside at top and bottom, and ter-
minated by a long, spreading, inflected point, with reflexed sides.
The colour varies greatly, according to the amount of light
which the plant enjoys, being sometimes nearly green. Sta-
mens twelve, inserted on the germ at a distance from the ca-
lyx, the alternate ones longer. Anthers growing to the filaments
below their extremity. Near the divisions of the calyx are
three short, curved, filamentary substances, which may perhaps
be called nectaries. Germ inferior, somewhat hexagonal, mark-
ed at top inside, with a dark red lihe ; style conical, striate,
parted at top into six recurved, radiating stigmas. Dry woods,
in the western and northern parts of the state. May to July.
Perennial.

188 Class XI. Order I.

The root has an agreeable, aromatic flavour, not unlike thai
of ginger.

195. PORTULACA.

PORTULACA OLERACEA. L. Purslane.

Leaves wedge shaped ; flowers sessile. L.

A succulent, annual plant, common in gardens, cultivated fields,
and waste grounds. Stems procumbent, spreading, smooth, fleshy.
Leaves wedge shaped, rounded at the end, fleshy, smooth, ses-
sile. Flowers sessile, scattered, yellow. Capsule opening
transversely. 'Flowers all summer. Annual.

196. LYTHRUM.
LYTHRUM VERTICILLATUM. L. Grass Poly.

Leaves opposite or ternate, lanceolate, petioled ;
flowers axillary, forming a sort of whorls.

Stems woody at base, two feet high. Leaves opposite or in
threes, lanceolate, entire. Flowers on axillary, subdivided pe-
duncles, nearly surrounding the stem. Calyx ending in ten or
twelve teeth, accompanied by the same number of long stamens.
Petals five or six, of a fine purple, spreading, inserted on the ca-
lyx, short in duration. In watery places near Fresh pond. Ju-
ly, August.

LYTHRUM HYSSOPIFOLIUM. L. Dwarf Grass Poly.

Leaves alternate, linear lanceolate ; flowers axillary,
solitary, hexandrous.

Stem slender, six to ten inches high, square, with spreading
branches, which are mostly opposite, at base. Leaves linear ob-
long, obtuse, sessile, the lower ones deciduous. Flowers small,
axillary, sessile, appressed to the stalk, with three minute
bractes. Calyx subcylindrical, angular, with twelve minute
segments, the alternate ones longer. Corolla small, purple.
Stamens commonly six, rarely five. In low gi'ounds and dried
ponds. August, September. Annual.

This plant was returned to me by the late Dr. Muhlenberg as
L. linearc of Michaux. Are the two plant? different 1

Class XI. Order III. 189

DIGYJMA.

197. AGR1MONIA.

AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA. L. Agrimony.

Stem leaves pinnate, the odd one petioled, fruit
hispid. L.

Rises to the height of two feet, with an angular, hairy stem.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, hairy. Leafets ovate, serrate, all
sessile except the terminal one. Stipules large, semicircular,
cut-serrate. Spike long, erect, hairy. Flowers thinly scattered,
on short stalks, yellow. Calyx persistent, armed with hooked
bristles. The plant is astringent and tonic. By fences and
thickets. June, July. Perennial.

TRIGYNM.

198. EUPHORBIA.

EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA. JL. Sun Spurge.

Umbel five rayed, then three rayed and forked ; in-
volucels obovate ; leaves wedge form, serrate. L.

A weed in rich ground, lactescent, as are the other species.
Stem upright, round. Leaves scattered, obovate, or wedge
shaped, slightly serrate at the end. Umbel of five rays, support-
ed by a large involucre like the leaves. Rays branching, first
into three, then into two divisions. Capsules smooth. Annual.

EUPHORBIA POLYGONIFOLIA. L. Knot Grass Spurge.

Leaves opposite, quite entire, lanceolate, obtuse ;
flowers solitary, axillary ; stems procumbent. L.

A flat spreading plant, abounding with milky juice. Stems
smooth, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, oblong, linear-lanceo-
late, blunt, nearly sessile. Flowers small, proceeding from the
divisions of the stem. In sandy places, near the sea shore.
June, July. Annual.

EUPHORBIA MACULATA. L. Spotted Spurge.

Leaves serrate, oblong, hairy ; flowers axillary, soli-
tary ; branches spreading.

A flat plant like the last. Stems spreading close to the ground

190 Class XII. Order IV.

Leaves oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrulate on the upper part,
edged with hairs, and frequently with a dark spot in the centre.
Flowers very small, capsule hairy. Found in sandy soils. June,
July. Annual.

EUPHORBIA HYPERICIFOLIA. Oval leaved Spurge.

Smooth, branching, erect and spreading ; branches
divaricate ; leaves opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub-
falcate ; corymbs terminal.

Larger than the last. Leaves unequally ovate-oblong. In
rich grounds. July, &c. Annual.

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Twenty or more sta-
mens, inserted on the calyx.

Order I. MONOGYNUL One style.

199. PRUNUS. Calyx inferior, five cleft; corolla
five petallcd ; drupe with a smooth or slightly seamed
stone.

Order II. DIGYJYM. Two styles.

200. CRATJEGUS. Calyx superior, five cleft; pe-
tals five ; berry two seeded.

Order III. TR1GYNIA. Three styles.

201. SOIIBUS. Calyx superior, five cleft; petals
five ; berry three seeded.

OrderlV. PENTAGYNM. Five styles.

202. PYRUS. Calyx superior, five cleft ; corol-
la five petalled ; pome five celled ; cells two seeded.

203. SPIRJEA. Calyx inferior, five cleft ; corolla
five petalled ; capsules two valved, many seeded.

Class Xll. Order V. 191

Order V. POLYGYjYM. Many styles.

204. ROSA. Calyx urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted
at the orifice, five cleft ; corolla five petalled ; seeds
numerous, bristly, fixed to the inside of the calyx.

205. RUBUS. Calyx five cleft ; corolla five petalled :
berry composed of several one seeded granulations.

206. DALIBARDA. Calyx spreading, five cleft ; pe-
tals five ; pistils from five to eight ; styles deciduous ;
fruit juiceless.

207. FRAGARIA. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five pe-
talled ; seeds smooth, fixed to a deciduous, berry-like
receptacle.

208. COMARUM. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five pe-
talled ; seeds smooth, fixed to an ovate, spongy, per-
manent receptacle.

209. POTENTILLA. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five
petalled ; seeds naked, wrinkled, affixed to a small,
juiceless receptacle.

210. BOOTIA. Calyx ten cleft with five nectarife-
rous pits ; corolla five petalled ; seeds awnless ; affixed
to a juiceless receptacle.

211. GEUM. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five petalled ;
seeds with a jointed, bent awn ; receptacle columnar.

192 Class XII. Order I.

ICOSANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

199. PRUNUS.

PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. L. Wild Cherry.

Racemes erect, elongated ; leaves deciduous, oval-
oblong, acuminate, unequally serrate, smooth on both
sides ; petioles with about four glands.

Syn. CERASUS VIRGINIAN*. Mich.

The wild cherry is with us a tree of middling size, although
further to the south and west it attains to a magnitude of the
first rate. Michaux mentions trees on the banks of the Ohio,
which are from eighty to a hundred feet high, and their trunks
from twelve to sixteen feet in circumference. The wood is a
well known material in cabinet work, approaching mahogany in
its colour and qualities. Leaves alternate, smooth, oval-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, with commonly two pair of glands at the top
of the petiole in front. Flowers in terminal clusters, white.
Fruit small, black, somewhat bitter. The bark has a strong,
bitterish, spicy taste, and has been found a useful tonic. May,
June.
*PRUNUS OBOVATA. Dwarf Choke Cherry.

P. racemis patentibus ; foliis obovatis, acutis,
acutissime serratis, glabris.

Racemes spreading ; leaves obovate, acute, very
sharply serrate, smooth.

Syn, PRUNUS SEROTINA. Pursh. ? nee Willd.

A shrub common about fences and woods, rarely rising to the
size of a small tree. The leaves are much broader than
those of P. Virginiana, obovate, acute, generally obtuse at base,
and sometimes hearted finely, equally, and very sharply ser-
rate, serratures not glandular, glabrous on both sides except
sometimes a small tuft of down in the axils of the lower veins
beneath. Petioles commonly furnished with two glands near the
top. Flowers white, in divergent, smooth racemes, considerably

Class XII. Order I. 193

larger and a fortnight earlier than those of P. Virginiana. Fruit
small, red, bitter, strong, and astringent. May.

It differs from P. Virginiana, and P. serotina of Muhlenberg
and Willdenow, in its obovate and sharply serrated leaves, small
size, early flowering and red fruit.

PRUNUS BOREALIS. Pursh. Northern Wild Cherry.

Corymbs with elongated pedicels ; leaves oval-ob-
long, acuminate, slightly eroded, membranous, smooth ;
fruit subovate.

Syn. CERASUS BOREALIS. MX.

A small tree, with very thin, delicate leaves, and small, red,
astringent fruit On Blue hills, Milton. Common in Maine,
where it succeeds to pine forests, which have been cut down.
May.
PRUNUS DEPRESSA. Pursh. Sand Cherry.

Umbels sessile, aggregate, few flowered ; branches
angular, prostrate ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly
serrate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; fruit ovate.

Syn. CERASUS FUMILA. MX.

A small, trailing shrub, spreading its branches close to the
ground. On the shores of Lake Champlain. May.

*PKUNUS LITTORALIS. Beach Plumb.

P. umbellis conglomeratis, paucifloris ; pcduncu-
lis calycibusque subpubescentibus ; foliis ovalibus
acutis, serratis, venis subtus pubescentibus.

Umbels crowded, few flowered ; peduncles and ca-
lyxes somewhat pubescent ; leaves oval, acute, serrate,
the veins pubescent beneath.

Syn. PRUNUS SPHAEROCARPA. MX.? ncc Willd.

A shrub with stout, straggling branches. Leaves scattered,
crowded, oval or obovate, acute, single and doubly serrate,
smooth or rugose above, slightly pubescent or tomentose be-
neath. Petioles short, pubescent, and biglandular. The flowers
appear before the leaves on the sides near the extremities of the

194 Class XII. Order III.

last year's branches, in numerous umbels of from two to five
flowers. Peduncles short, filiform, pubescent under a magnifier
as well as the calyx. Corolla small, white. Fruit large, globu-
lar, eatable, with the flavour of the common plum. Always near
the salt water ; abundant on Plum island. May. Fruit ripe in
August and September.

Variety . Fruit an inch in diameter, purple, with a glaucous

bloom.

/3. Fruit similar but smaller.
y. Fruit crimson, shining.

This is our common Beach plum, much prized for its agreea-
ble fruit, and deserving attempts at cultivation. I do not find it
described by any author, unless possibly by Michaux under the
name of P. sphaerocarpa, a name previously appropriated by
Swartz to a West Indian species. From P. maritima of Pursh it
appears widely different in its inflorescence, acumination, and
fruit.

DIGYNM.

200. CRAT^EGUS.

CRATJEGUS CRUS GALLI. L. Common Thorn Bush,

Thorny ; leaves obovate, snbsessile, shining, coria-
ceous ; leafets of calyx lanceolate, subserrate. Ait. abr.

A strong, branching, thorny shrub. Leaves inversely ovate,
sharply and irregularly serrate, sometimes cleft, tough, smooth.
Thorns two or three inches long, rigid, acute. Flowers white,
in terminal corymbs. Calyx leaves linear. About fences and
thickets. May, June.

TR1GYNM.

201. SORBUS.

SORBUS AMERICANA. JWuhl. Mountain Ash.

Leaves pinnate, leafets glabrous, acute, subequally
serrate, petioles glabrous.

yn. SORBUS AUCUPARIA, /3. MX.

Class XII. Order IV. 195

A small tree, common in mountain woods in the northern parts
of New England. It is more slender and irregular in its growth
than the cultivated S. aucuparia of Europe. Leaves pinnate,
smooth ; leafets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, sharply ser-
rate, pale underneath. Flowers white, in terminal corymbs.
I have not seen it nearer to Boston than Wachusett hill, where
it flowers the first of June.

PEJVTAGYWM.

202. PYRUS.

PYRUS ARBUTIFOLIA. Willd. Choke Berry.

Leaves obovate, acuminate, serrate, downy under
neath,, the midrib glandular above ; flowers in corymbs.

Syn. J\!ESPILUS ARBUTIFOLIA. Lin. Mich.

JlRONIA ARBUTIFOLIA. PerS.

A slender shrub. Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, finely ser-
rate, the midrib spotted on the upper side, with small, dark
glands. Flowers white, in compound, downy corymbs. Pedun^
cles and calyx more or less downy. Petals roundish, concave.
Filaments white, anthers crimson. Germ woolly, styles five,
straight; stigmas capitate. Fruit with five cells and ten seeds,
of the size of large whortleberries, rough, and astringent to the
taste. Low woods and thickets. May, June.

PYRUS OVALIS. Willd. Swamp Pyriis.

Leaves oblong, acute, downy when young ; flowers
racemed ; petals obovate ; calyx pubescent.

Syn. MESPILUS CANADENSIS, a.. MX.

AROHIA OVALIS. Pers.

This species and the two following were considered by Mi-
chaux as varieties only. But though closely allied, they differ
considerably in habit. The present is a shrub of moderate size,
very common in swamps, and conspicuous for its white flowers
in the early part of May. Leaves oblong, serrate, acute, very
downy and whitish underneath when young, but glabrous when
old. Flowers in long racemes, the pedicels and germs downy,
the tips of the calyx smooth. Petals oblong-obovate. Fruit dark
blue, of the size of whortleberries, pleasant to the taste, ripe in
June.

196 Class XII. Order IV.

PYRUS BOTRYAPIUM. Willd. Wood Pyrus,

Leaves ovate, sharply serrate, acute, glabrous ; flow-
ers racemed ; petals linear ; calyx mostly smooth.

Syn. MESPILUS CANADENSIS, $? MX.
MESPILUS JissoREA. MX. f.

JlRONIA BOTRTAPIUM. PeTS.

This is a small tree found in upland woods. Leaves ovate,
sometimes cordate, finely and acutely toothed, very acute, gla-
brous both sides. The racemes are shorter and more spreading
than in the foregoing species with from four to seven flowers.
Peduncles brownish, smooth. Calyx smooth with the segments
downy within. Petals white, linear-obovate, more spreading
than in P. ovalis. Roxbury, Brookline. May.
PYRUS SANGUINEA. Pursh. Round leaved Pyrus.

Leaves oval, obtuse, finely serrate, subcordate at
base ; racemes few flowered ; calyx glabrous ; petals
linear, obtuse.

I have specimens agreeing with the above character, formerly
collected in the western parts of the state, from trees of middling
height. May.

203. SPIILEA.

SPIRJEA ALBA. Ehr. White Spircea. Meadow Sweet.

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ; flowers
panicled.

Syn. SPIRAEA SALICIFOLJA. Mich.

A slender shrub three or four feet high, bearing large, ter-
minal bunches of white flowers. Stems smooth, reddish. Leaves
broad lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, smooth and thin, acutely
serrate, tapering at base. Panicle terminal, composed of small
flowering, branches at the top of the stem, and from the axils of
the upper leaves. Flowers small, crowded. Meadows and wet
pastures. July, August.

SPIRJEA TOMENTOSA. L. Downy Spiraa. Hardhack.

Leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy under-
neath ; flowers twice racemed. Willd.

Class XII. Order V. 197

A very common shrub in pastures and low grounds, about the
size of the last. Among its purple flowers the dead tops of the
last year's fructification are conspicuous. Leaves nearly oval,
thick, and tough, dark green above, whitish and downy under-
neath. Flowers small, blue or purple, in long conical bunches
on the end of the stems. July, August. Very astringent.

POLYGYNIA.

204. ROSA.

ROSA RUBIGINOSA. L. Sweet Briar. Eglantine.

Fruit obovate, fruit and peduncles hispid ; prickles
hooked ; leafets oval, with reddish glands beneath.

Stem from three to four feet high, the younger ones reclining
at top, the old ones much branched, armed with strong, hooked
prickles. Leaves pinnate, with oval serrate leafets, which give
out an agreeable, strong scent on being rubbed. The under sur-
face in most plants is slightly glandular, though less so than
in the European sweet briar. Flowers red. Fruit scarlet,
somewhat obovate, bristly or smooth. Road sides. June. In-
troduced.
ROSA MICRANTHA. Sm. Sina II flowered Sweet Briar.

Fruit ovate ; fruit and peduncles somewhat hispid ;
prickles hooked ; leafets ovate, acute, with reddish
glands beneath.

This species is more common than the last, which it resem-
bles in the odour of its leaves. It is a larger bush, being fre-
quently six feet high. When in flower its appearance is quite
different, the flowers being white, and hardly more than half the
size of the former. Common in dry soils, road sides and pas-
tures. June.

ROSA CAROLINIANA. L. Swamp Rose.

Germs globular, hispid ; peduncles somewhat his-
pid ; stem with stipular prickles : petioles prickly. L.

This rose grows in swamps and in woods, sometimes form-
ing thickets of itself. The stems vary greatly in the number
and size of their prickles, even those which spring from the

198 Class XTI. Order V.

same root. They are commonly of a reddish colour, and their
prickles nearly straight. Leaves pinnate, with five or seven
oval leafets, sharply serrate and paler on the under side. Flow-
ers red, growing in a sort of corymbs. Fruit spherical, flattened
at the ends. June, July.

205. RUBUS.

RUBUS OCCIDENTALIS. Li. Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.
Leaves trifoliate, downy underneath, stem prickly,
petioles round. L.

Frequent about fences, thickets, &c. The stems are prickly,
long and slender, bending over iu the form of an arch, and cov-
ered with a bluish or glaucous powder, which readily rubs off.
Leafets in threes, oval, loosely serrate, acuminate, green above,
whitish and downy underneath, the two lateral ones nearly ses-
sile. Petioles roundish, prickly. Flowers white, in terminal
racemes. Fruit black, sprightly, and pleasant to the taste.
May.

RUBUS STRIGOSUS. Mich. Wild Red Raspberry.

Unarmed, strongly hispid, leafets in threes, or five
pinnate, oval, obtuse at base, lined and white-downy .
underneath, the odd one often sub-cordate. Mich.

A more delicate fruit than the last, found in similar places.
The stem and branches are without prickles, but covered with
thick stiff bristles. Petioles hispid, bearing one or two pairs of
lateral leafets and a terminal one ; the lateral leafets sessile.
Flowers white, in terminal clusters with hispid peduncles. Fruit
red, richly flavoured. May.

* RUBUS SETOSUS. Bristly Raspberry.

R. caule erecto, reclinato, hispido ; foliis ternatis
quinatisve, utrinque glabris, concoloribus.

Stem erect, reclining, bristly ; leaves ternate or qui-
nate, smooth and green on both sides.

Stem woody, erect at base, reclining, without prickles, but
thickly covered with strong bristles. Petioles semicylindrical,
chanelled. Leaves ternate, a few younger ones quinate ; leafets

Class XII. Order V. 199

rhomboid-lanceolate, acute at ba?e, smooth, or with the veins
pubescent underneath, unequally serrate, the odd one peti-
oled. Stipules long and linear. Flowers in racemes with
bristly pedicels. Petals white, linear-obovate, distant. Fruit
red, ripening late. In a swamp at Sudbury. June. Received
also from Dr. Payne, Montreal.

RUBUS VILLOSUS. Tall Blackberry.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. sxxviii.

Pubescent, bristly and prickly ; leaves in threes or
fives, leafets ovate, acuminate, serrate, with the petioles
prickly ; racemes naked, about twenty flowered ; petals

lance-ovate.

This shrub has a tall, branching, prickly stem, more or 'less
furrowed and angular. Leaves mostly in threes, on a channelled,
hairy petiole. A few are solitary and some quinate. Leafets
ovate, acuminate, sharply and unequally serrate, covered with
scattered hairs above, and with a thick, soft pubescence beneath.
The terminal leafet is pedicelled, the two side ones sessile.
The petiole and back of the middle rib are commonly armed
with short recurved prickles. The flowers grow in erect ra-
cemes, with a hairy prickly stalk. The pedicels are slender,
an inch or two in length, covered with glandular pairs, and sup-
ported by lanceolate bractes. Calyx divided into five ovate,
concave, hairy segments, ending in an acuminate point or a lan-
ceolate leafet. Petals five, white, ovate or oblong, concave,
contracted into a short claw at base. Stamens very numerous
with roundish anthers and slender white filaments. Germs nu-
merous, covering a conic central receptacle. Styles capillary,
arising from the sides of the germs, persistent. Fruit a black,
shining compound berry, formed of pulpy acini attached to the
receptacle, each containing a single oblong seed. Road sides.
Flowers in June. Fruit very pleasant, ripe in August and Sep-
tember. Perennial.

* RUBUS FRONDOSUS. Leafy Raspberry.

R. caule aculeate, erecto ; foliis ternatis, quina-
tisve, pube simplici ; racemo folioso, sub-decemflo-
ro, petalis orbiculatis.

200 Class XII. Order V.

Stem prickly, erect ; leaves ternate or quinate ; pu-
bescence simple ; racemes leafy, about ten flowered ;
petals orbicular.

Stem erect, reddish, armed with straightish or slightly recurv-
ed prickles. Young branches covered with simple pubescence,
and ending in leafj racemes. Leaves on short peduncles, mostly
ternate, the lower ones sometimes five digitate, and upper ones
simple ; leafets ovate, unequally serrate, pubescent beneath,
nearly glabrous above, the lateral ones sessile, the terminal one
on a short stalk. Racemes leafy, having a leaf at the base of
most of the pedicels, about ten flowered, the upper flowers ex-
panding first. Calyx segments ovate, acuminate. Petals or-
bicular, ovate, large, white. - Fruit black, agreeable.

Approaches R. villosus, and has probably been confounded
with it, but differs in the following marks, as well as in its habit,
by which it may be distinguished at sight.

7?. villosus. R.frondosus.

Pubescence glandular.

Racemes nearly naked, about
twenty flowered, the lower
flowers opening first.

Petals lance-ovate with wide
intervals when expanded.

Pubescence simple.

Racemes leafy, about ten flow-
ered, the terminal flowers
opening first.

Petals orbicular-ovate, much
larger, and nearly in contact

with each other when ex-
panded.

Besides the above marks, R. frondosus is smoother, leave.*
more flat, and the terminal leafet on a longer stalk. Road sides
in Roxbury. May, June.

First observed by my pupil, Mr. H. Little.

RUBUS TRIVIALIS. Mich. Low or running Blackberry. Dew-
berry.

Stems procumbent ; leafets three or five, oval, ser-
rate, nearly smooth ; flower stalks mostly solitary.

Syn. RUBUS PSOCUMBENS. Muhl.

Stems prickly, slender, flexible, running several yards upon
the ground, but seldom putting out roots, unless accidentally
covered. Leaves nearly smooth, green on both sid.es. Pedun-
cles long, slender, mostly undivided, furnished with minute

Class XII. Order V. 201

prickles. Flowers solitary, white. Fruit large, black, sweet.
Common in barren sandy soils. May.

*RUBUS SEMPERVIRENS. Evergreen Raspberry.

Rubus sarmentoso-procumbens ; caule aculeolato ;
foliis ternatis, foliolis obovatis, serratis, nitidis,
sempervirentibus.

Stem procumbent, covered with minute prickles,
leaves ternate, obovate, serrate, shining, evergreen.

A small, trailing species, found in damp woods and swamps.
Stem woody, smooth, commonly covered with minute reflexed
prickles, as are also the petioles. Stipules lance'olate. Leaves
of the size of the strawberry, of a dark shining green, tapering
and retuse at base, unequally serrate. They last through the
winter and exhibit a dark or purplish appearance the ensuing
spring. Flowers few, in a sort of raceme, with alternate, slen-
der stalks. Calyx leaves ovate, acute, glabrous. Petals white,
oblong, distinct. Berries small, black, sour. July.

RUBUS ODORATUS. L. Flowering Raspberry.

Leaves simple, palmate ; stem unarmed, many leav-
ed, many flowered. L.

A superb, flowering shrub, commonly cultivated. I have not
seen it growing wild in the immediate vicinity of Boston, though
it is plentiful at the distance of thirty or forty miles to the west-
ward. Leaves simple, large, mostly five lobed, serrate ; petioles
and peduncles hairy. Flowers large, purple, forming a sort of
corymb. Fruit dry. Flowers in June and after.

RUBUS SAXATILIS. J\lx. Stone Raspberry.

Herbaceous, pubescent ; leaves ternate, leafets rhom-
boidal, acute, cut-toothed, naked, the odd one petioled ;
flowers about three, with elongated pedicels.

The stems of this species are annual, whereas those of most
ef the preceding are biennial, not flowering till the second year.
About a foot high, with white flowers On dry hills, Danvers
White mountains. June-
26

202 Class XII. Order V.

206. DALIBARDA.

DALIBARDA REPENS. Pursh. White Dalibarda,

Villous ; shoots creeping; leaves simple, cordate,
crenate ; peduncles one flowered.

Syn. DALIBARDA VIOLAEOIDES. MX.
RUBUS DALIBARDA. Willd.

A creeping plant, with white flowers. Leaves on long pe-
tioles, heart shaped, obtuse, crenate, covered with thin hairs.
Peduncles as long as the petioles, terminating in a single flower.
Calyx segments ovate, ciliate, somewhat toothed. Petals oval,
Stamens capillary ; styles few. Among the decayed leaves in
woods. Princeton. June.

DALIBARDA FRAGARIOIDES. MX. Yellow Dalibarda,

Leaves ternate, leafets wedge shaped, cut serrate,
ciliate ; scapes many flowered : tube of the calyx co-
nical.

Considerably larger than the foregoing, with some resemblance
to the strawberry. Leaves in threes, lobed and toothed, nearly
smooth, ciliate. Scapes slender, furnished with a few simple or
ternate, lanceolate bractes. Panicle few flowered ; pedicels
elongated, slightly hairy. Germs acute at base ; calyx acute ;
petals oblong, yellow. Filaments numerous, persistent after the
anthers have fallen. Woods, Hanover, New Hampshire. June.

207. FRAG ARIA.

FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA. Ehr. Wild Strawberry.

Calyx of the fruit spreading ; hairs of the petioles
erect, of the peduncles appressed ; leaves smooth
above. Willd.

The common wild strawberry is a very delicious fruit, and
Avhen cultivated is inferior to few imported species. The ber-
ries ripen early, are of a light scarlet colour, exquisitely flavour-
ed, but more soft and perishable than the other kinds. The her-
bage is more smooth and even, than in other species, the pedun-

Class Jill. Order V. 203

ties shorter, so that the fruit is commonly concealed under the
leaves. Flowers white, appearing in May.

Wild strawberries are frequently sour from the circumstance
of their ripening in the shade among the high grass.

208. COMARUM.

COMARUM PALUSTRE. L*. Marsh dnquefoil.

A genus nearly related to the last, with only one species. Stem
round, rising from one to two feet. Leafets three, five, or sev-
en, oblong, serrate, whitish underneath. Flowers dark, dull pur-
ple, every part permanent. Calyx ten cleft, every other seg-
ment larger. Corolla of five small petals. Fruit enclosed in the
flower, resembling a strawberry, but spongy and permanent.
Found in Neponset river and in Brighton. June. Perennial.

209. POTENTILLA.
POTENTILLA FLORiBUNDA. Pursh. Bushy Potent ilia.

Shrubby, erect, branching, hairy ; stipules ovate,
entire ; leaves five-pinnate, leafets linear-oblong, revo-
lute ; corymbs terminal, dichotomous, dense-flowered,
calyx-segments subequal, as long as the petals.

Stems erecfor ascending, shrubby, a foot high, covered with
a deciduous, reddish bark, and with long fine hairs. Stipules at
the base of the leaves and branches ovate, nerved, scarious,
clasping, some bifid. Leaves pinnate, with slender, hairy peti-
oles ; leafets five, in a sort pf tuft, sessile, lanceolate, revolute at
the edges, hairy, paler underneath. Flowers in close, compound
corymbs on the ends of the branches. Calyx hairy, its segments
subequal. Petals obovate, as long as the calyx. In low grounds,
Danvers ; sent by Dr. Nichols.

On comparison with specimens of P. fruticosa, it has smaller
and more numerous flowers.

POTENTILLA ANSERINA. L. Silver Weed. Wild Tansey.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, silky under-
neath, stem creeping, peduncles one flowered. Sm.

A handsome plant, common on the marshes at South Boston
and Cambridge. Stems hairy and reddish, creeping extensively

204 Class XII. Order V.

among the grass. Leaves pinnate, the large leafets alternating
with small ones, green above and of a fine silvery appearance
beneath. Flowers yellow, solitary, on long, axillary peduncles.
June Perennial. With us this is always a maritime plant.

POTENTILLA ARGENTEA. L. Hoary Cmquefoil.

Leaves quinate, wedge form, cut, downy under-
neath, stem nearly erect.

A small, humble species, frequent on Boston common and else-
where in dry soils. Stems spreading, half erect, white and
downy. Leaves alternate, consisting of rive wedge form or spat-
ulate leafets, cut into a few lobes or large teeth at the end, white
and downy underneath. Flowers numerous, on the ends of the
branches, small, yellow. From June to September. Perennial.

POTENTILLA SIMPLEX. Mich. Common Cinquefoil or

Fivefinger.

Erect, simple, hairy; leaves five-digitate, oblong,
oval ; peduncles lateral, solitary, elongated, one flow-
ered. Mich.

Root abrupt. Stem erect at base, reclining at top, rough,
hairy. Leafets in fives, oval, deeply serrate, the nerves hairy
underneath. Stipules cut into lanceolate lobes. The primary
leaves are nearly sessile having in the axil of each a petioled
leaf or two, a long filiform peduncle, and sometimes also the
rudiment of a branch. Flowers yellow. Petals roundish, in-
versely heart-shaped, longer than the calyx. Pastures and
woods. May, June. Perennial.

POTENTILLA SARMENTOSA. Muhl. Running Cinquefoil.

Stem sarmentose ; leaves quinate, leafets obovate,
obtuse, serrate, glabrous above, hairy beneath, petals
roundish, longer than the calyx.

A very delicate species extremely common in dry pastures,
spangling the grass with its 3'ellow flowers throughout the month
of May. Root somewhat abrupt. Stems procumbent, very short,
at the time of the first flowing, but extending a foot or more

Class XII. Order V. 205

during the summer. Leaves quinate with hairy petioles. Leaf-
ets obovate, obtuse, their upper half deeply serrated, glabrous
above, paler >and hairy underneath. -Stipules hairy, acute, those
of the stem about six cleft. Peduncles solitary, slender, hairy,
longer than the petiole which springs from the same joint.
Calyx segments hairy, acute, some of them furnished with a
small tooth or two. Petals roundish, retuse, a little longer than
the calyx. Anthers sagittate.

During the summer a fleshy thickening often takes place in
various parts of the stem, apparently caused by insects. The
flowers reappear in October.

Very distinct from P. simplex, though quoted by Pursh as
synonymous.

POTENTILLA NoRVEGicA. L. Norway Cinquefoil.

Leaves ternate ; stem dichotomous ; peduncles axil-
lary. L.

An erect, hairy plant. Stem round, straight, forked at top.
Leaves in threes, oval, cut-serrate, their petioles and veins cov-
ered with long hairs. Stipules ovate, acute, somewhat toothed.
Flowers numerous, axillary, and terminal, somewhat crowded.
Petals yellow, shorter than the calyx. By road sides and thick-
ets. July Perennial.

POTENTILLA TRIDENTATA. L. Mountain Pofentilla.

Leaves ternate, evergreen ; leafets wedge shaped,
three toothed at the end ; peduncles few flowered.

A suffruticose alpine plant of all our northern mountains. The
lower pare of the stem is woody, prostrate, rooting, with subu-
late stipules at top, below the leaves. Petioles short, slightly
hairy. Leafets three, sessile, smooth, coriaceous, oblong-wedge
shaped, uniformly ending in three nearly equal teeth. Flowering
stalk hairy, with several small, ternale, lanceolate leafets.
Flowers few, in a sort of irregular corymb. Calyx acute, the
narrow segments more obtuse. Petals oblong, white, longer
than the calyx. Abundant on the summit of VVachusett. On the
White mountains, Moosehillock, &c. In the college yard at
Brunswick. June.

206 Class XII. Order V.

210. BOOTIA.*

BOOTIA SYLVESTRIS. .

B. caule erecto,foliis inferioribus pinnatis, hirsuto-
tomentosis ; floribus subcorymbosis, subsessilibus.

Stem erect, lower leaves pinnate, hairy and downy ;
flowers in small corymbs, nearly sessile.

The whole herb is covered with hairy down. Root leaves
and lower stem leaves pinnate, leafets sessile, oval, acute, doubly
toothed and slightly cut, the lower ones and sometimes the inter-
mediate ones smaller. Stem two feet, high, rigid, erect, round,
furrowed. Stipules half ovate, acuminate, mostly entire. Upper
leaves ternate or simple. Flowers terminal, in small crowded
corymbs. Calyx segments downy, alternately lanceolate and
ovate. Petals orbicular, white, as long as the calyx. Anthers
compressed, roundish. Nectary a stellate cavity surrounding the
base of the receptacle of the germs, having pits in its Jive points
opposite the narrow segments of the calyx. Seeds oblong, pointed,
awnless. Receptacle hairy.

Found in June 1816, on the precipice behind Bellows' Falls,
N. H. Also in Deerfield, Mass.

I am not aware that this plant has been yet described. With
some of our botanists it has passed for Geum agrimonioides of
Pursh ; but it is no Geum. The peculiar nectary alone sep-
arates it from Potentilla.

211. GEUM.
GEUM RIVALE. L. Water Avens.

Radical leaves lyrate ; stipules ovate, acute, cut ;
flowers nodding, awns feathery, twisted. Sm.

A fine plant conspicuous in meadows for its high, nodding,
dark coloured flowers. Stem round, erect, drooping at top.
Radical leaves lyrate or interruptedly pinnate, the terminal
leafet large and lobed, the whole serrate and hairy. Flowers
terminal, two or three on a stalk ; calyx reddish brown, closed ;

* Arnicissimo, et de botanice oplime mcrito, Francisco Boott, genus
catura,

di-

Class XII. Order V. 207

petals erect, hardly exceeding the calyx, inversely heart-shaped,
veined and shaded with yellow purple. The fruit becomes
erect, and is crowned with long, feathery, contorted awns.
May, June. Perennial.

GEUM VIRGINIANUM. L. Virginian Avens.

Leaves trifoliate, tipper ones lanceolate ; petals
shorter than the calyx ; seeds hairy, with naked awns,
twisted at top.

Stem erect, one or two feet high, branching, hairy. Lower
leaves in threes, sometimes in fives ; the upper ones simple, oval,
or lanceolate, the whole unequally serrate. Stipules large,
ovate, few toothed. Flowers nodding, fruit erect. Petals white,
not longer than the calyx. Thickets. June, July. Perennial.

GEUM ALBUM. Willd. White Avens.

Pubescent, leaves of the root pinnate, of the stern
ternate ; stipules cut ; flowers erect ; petals not longer
than the calyx.

Stem erect, hairy, branching at top. Leaves variable, those
of the root and lower part of the stem pinnate, or ternate, or
simple with appendages on the petiole, all of them hairy. Sti-
pules large, toothed, and lobed. Flowers small. Calyx acute,
hairy. Petals shorter than the calyx, entire, whitish. Seeds
hairy. Awns reflected, smooth, geniculated or uncinate and
hairy at tip. About hedges. July. Perennial.

Between this and the foregoing there are intermediate vari-
eties.

GEUM STRICTUM. Willd. Yellow Avens.

Hairy ; leaves all interruptedly pinnate, leafets ovate,
toothed, the terminal one largest ; flowers erect, pe-
tals longer than the calyx.

A tall, hairy species with yellow flowers. Terminal leafet
large. Alternate segments of the calyx linear. Flowers yellow.
On Prospect hill, Charlestown. June. Perennial.

In a specimen gathered in Pn-etton woods, near the White
mountains, the stem leaves are trifid and the petals hardly longer
than the calyx. Perhaps a new specie*.

208 Class XIII. Order I.

GEUM PECKII. Pursh. Peck's Geum.

Leaves reniform, the petiole pinnately appendaged ;
flowers several on a stalk ; petals twice as long as the
calyx. ,

Root leaves large, pinnate, the lateral leafets minute, terminal
one very large, renifprm, cut and toothed, glabrous, slightly cili-
ate. Petioles long, ending in broad ciliate stipules. Stem
round, pubescent, four or five inches high, furnished with a few
small, cut, and toothed leafets, and bearing from one to five flow-
ers. Calyx segments acute, the alternate ones minute and linear.
Petals orbicular, yellow, twice the length of the calyx. Sta-
mens numerous, slender, yellow. Styles very short. Seeds
hairy. Awns erect, slightly hooked at tip.

Discovered by the late Professor Peck oji the summit of the
White mountains. Very distinct from Geum montanum, with
which I have compared it. Pur-sh, probably from seeing bad
specimens, represents it as one flowered, and with petals equal-
ling the calyx. July.

Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Many stamens.
Order I. MOJi^OGYNM. One style.

212. CHELIDONIUM. Calyx two leaved ; petals
four; silique superior, two valved, one celled, linear ;
seeds crested.

213. ACT^EA. Calyx four leaved ; petals four ; ber-
ry one celled, many seeded ; seeds nearly flat.

214 CISTUS. Calyx five leaved, two of the leaves
smaller ; capsule superior, three valved, opening at top.

215. HUDSONIA. Calyx three parted, tubular; pet-
als five ; capsule one celled, three valved, three seeded.

Class XIII. Order VI. 209

216. SARRACENIA. Calyx double ; the lower three
leaved, the upper five leaved ; petals five ; stigma
shield like ; capsule five celled.

217. TILIA. Calyx five parted ; petals five; cap-
sule superior, coriaceous, five celled, five valved, open-
ing at the base.

218. SANGUINARIA. Calyx two leaved caducous;
corolla eight petalled ; capsule two valved, many seeded.

2 1 9. PODOPHYLLUM. Calyx three leaved caducous ;
corolla from six to nine petalled ; berry one celled,
crowned with the stigma.

220. NUPHAR. Calyx five or six leaved ; corolla
many petalled, very short ; petals and stamens trun-
cated, inserted in the receptacle ; stigma a disc mark-
ed with prominent rays.

221. NYMPHS A. Calyx four or five leaved ; corolla
many petalled, petals and stamens subacute, inserted
on the germ ; stigma a tubercle surrounded with an-
theroid rays.

Order V. PENTJ1GYN1J1. Five styles.

222. AQUILEGIA. Calyx none ; petals five ; nec-
taries five, horn shaped, alternate with the petals.

Order VI. POL YG YN1A. Many styles.

223. CLEMATIS. Calyx none; petals from four
to six ; seeds with tails ; receptacle capitate.

224. ATRAGENE. Calyx none ; corolla from four
to six petalled ; nectaries four, spatulate, alternate
with the petals ; seeds with tails.

225. THALICTRUM. Calyx none; petals four 01
five ; seeds without tails.

226. COPTIS. Calyx none ; petals five or six, ca-

27

210 CteXIII. Order I.

ducous ; nectaries five or six, cucullate ; capsules five
or six, stipitate, rostrate, many seeded.

227. CALTHA. Calyx none ; petals five ; netaries
none, capsules many.

228. HYDROPELTIS. Calyx none ; petals six,
three external shortest ; nectaries none ; capsules
several, one celled, two seeded, invested with the per-
manent corolla.

229. HEPATICA. Calyx three leaved ; petals from
six to nine ; seeds naked.

230. ANEMONE, Calyx none ; petals from five to
nine; seeds numerous.

231. TROLLIUS. Calyx none; petals from five to
eight, deciduous ; nectaries from five to eight, linear ;
capsules many, sessile, many seeded.

232. RANUNCULUS. Calyx five leaved ; petals from
five to eight, with a pore or scale bearing honey at
the base of each, inside ; seeds naked.

233. MAGNOLIA. Calyx three leaved ; petals from
six to nine ; capsules two valved, clustered ; seeds
pendulous.

234. LIRIODENDRON. Calyx three leaved ; petals
six ; seeds ending in a scale, imbricated into a cone;

POLYANDRIA.
MOJYOGYJYM.

212. CHELIDON1UM.
CHELIDONIUM MAJUS. L. Celandine.

Peduncles umbelled. L.

Found among rubbish, under fences, &,c. attaining the height
of one or two feet. Leaves pinnate, spreading ; leafets lobed,

Class XIII. Order I. 211

pale green, smooth, their stalks winged where they join the
main petiole. Flowers yellow, in a remote umbel, proceeding
from the axils of the leaves. The calyx, petals, and stamens
are extremely deciduous, which occasions perplexity in exam-
ining the plant. Every part of this vegetable abounds with a
bright yellow, or saffron coloured juice. May, June. Peren-
nial.

213. ACT^EA.

ACT2EA RUBRA. Willd. && Act<EU.

Raceme hemispherical ; petals shorter than the sta-
mens, acute ; pedicels of the fruit smaller than the pe-
duncles.

Syn. ACTAEA SPICATA. MX.

J1CTAEA BRACHTPETALA. De Caild.

JlcTAEA AMERICANA, $, RUBRA. Pursh.

Stem roundish, glabrous, covered with a slight glaucous bloom.
Leaves several times ternate, on long smooth petioles, with
swelling bases partly sheathing the stem. The extreme divis-
ions are slightly pubescent, and channelled above. Leafets heart
shaped, cut and toothed, the odd one usually three lobed, veined,
glabrous, the veins slightly pubescent underneath. Raceme
hemispherical or half ovate. Peduncles round, smooth, slightly
pubescent at top. Pedicels pubescent, largest at the extremities.
Calyx leaves four, oblong, green, striate, concave, caducous.
Petals often eight or ten, white, oval, acute, unguiculated, de-
ciduous. Stamens numerous. Filaments twice as long as the
petals, filiform, subclavate, white. Anthers, before bursting,
cordate, acute, compressed, white. Pistil smooth, white. Germ
oval, placed obliquely, with a furrow on one side. Style none.
Stigma oval, two lobed, recurved at the ends. Berries shining,
cherry red, about sixteen seeded, on long filiform pedicels, a
fourth part as large as the common peduncle. Woods. May.
Perennial.

*ACTJEA ALBA. WltitC JlctrtCt.

A. racemo oblongo ; petalis staminibus eequalibus,
truncalis ; pedicellis fructils pedunculi instar.

212 Class XIII. Order I.

Raceme oblong ; petals equal to the stamens, trun-
cate ; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncle.

Syn. JlcfAEA S PIC AT A, (3, ALBA. MX.

ACTAEA AMERICANA, #, ALBA. Pitrsh.

AcTAEA PACHTPODA. Elliott.

Stem and leaves like the preceding, but somewhat larger and
smoother. Raceme oblong, twice the length and half the
breadth of the preceding ; the pedicels being shorter and thick-
er. Calyx leaves four, white, oblong, concave, caducous. Pe-
tals four to eight, as long as the stamens, white, oval, unguicu-
lated, dilated upwards, and truncated. Stamens white, as long
as the petals, fiilaments as in the last but shorter, anthers heart
shaped, obtuse, white or yellowish. Germ and stigma as in the
preceding. Berries milk-white, tipt with red, smaller and about
eight seeded, on short, red, incrassated pedicels as large as the
common peduncle. Woods. May. A week or two later than
the foregoing. Perennial.

First published as a distinct species, in my name, in Eaton's
Manual of Botany, afterward by Mr. Elliott under another name.
It is remarkably distinct in its truncated petals, large pedicels,
and white, few seeded fruit. The herbage of these two species
and of A. spicata of Europe is precisely similar.

214. CISTUS.

Subgenus HELIANTHEMUM. Capsule one celled ; septa in
the middle of the valves.

CISTUS CANADENSIS. L. Canadian Cistus.

Herbaceous, without stipules ; leaves alternate, lan-
ceolate, stem ascending. L.

HELIANTHEMUM CANADENSE. Mich.

Stem slender, downy, hardly a foot high. Leaves small, near-
ly sessile, lanceolate, obtuse, downy, white underneath. Flow-
ers lateral, solitary, yellow. Stamens inclined to the upper side.
Petals very tender and deciduous ; after they have fallen, the
plant has the appearance of Lechea major, for which it has been
mistaken. Sandy pastures and hills. June. Perennial.

At the beginning of frosts, the bark cracks and rolls backward.

Class XIII. Order I. 213

at which time the fragments are found connected by a mass of
fibrous, icy crytals.

115. HUDSONIA.
HUDSONIA TOMENTOSA. Nutt. Downy Hudsonia.

Canescent, tomentose ; leaves ovate, imbricated,
shorter than the intervals of the stem ; flowers subses-
sile ; calyx obtuse.

A native of the sandy sea shore at Nantucket, Plumb island
and other places, forming dense, clustered thickets. The whole
plant is covered with whitish down. Stems ascending, studded
with short branches, which are covered with minute, acute, im-
bricated leaves. Flowers small, on short, lateral, leafy stalks.
Calyx of three leaves, two of which are bifid. Petals five, obo-
vate, bright yellow. Stamens about twenty ; filaments a little
contorted, anthers roundish. Germ ovate, style crooked. July.

216. SARRACENIA.
SARRACENIA PURPUREA. L. Sidesaddle Flower.

Leaves decumbent, shorter than the scape, inflated ;
ventral wing arched ; appendix broad heart shaped,
waved.

The whole of this genus are plants of very singular structure.
The Sarracenia purpurea is the only one which endures our
climate. The leaves, which are all radical, are formed by a
large hollow tube, swelling in the middle, curved and dimin-
ishing downward, till it ends in a stem, contracted at the mouth,
furnished with a large, spreading, heart shaped appendage at
top, which is hairy within, the hairs pointing downwards ; and
a broad, wavy wing extending the whole length on the inside.
The full grown leaves will contain a wine glass of water, and are
rarely found empty. The scape is long, smooth, and cylindri-
cal, supporting a large, nodding flower. Exterior calyx of three
small leaves; interior of five ovate, obtuse leaves, shining, and
of a brownish purple. Petals five, panduriform, obtuse, repeat-
edly curved inward and outward and finally inflected over the
stigma, brownish purple above, green below, deciduous. Sta-
mens numerous, with short filaments and large bilocular, oblong,

214 Class XIII. Order I.

peltate, yellow anthers. Style short, cylindrical supporting the
broad, spreading stigma, divided, at its margin, into five bifid
lobes, alternating with the petals. Properly speaking this curi-
ous plant has five stigmas, which are projecting points with moist
tops situated under the notches of the lobes. Swamps and mea-
dows. June. Perennial.

217. TILIA.
TILIA AMERICANA. L. Lime Tree or Bass Wood.

Leaves roundish-heart shaped, abruptly acuminate,
sharply serrate, smooth ; petals truncated at top ; nut
ovate. Mich.f.

A tree of the middle size, remarkable for the neatness of its
foliage, and the singularity of its flowering. The leaves are large,
roundish, heart-shaped at base, finely serrated. The footstalk
supporting a bunch of flowers, proceeds from the centre of an
oblong, pale, floral leaf or bracte, as in the others of the genus.
Flowers greenish white, succeeded by small, hard, greyish cap-
sules. The wood of this tree is white, smooth, and soft. It is used
in the manufacture of certain kinds of furniture, and of the pan-
nels of carriages. The bark is fibrous, strong, and flexible, and
makes tolerable ropes. July.

218. SANGUINARIA.

SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS. L. Blood Root.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. vii.

This is one of our earliest spring flowers. The flower and
leaf proceed from the end of a horizontal, fleshy, abrupt root,
fed by numerous radicles. This root makes offsets from its
sides, which separate as the old root decays, acquiring by this
separation the abrupt or premorse form.

Externally the colour of the root is a brownish red. Inter-
nally it is pale, and when divided emits a bright orange coloured
juice from numerous points of its surface. The bud or hyber-
naculum, which terminates the root, is composed of successive
scales or sheathes, the last of which acquires a considerable size,
as the plant springs up. By dissecting this hybernaculum in the
summer or autumn, we may discover the embryo leaf and flower

Class XIII. Order I. 215

of the succeeding spring, and with a common magnifier, even the
stamens may be counted.

The Sauguinaria is smooth throughout. The leaves grow on
long channelled petioles. When spread out, they are reniform
or heart shaped, with larg-e, roundish lobes separated by obtuse
sinuses. The under side is strongly reticulated with veins, it is
paler than the upper, and at length becomes glaucous. The
scape is round, rises in front of the petiole, and is infolded by
the young leaf. The calyx consists of two concave, ovate,
obtuse leaves, which are perfect in the bud, but fall off when
the corolla expands. Petals eight, spreading, concave, obtuse,
the alternate or external ones longer, so that the flower has a
square appearance. This is its natural character, although
cultivation sometimes increases the number of petals. Stamens
numerous, with oblong yellow anthers. Germ oblong, com-
pressed; style none; stigma thick, somewhat two lobed. Capsule
oblong, acute at both extremities, two valved. Seeds numer-
ous, roundish, compressed, dark shining red, half surrounded
with a peculiar while vermiform appendage, which projects at
the lower end.

After the flower has fallen, the leaves, continue to grow, and
by midsummer have acquired so large a size as to appear like a
different plant. Woods and thickets, South Boston and Cam-
bridge. April. Perennial.

The root is a violent emetic.

219. PODOPHYLLUM.

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM. May Apple.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxiii.

Leaves two, peltate, lobed.

The May apple has a jointed running root about half the size
of the finger, by which it spreads extensively in rich grounds,
where it gets introduced. The stem is about a foot in height,
and invested at its base by the sheaths which covered it when
in bud. It is smooth, round, and erect, dividing at top into two
round petioles from three to six inches long. Each petiole sup-
ports a large peltate, palmate leaf, smooth above, slightly pubes-
cent beneath, deeply divided into about seven lobes, which are

216 Class XIII. Order L

wedge-shaped, two parted and toothed at the extremity. Oa
the inside the leaf is cleft almost to the petiole. In barren stems
which support but one leaf this does not take place, and the leaf
is very perfectly peltate. In the fork of the stem is a solitary
flower on a round, nodding peduncle one or two inches long.
Calyx of three oval, obtusp, concave leaves, cohering in the bud
by their scarious margins, and breaking off at base when the
flower expands. Petals from six to nine. Linnaeus makes them
nine in his generic character, but in this climate I have found
them more frequently seven even in luxuriant specimens grow-
ing in very rich soil. They are obovate, obtuse, concave,
smooth, white, with slight transparent veins. Stamens shorter
than the petals, curving upwards ; anthers oblong, twice as long
as their filaments. Germ oval, compressed, obscurely angular.
Stigma nearly sessile, convex, its surface rendered irregular by
numerous convolutions and folds. The flower is succeeded by
a large acid, ovate, yellowish fruit, which is one celled, many
seeded and crowned with the stigma. Its early period of ripen-
ing has given it the trivial name of May Apple. The root is
medicinal, answering as a substitute for jalap. It is found native
at Medway, twenty five miles from Boston. May. Perennial.

220. NUPHAR.

NUPHAR ADVENA. Mt. Yellow Water Lily.

Calyx six leaved ; petals numerous ; capsule fur-
rowed ; stigma crenate ; leaves heart shaped, the lobes
divaricate.

Syn. NTMPHAEA ADVENA. Ait. Kew. 1st Edit.

This plant is usually considered distinct from the Nuphar
tutea of Europe, though there is still some confusion in the dis-
criminating marks laid down by authors. The present species
certainly partakes the character of both. Are they in reality
more than varieties ?

Roots very large, creeping and irregular, like those of Nym-
phaea. Leaves oblong-heart shaped with rounded lobes, polished
on the upper surface, always floating in deep water, and erect in
shallow. Petioles exactly semicylindrical. Scapes round, spongy,
made up of equal longitudinal tubes, which are hairy within, at

Class XIII, Order I. 21?

seen by a magnifier. Calyx of six concave leafets, the three
outermost green and roundish or ovate ; the three inner ones
resembling petals, somewhat wedge-shaped, retuse, yellow shad-
ed with dull crimson, sometimes with green.

Petals? about fourteen, less than half the length of the caryx,
yellow, wedge shaped, truncated, fleshy, impressed by the sta-
mens, but Without any thing like nectariferous furrows. Stamens
numerous, linear, flat topped, erect in the bud, recurved in the
flower, inserted into the sides of the receptacle below the germ.
Anthers of two longitudinal cells on the upper side of the fila-
ments. Germ large, ovate, furrowed on the outside. Stigma
peltate, sessile, circular, its border slightly undulated or cre-
nate, its upper surface with a central depression, from which
proceed about twenty slightly prominent mys, which, by their
appearance, are so many distinct stigmas, each one correspond-
ing to a cell in the germ. Ponds and ditches. May, June.
Perennial.

The furrowing of the petals and g"erm, and the crenatures of
the stigma, are merely produced by the apposition of the
stamens in the bud. The petals and stamens are also truncated,
in consequence of the depressed and globular form of the bud ;
which is one of the best jjeneric marks.

O

In the number of its calyx leaves, and its undulated stigma,
this plant is JV. advena. In its semicylindrical petioles and num-
ber of rays of the stigma, it is JV. lutea. In northern latitudes
where the roots can only exist in deep water, the leaves arc
always floating ; in southern, where they can live in shallow
water, the leaves are erect.

NUPHAR KALMIANA. Ait. Kalm's Water Lily.

Leaves cordate ; the lobes subapproximate ; calyx

five leaved ; stigma cut with from eight to twelve rajs.

A small species appearing like a diminutive oflspring of the
preceding. In Sudbury river. Mr. Boott June.

221. NYMPFLEA.

NYMPH;EA ODORATA. Siveet scented Water Lilly.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. Iv.

Leaves orbicular-cordate, entire: the lobes acumi

28

218 Class XIII. Order I.

nate, and veins prominent beneath ; calyx four leaved,
equal to the petals.

Few plants possess a more exquisite fragrance than the com-
mon white water lily. It is found only in deep waters, where its
foots are secured from the frosts in winter by a sort of natural
hotbed being thus provided for it. The roots creep through the
muddy bottoms of ponds to a great extent. They are very
rough, knotted, blackish, and as large as a man's arm. The
stalks, both of leaves and flowers, spring directly from the root.
They vary in length, from one foot to five or six, according to
the depth of the water. Petioles somewhat semicircular, scapes
round. Both are perforated throughout by long tubes, or air
vessels, which serve to float them. The leaves, which swim on
the surface, are nearly round with a cleft or sinus extending to
the centre, at which the petiole is inserted in a peltate manner.
The lobes on each side of this sinus are prolonged into an acute
point. The upper surface is of a bright gloss} r green, almost
without veins ; the lower surface is reddish and marked by a
multitude of strong prominent veins diverging from the centre.
The calyx has four lanceolate leaves, green without and white
within. Petals numerous, lanceolate, of a delicate whiteness,
with sometimes a tinge of red on the outside. Stamens numer-
ous, yellow, in several rows, inserted on the germ ; filaments
dilated, especially the outer ones, so as to resemble petals ;
anthers in two longitudinal cells growing to the filaments and
opening inwardly. The stigma is surrounded by from twelve to
twenty-four rays, resembling abortive anthers, at first incurved,
afterwards spreading. At the centre is a solid, moist, hemis-
pherical protuberance, which has been usually called a nectary,
but which appears to me to be the true stigma. Fruit a large,
roundish, many celled berry, impressed with the marks of the
petals and stamens, ripening under water. Seeds numerous,
small.

Common in deep rivers and ponds. July. Perennial.

Class XIII. Order VI.

PENTAGYN1A.

222. AQUILEGIA.
AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS. L. Wild Columbine.

Nectaries straight ; stamens longer than the corolla.
L.

This early flower is more delicate in its habit and colours
than the common garden species. Root somewhat fusiform,
penetrating the clefts of rocks. Stem erect, branching. Leaves
once or twice ternate, lobed. Flowers on the ends of the branch-
es, pendulous, scarlet without, and yellow within. The necta-
ries resemble straight horns, alternating with the petals, which
are oval and acute. Stamens numerous, yellow, projecting.
Filaments filiform, unequal ; anthers oval. Germs oblong, acute,
pubescent, appressed together. Styles filiform. After flowering
the fruit becomes erect. Dry hills, rocks, and pastures. April.
May. Perennial.

POLYGYJVIA.

223. CLEMATIS.

CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA. L. Traveller's Joy. Virgin's Bower.

Leaves trifoliate,; leafets heart-shaped, sublobate-
angular, climbing ; flowers dioecious. L.

A climbing hardy vine. The stem gives off at intervals a pair
of opposite petioles, which twine round objects of support, serv-
ing the purpose of tendrils; each bears three heart-shaped leafets,
which are variously toothed and lobed. Peduncles axillary,
bearing cymes of white flowers, which are dioecious, the fertile
flowers having imperfect anthers. The most remarkable ap-
pearance of this plant is when in fruit; the long feathery tails of
the seeds appearing like tufts of wool. Grows in low ground.
Very abundant on the banks of the Neponset river, Milton. Au-
gust.

224. ATRAGENE.

ATUAGENE AMERICANA. Sims. Atragene.

Leaves in whorls of fours, ternate ; leafets cordate,
subentire ; nectaries acute.

220 Class XIII. Order VI.

Syn. CLEMATIS VF.RTICILLARIS. Decandolle.

An eleg-mt climbing 1 vine with large flowers. The stem gives*
off opposite axillary buds, out of each of which proceed two
ternate leaves and a fine purple flower. Petals four, oblong-
ovate, ciliate, an inch or more in length. In Brooklyn, Con-
necticut, and in Vermont. June.

225. THALICTRUM.

THALICTRUM DIOICUM. JL. Early Thalictrum.

Flowers dioecious ; filaments filiform ; leafets round-
ish, with obtuse lobes.

A small species, flowering in woods early in May. Stem
smooth, very slightly furrowed, jointed. Leaves compounded
twice or more ; leafets smooth, thin, roundish or reniform, paler
beneath, with rounded lobes and teeth. Flowers panicled. Co-
rolla of about five oval, obtuse, purplish petals. The barren
flowers have many stamens with capillary filaments, and oblong,
brown or purplish, and sometimes yellow anthers. The fertile
flowers are smaller and less crowded. Germs from four to twelve,
with curved stigmas. Seeds oval, furrowed, tipt with the
style.

THALICTRUM CORYNELLUM. Decand. -Meadow Thalictrum.
Flowers polygamous ; filaments clavate ; fruit ses-
sile, striate ; leafets obtusely three lobed, pale under-
neath.

Sijn. THALICTRUM poLrcAMUM. Muhl ?

A tall plant, common in meadows. Stem erect three or four
feet high, smooth, furrowed, jointed. Leaves more than decom-
pound, with jointed petioles ; leafets rounded, obtuse or hearted
at base, smooth, green above, pale underneath, ending in several
obtuse lobes. Flowers panicled. Corolla of four or five white
or greenish petals, deciduous. The barren plants contain about
forty stamens in each flower ivith white, club shaped filaments
and oblong yellow anthers. The fertile plants have a few sta-
mens of the same kind, surrounding a bunch of oval greenish
germs, each of which bears a white recurved stigma. Seeds
oval, ribbed, June, July.

Class XIII. Order VI. 221

226. COPTIS.

COPTIS TRIFOLIA. Goldthread.

Bigclow, Medical Botany, PI. v.

Leaves ternate ; scape one flowered.

Syn. HELLEBORUS TRIFOLIUS. L.

The roots of this plant, from which the name of Goldthread is
taken, are perennial and creeping 1 . On removing the moss and
decayed leaves from the surface of the ground, they discover
themselves of a bright yellow colour, running in every direction.
The bases of the new stems are invested with a number of yel-
lowish, ovate, acuminate stipules. Leaves ternate, on long slen-
der petioles ; leafets roundish, acute at base, lobed and crenate,
the crenatures acuminate ; smooth, firm, veiny. Scape slender,
round, bearing one small, starry, white flower, and a minute,
ovate, acute bracte at some distance below. Calyx none. Pe-
tals five, six, or seven, oblong, concave, white. Nectaries five
or six, inversely conical, hollow, yellow at the mouth. Stamens
numerous, white, with capillary filaments and roundish anthers.
Germs from five to seven, stipitate, oblong", compressed ; styles
recurved. Capsules pedicelled, umbelled, oblong-, compressed,
beaked, with numerous black, oval seeds attached to the inner
side. Woods, Brookline. Perennial. The root is a strong bit-
ter, used in medicine.

227. CALTHA.

CALTHA PALUSTRIS. L. Marsh Marigold. Meadow Cowslip.
Stem erect ; leaves round, heart shaped. Forster.

Brought to market in the spring under the name of Cowslips.
At that season its' bright yellow blossoms are very common and
conspicuous in meadows and wet situations. Stem upright, fur-
rowed. Leaves smooth, heart or kidney shaped, crenate, the
radical ones on petioles, those of the stem nearly sessile. Flow-
ers on axillary stalks, with large, roundish, glossy petals of a
bright yellow, as are the stamens. The young buds are some-
times substituted for capers. Perennial.

222 Class XIII. Order VI.

228. HYDROPELTIS.

HYDROPELTIS PURPUREA. Mich. Water Target.

Syn. IXODIA PALUSTRIS. Solander.

BRASENIA uroROPELTis. Muhl.

An aquatic plant, the only species of its genus. Its leaves
which can hardly be mistaken for any thing else, are perfectly
elliptical, with the leaf stalk inserted exactly in their centre,
forming a centro-peltate leaf. Their upper surface is smooth
and shining, like those of the water lilies, among which they
float. Flowers dark purple ; petals six, the three outermost
shortest. Stamens numerous. Germs oblong with incurved
styles. The immersed portions of the plant, particularly the
stalks and young leaves are cloathed with a thick gelatinous sub-
stance, transparent, and insipid to the taste. In Fresh pond,
and other stagnant waters. July. Perennial.

229. HEPATICA.
HEPATIC A TRILOBA. Willd. enum. Hepatica. Early Anemone.

Leaves mostly three lobed, the lobes entire ; scape
one flowered.

Syn. ANEMONE HEPATICA. L.

This delicate little plant is one of the earliest visitors in
spring, flowering in sunny spots before the snow has left the
ground. The flowers appear before the leaves on hairy scapes.
Calyx of three ovate, obtuse, hairy leafets, situated on the scape
at a distance below the petals. Petals oblong, obtuse, purple,
sometimes white. Seeds numerous, sessile, ovate, acute, hahy,
supported by the persistent calyx. The leaves are heart shaped
at base, and divided into three, rarely five, entire lobes.

Variety . Lobes of the leaves obtuse. Sweet Auburn,

Brookline. April, May.

/3. Lobes acute. On the Ascutney mountain, May.
June.

230. ANEMONE.
ANEMONE NEMOROSA. Mich. Wood Anemone.

Seeds pointed ; leaves three ; leafets lobed ; stem
one flowered.

Class XIII. Order VI. 223

This species and the next are among the earliest flowers of
spring, appearing in April, and continuing through the month
of May. In this the root is creeping. Stem erect, supporting
a single flower on its summit, and three compound leaves given
off in a whorl below. Leafets toothed and lobed, paler under-
neath. Flower of five petals, which are white, shaded with
purple on the outside. The whole plant is acrimonious to the
taste. In woods and about fences, very common. Perennial.

ANEMONE THALICTROIDES. Lt. Rue leaved Anemone.

Flowers umbelled ; stem leaves simple, whorled ;
root leaves twice ternate. L.

Syn. THALICTRUM J!NEMONOIDES. Mick.

Readily distinguished from the last, by its number of flow-
ers. Root tuberous. Stem upright, simple, divided at top into
a sort of umbel, of several flowers accompanied by a number of
simple heart shaped, three lobed leaves. The leaves which
proceed from the root are compound, usually three times ter-
nate. Flowers white, petals varying in number ; the largest
flowers having eight or ten. Woods and pastures. April, May.
Perennial.

ANEMONE VIRGINIANA. L. Tall Anemone.

Stem branched ; petioles three leaved, leafets cut-
lobed, serrate ; flower stalks wand-like ; seeds in an
oblong ovate head, woolly. Mich.

A tall, very straight plant, unlike in its habit to those de-
scribed. Stem two or three feet high, round, hairy ; leaves
ternate, deeply cut and lobed, hairy, paler underneath. Pedun-
cles very long, straight, erect, parallel. Flowers terminal, green,
solitary. Petals oblong, acute, covered outside with silken
down. Stamens and styles very numerous. The seeds form an
oblong cylindrical head. Found in dry woods, road sides. &c.
.T'me, July. Perennial.

224 Class XIII. Order VI.

231. TROLLIUS.

TROLLIUS LAXUS. Salisb. American Trollius.

Petals five, oblong, spreading ; nectaries shorter
than the stamens.

Syn. TROLLIUS AMERICANUS. Donn.

This plant resembles a Ranunculus, and is easily passed by for
one of the common species of that genus. Leaves palmate,
lobed, cloven almost to the petiole into five segments or leafets,
the middle one distinct, all of them smooth, cut, and toothed.
Petals yellow, round-obovate. Capsules about six, erect, crowned
with the persistent styles. Gathered in Hanover, N. H. June.
Perennial.

232. RANUNCULUS.

RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA. L. Small Speanvort.

Smooth ; stem declining ; leaves lanceolate, the low-
er ones petioled ; peduncles terminal and axillary, one
flowered ; calyx somewhat reflexed.

Stem somewhat decumbent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire
or toothed, smooth. Flowers small, soliiary, yellow. Peduncles
round. Calyx reflexed. In ditches, &,c. rare. Introduced.
June to August Perennial.

RANUNCULUS FILIFORMIS. MX. Filiform Crowfoot.

Smooth and very small ; stems filiform, creeping ;
geuiculate ; joints one flowered ; leaves linear-subulate,
obtuse. Mr.

Syn. RANUNCULUS SEPTA NS. /3. Decand.

A very delicate, creeping species. Stem round, filiform, sar-
mentose, sending out roots and leaves from the joints. Leaves
linear, compressed, fleshy, obtuse. Flowers solitary. Calyx
leaves roundish, obtuse, concave, spreading. Petals obovate,
emarginate. Scale of the nectary elevated, adnate at the sides,
forming a cavity underneath it. Low grounds, Topsfield, Bart-
lett, New-Hampshire. June, July, Perennial.

Variety /3. ovalis. Leaves oval and lanceolate. Petals from
five to eight. Sent from Danvers by Dr. Nichols.

Class XIII. Order VI. 225

RANUNCULUS CYMBALARIA. Ph. Sea Crowfoot.

Stem sarmentose, leaves reniform-heart shaped,
smooth, crenate ; petals spatulate.

Stem sarmentose, filiform, round, smooth, putting out roots
and shoots at the joints. Leaves radical, on long compressed
petioles, reniform, toothed or crenate, very smooth. Scape round,
two or three flowered, with spatulate, obtuse bractes. Calyx
leaves smooth, ovate, acute, yellowish, spreading, at length re-
flexed. Petals spatulate, bright yellow. Nectary a small pit
with its lower margin elevated. Fruit oblong. Seeds numerous,
unequally ovate and acute. Salt marshes, Chelsea, Cambridge.
Perennial.
RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS. L. Small flowered Crowfoot.

Radical leaves heart-shaped, crenate ; stem leaves
ternate, angular ; stem about three flowered. L.

This species is easily distinguished by its small flowers, and
undivided, radical leaves. The leaves which grow from the
root are heart or kidney shaped, crenate, the largest ones some-
times Jobed. Stem leaves in threes or fives, at the base of each
peduncle, nearly sessile, the upper ones lanceolate. Stems erect,
smooth, few flowered. Flowers small, yellow. Calyx leaves ob-
tuse, concave, a little shorter than the petals. Petals yel-
low, lance-ovate ; nectaries tubular and emarginate, or fun-
nel shaped and obliquely truncate. Seeds in a globular head,
roundish, flat, tipt with the recurved style. Woods. May, June.
Perennial.

KANUNCULUS SCELERATUS. L. Celery leaved Crowfoot.

Lower leaves palmate ; uppermost in finger like di-
visions ; fruit oblong.

A smooth, branching plant, with small flowers. Stem thick,
round, and hollow. Lower leaves divided deeply, but not so far
as the petiole, the segments toothed and lobed. Upper leaves
sessile, divided to the bottom. Flowers numerous, on petioles
of unequal length. Calyx pubescent, somewhat deflected. Pe-
tals small, concave, yellow. Seeds small, in a close, cylindrical
head. Grows in watery places. June, July. Perennial It is
very acrid, when fresh, and may be made to produce blisters.
29

226 Class XIII. Order VI,

RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS. Muhl, Early Crowfoot,

Leaves ternate, subpinnate ; root fascicled.

An inhabitant of dry, rocky hills, flowering in April and May'
The root consists of numerous fleshy divisions, among which are
found dead portions of the last year's root, swollen like tubers,
and frequently pierced through their whole length by the new
or living roots. The leaves are pubescent, but have a smooth
appearance. Those of the root grow on long stalks, and are ter-
nate. Leafets three lobed, remote, the terminal one deeply
cleft, appearing like three distinct leafets, so that the leaf has a
pinnate form. Peduncles a little angular, hairy, narrow. Calyx
spreading, hairy underneath, yellow inside. Petals longer than
the calyx, transparent at base. Nectary a wedge formed, flat
scale as wide as claw of the petal. Seeds smooth with an acumi-
nate incurved point. Perennial.

RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS. L. Bulbous Crowfoot. Buttercups.
Calyx reflexed ; flower stalks furrowed ; stem up-
right, many flowered ; leaves compound. L.

Very frequent among the grass in pastures, road sides, &c^
The root is solid and fleshy, acrimonious and almost caustic.
Stems erect, furnished with leaves, somewhat hairy. Leaves
hairy, in three or five principal divisions, variously toothed and
cut. Flower stalks upright and furrowed. Flowers of a bright,
glossy yellow ; calyx leaves bent downward against the flower
stalk, hairy. Petals roundish, wedge shaped. Nectary a round-
ish wedge formed scale, convex above and hollow underneath,
Fruit in globular heads. May and after. Perennial.

RANUNCULUS ACRIS. L. Tall Crowfoot.

Calyx spreading ; flower stalks round and even ;
leaves in three divisions with many segments, the up-
per ones linear.

Distinguished by its superior height, being usually about two
feet high. Root fleshy, resembling the last, but smaller in pro-
portion to the plant. Root leaves large, hairy, divided into
three or five diverging lobes, which are again repeatedly sub-
divided, ending in acute segments and teeth. Petioles hairy.

Class Xlli. Order VI. 227

especially at their ends. Uppermost leaves in three entire,
linear segments. Stem erect, branching 1 . Flower stalks round,
not furrowed. Calyx spreading under the petals, not reflexed.
Petals large, shining, yellow. Seeds in globular heads. This
plant spreads rapidly, and is exceedingly troublesome in meadows
and mowing ground. Being cut with hay it would no doubt be
pernicious to cattle, were not its acrimony lost by drying. It
flowers all summer. Perennial.

RANUNCULUS REPENS. L. Creeping Crowfoot.

Calyx spreading ; flower stalks furrowed ; scions
creeping ; leaves compound. L.

The flowers of this and the two last are very similar, and con-
founded under the common name of Buttercups. An attention
to the calyx and flower stalks readily distinguishes them. In
this the leaves are mostly ternate, lobed and toothed, often mark-
ed with a light spot at their sinuses. The plant sends out long,
prostrate stems or runners, which sufficiently distinguish it from
the others. Flower stalks furrowed as in Ranunculus bulbosus,
calyx spreading as in Ranunculus acris. Petals bright yellow,
often emarginate. Shady places. Flowering all summer. Pe-
rennial.

RANUNCULUS PENNSYLVANICUS. L. Bristly Crowfoot.

Rigidly hispid ; stem erect ; leaves ternate, trifid,
cut and toothed ; calyx reflexed ; styles of the fruit
straight.

A large, branching, small flowered species, covered throughout
with stiff horizontal bristles. Petals yellow, not longer than the
calyx. Fruit in oblong heads. In woods and meadows. June.
August. The plant, intended by Pursh under this name, is pro^
bably a different species.

RANUNCULUS FLUVIATILIS. White, Water Ranunculus.

Stem filiform, floating ; leaves all immersed and ca-
pillary ; petals five, oblong, remote.

Stem long, slender, round, smooth, jointed, hardly tubular,
floating. Each joint gives off a loaf which is petioled, repeated-
ly ternate, and capillacpo-multipartite. There are usually two

228 Class XIII. Order VI.

roots, one on each side the petiole, and an axillary branch or leaf,
or peduncle. Stipules oblong, clasping. Peduncles opposite to
leaves, smooth, compressed, not furrowed. Calyx of five con-
cave striate leaves. Petals five, oblong-wedge form, narrow,
with spaces between them, white with a yellow base. Nectary
a truncated tube. In deep brooks. July, August. Perennial.

RANUNCULUS MULTIFIDUS. Pursh. Yellow Water Ranunculus.
Floating, leaves capillary, many-cleft, with axillary
leafets ; peduncles opposite to bractes ; petals from
five to eight, obovate- wedge shaped.

Syn. RANUNCULUS FLUVIATILIS. Flor. Bost. 1st edit.

Stem floating, three or four feet long, round, smooth, tubular,
a little branched at top, and sending out very long thread shaped
roots from the lower joints. Leaves immersed, alternate, with
short concave petioles, cleft into innumerable capillary, flattish
segments, at first ternately, and afterward by forks. In the axil
of each leaf is commonly a similar leafet on a long petiole, or
sometimes a small branch. Stipules thin, oblong, obtuse. Bractes
oblong, sometimes three cleft, and now and then subdivided into
linear segments like the leaves, but broader and shorter. Pe-
duncles opposite to bractes, large, slightly furrowed. Calyx of
five yellowish, obtuse, concave, caducous leafets. Petals five, and
often more, obovate-wedge shaped, yellow, shining, twice as
long as the calyx and as large as R. bulbosus. Nectary ovate,
concave, with erect edges. Seeds smooth, with conical, erect,
recurved points. Found in stagnant waters. May, June. Pe-
rennial.

This species was first described in the former edition of this
work under the name of R. fluviatilis, of which it was then con-
sidered a variety. Mr. Pursh has since described in his supple-
ment, under the name of R. multifidus, a plant found in Upper
Louisiana, agreeing in most respects with this, and which, I am
informed, on comparison of specimens, turns out the same. The
R. multifidus of Rees' Cyclopedia is a wholly different, Egyptian
plant. Decandolle, who adopts Pursh's name for the American
plant, applies the appellation, R. Forskcehlii, to the Egyptian
species.

Class XIII. Order VI. 229

233. MAGNOLIA.
MAGNOLIA GLAUCA. L. Small Magnolia.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxvii.

Leaves oval, glaucous underneath ; petals obovate,
narrowed at base.

Tins I believe is the only species of its superb genus, which
has been found native in New-England. The bark of the young
twigs is of a bright-smooth green, with rings at the insertion and
scars of the leaves. Leaves scattered, petioled, regularly ellip-
tical, entire and glabrous. Their under side, except the midrib,
is of a beautifully pale, glaucous colour, by which the tree may
be distinguished at a distance. When young, this surface is
covered with a silken pubescence. Flowers solitary, terminal,
on a short, incrassated peduncle. Calyx of three spatulate, ob-
tuse, concave segments. Corolla of from eight to fourteen obo-
vate, obtuse, concave petals, contracted at their base. The
stamens are very numerous and inserted in common with the
petals on the sides of a conical receptacle. Filaments very
short; anthers linear, mucronated, two-celled, opening inwardly.
Germs oval, collected into a cone, each one divided by a furrow,
and tipt with a brownish, linear, recurved style. The fruit is a
cone, consisting of imbricated cells, which open longitudinally
from the escape of the seed. Seeds obovate, scarlet, connected
to the cone by a thread, which suspends them some time after
they have icillen out. It grows plentifully in a sheltered swamp
at Gloucester, twenty-five miles from Boston, which is perhaps
its northern boundary. Flowers in July. Bark aromatic and
bitter.

234. L1RIODENDRON.

LlRIODENDRON TuLlPIFERA. Tulip TrC6.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxxi.

Leaves lobed and truncated.

One of the noblest trees, both in size and beauty, of the Ame-
rican forest. The branches of the Tulip tree are of a greyish
colour, inclining to red. The buds, which terminate them in
winter are obovate, and flattened or compressed into a sharp
edge at the extremity. These buds arc made up of a number

2-30 Class XII 1. Order VI.

of concentric sheaths, each of which contains a single miniature
leaf between it and the next interior sheath, which is folded up
and bent down upon one side of it. In the spring the sheaths
swell to a large size before bursting, and then liberate the leaves
one at a time, the remains of each sheath becoming converted
into a stipule. The leaves are divided into four pointed lobes,
and terminated by a shallow notch, the extremity being nearly
square, and the middle rib ending abruptly as if cut off. In the
large leaves the two lower lobes are furnished with a tooth or
additional lobe on their outside. They are attached by long
peduncles, and have a beautifully smooth and bright green sur-
face. There is one variety of this tree which has the lobes of
its leaves not pointed, but very obtuse. The flowers are large,
solitary, and terminal. The outer calyx has two triangular
leaves which fall off as the flower expands. The inner calyx
consists of three large, oval, concave, veined leaves, of a pale
green colour, spreading at first, but afterwards reflexed. Petals
six, sometimes more, obtuse, veined, concave, of a pale yellow-
ish green, marked with an irregular, indented crescent of bright
orange, on both sides towards the base. Stamens numerous,
with long linear anthers opening outwardly, and short filaments.
Pistil a large conical, acute body, its upper half covered with
minute, blackish, recurved stigmas ; its lower furrowed, being a
mass of coalescing styles and germs. The fruit is a cone of im-
bricated seed vessels, which are woody and solid, their upper
portion formed by a long lanceolate scale. Seeds two, blackish,
ovate, one or both often abortive. Cultivated about Boston for
ornament, and found native in the southern parts of Massachu-
setts and in Connecticut. June. The bark is aromatic.

Class XIV. Order I. 231

Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Four stamens,

two long and two short.

Order 1. GYMJVOSPERM1A. Seeds naked.
A. Calyxes mostly Jive cleft.

235. GLECHOMA. Anthers approaching each other
in pairs, each pair forming a cross.

236. MENTHA. Corolla nearly equal, four cleft ;
the broadest segment notched ; stamens straight,
distant.

237. HYSSOPUS. Lower lip of the corolla three
parted, its middle segment crenate ; stamens straight,
distant.

238. TEUCRIUM. Corolla without any upper lip ;
stamens projecting through a fissure in the upper side
of the tube ; sides of the fissure divaricate.

239. LAMIUM. Upper lip of the corolla entire,
vaulted ; lower lip two lobed ; throat toothed each side.

240. LEONURUS. Corolla with the upper lip
erect, concave, undivided, hairy ; lower lip three
parted, with the middle segment undivided ; stamens
longer than the orifice.

241. STACHYS. Corolla with the lateral segments
of the lower lip reflected at the side ; stamens when
old bent outwards.

242. GALEOPSIS. Upper lip of the corolla subcre-
nate, vaulted ; lower lip two toothed above.

243. BALLOTA. Calyx funnel shaped, ten striate :
upper lip of the corolla concave.

244. NEPETA. Corolla with the lower lip cre-
nate ; the orifice with a reflected margin : stamens
approximate.

232 Class XIV. Order I.

245. BRACHYSTEMUM. Tube of the corolla as long
as the calyx ; orifice without hairs ; stamens nearly
equal, very short, included in the corolla.

246. PYCNANTHEMUM. Tube of the corolla as long
as the calyx; upper lip mostly entire; stamens dis-
tant, two as long as the upper lip, two shorter ; heads
with many bractes.

247. VERBENA. Calyx with one tooth truncated :
corolla nearly equal, curved ; stamens two or four :
seeds two or four.

B. Calyxes two lipped.

248. CLINOPODIUM. Involucrum of many bristles,
under the whorl ; upper lip of the corolla flat, obcor-
date, straight.

249. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx furnished with a lid,
which closes after flowering.

250. PRUNELLA. Filaments forked ; cuic point of
the fork bearing the anther ; stigma cloven.

251. TRICHOSTEMA. Corolla with the upper lip
falcated ; stamens very long.

252. PHRYMA. Calyx cylindrical, the upper half
longer and three cleft, lower half two toothed ; upper
lip of the corolla emarginate, the lower lip largest ;
seed one.

Order II. ANGIOSFERMLd. Seeds in a Vessel.

253. LINN^A. Calyx double, one inferior, two
leaved ; the other superior, five leaved ; corolla cam-
panulate ; berry dry, three celled.

254. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx four cleft ; corolla per-
sonate, compressed at top ; capsule two celled ; seeds
double, gibbous, smooth.

Class XIV. Order II. 233

255. RHINANTHUS. Calyx ventricose, four cleft ;
corolla ringent, the upper lip compressed ; capsule
two celled, compressed, obtuse.

256. SCROPHULARIA. Calyx five cleft; corolla
somewhat globular, reversed ; the middle segment of
the lip placed internally ; capsule two celled.

257. ANTIRRHINUM. Calyx five parted, corolla
personate, with a prominent nectary underneath ;
capsule two celled.

258. BARTSIA. Calyx two lobed, emarginate, col-
oured ; corolla smaller than the calyx, its upper lip
longest ; capsule two celled ; seeds angular.

259. OROBANCHE. Corolla ringent ; capsule, one
celled, two valved, many seeded ; a gland under the
base of the germ.

260. PEDICULARIS. Calyx five cleft ; corolla with
the upper lip compressed and emarginate ; capsule
two celled, oblique, pointed ; seeds few.

261. GERARDIA. Calyx five leaved ; corolla some-
what salver-shaped, two lipped ; lower lip three lobed,
lobes emarginate, middle one two parted ; capsule
two celled, bursting at base.

262. MIMULUS. Calyx prismatic; corolla with the
upper lip reflected at the sides ; capsule two celled,
many seeded.

263. CHELONE. Calyx five leaved, corolla inflated,
the lips closed ; rudiment of a fifth glabrous, filament
between the upper stamens.

30

234 Class XIV. Order I.

DIDYNAMIA.

G YMNOSPERMM.

235. GLECHOMA.

GLECHOMA HEDERACEA. L. Ground Ivy. Gill.

Leaves reniform, crenate.

A creeping plant, usually found about fences or in shady
places. Stems square, procumbent. Leaves opposite, petioled,
heart or kidney shaped, crenate, hairy. Flowers in whorls, a
few together. Calyx striated, ending in five unequal, pointed
segments. Corolla blue, the upper lip straight, the lower ex-
panded, three lobed, the middle lobe emarginate. Each pair of
anthers meet, forming a cross. Ground ivy has a peculiar
strong taste and smell, and possesses some medicinal reputation.
May, June. Perennial.

236. MENTHA.

MENTHA BOREALIS. Mich. Horsemint.

Ascending, low, pubescent ; leaves petioled, oval-
lanceolate, acute at both ends ; flowers in whorls,
stamens projecting. Mich.

Inhabits the banks of rivulets and ditches. Stem square,
hairy backwards. Leaves opposite, on downy petioles, oval,
acute, serrate, the upper ones lanceolate. Flowers in regular,
axillary whorls, on short peduncles. Corolla pale purple. Sta-
mens twice as long as the corolla. June, July. Perennial.
The taste and properties resemble those of Pennyroyal.

MENTHA VIRIDIS. L. Spearmint.

Spikes interrupted ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute,
naked ; bractes setaceous, and, with the calyx teeth,
somewhat hairy. Sm.

This well known mint spreads rapidly by its creeping roots
in moist places. Stems erect, smooth, acute-angled. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, acute, serrate, smooth. Spikes long, acute r

Class XIV. Order I. 235

consisting of distinct, remote whorls. Pedicels glabrous.
Flowers purple. The whole plant has a pleasant, aromatic
flavor, well known. Flowers in August. Perennial.

237. HYSSOPUS.
HYSSOPUS NEPETOIDES. L. Tall Hyssop.

Spikes formed of whorls, cylindrical, leaves sub-
cordate, ovate, dentate, acuminate.

One of our tallest labiate plants. Stem large, square, smooth,
three to six feet high. Leaves opposite, with large teeth. Corollas
small, pale purple, with exserted stamens and styles. Woods,
Chelsea beach island. July. Perennial. The characters of
11. scrophularifolius and H. nepetoides are blended in this plant, and
I am convinced with Mr. Eaton that they are probably varieties.

238. TEUCRIUM.
TEUCRIUM CANADENSE. Wild Germander.

Stem herbaceous, erect ; leaves lanceolate serrate,
whitish underneath ; spike crowded, many flowered,
long. Midi.

Stem erect, square, downy, a foot or more height. Leaves
opposite, soft with fine down, lanceolate, acute, serrate. Spike
formed of small whorls of flowers, furnished with short bractes.
Calyx downy, its segments rather blunt. Corolla pale red, the
stamens issuing from a fissure in the upper side. Road side,
Cambridgeport. July. Perennial.

239. LAMIUJVL

LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE. L. Henbit.

Floral leaves sessile, clasping, obtuse.

Not larger than Glechoma hederacea. Leaves opposite,

roundish, heart shaped or reniform, crenate and cut, the upper

ones clasping. Calyx hairy. Corolla red, or white. Natur-
alized in cultivated ground. May. Annual.

210. LEONURUS.

LEONUIUTS CARDIACA. L. Motherwort.

Upper leaves lanceolate, three lobed or entire. Sm.

236 Class XIV. Order I.

A common plant among rubbish and about walls. Stem two
or three feet high, large, square, downy. Lower leaves lobed
and broad, the upper ones narrower, the highest of these lan-
ceolate, entire ; all of them spreading or bent downwards,
downy underneath. Flowers in many worls. Calyx teeth rigid
and prickly ; corolla hairy without, variegated with white and
red within. The herb has a strong, pungent odour, and is a
popular remedy in considerable request. July. Perennial. "

241. STACHYS.

STACHYS ASPERA. Mich. Hedge Nettle. Woundivort.

Stem erect, hairy backward ; leaves somewhat
petioled, lanceolate, sharply serrate ; spike of whorls
which are about six flowered ; calyx with firm
prickles. Mich.

Stem square, a foot high, the angles furnished with reflexed
hairs. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, somewhat heart shaped at
base, the upper surface and nerves underneath covered with
hairs. Flowers in whorls, constituting a leafy, terminal spike,
red. Calyx teeth prickly. Stamens in the old flowers bent out-
ward, forming an angle over the edge of the corolla. Road
sides, Chelsea, Brighton. June, July. Perennial.

242. GALEOPSIS.
GALEOPSIS TETRAHIT. L. Common Hemp Nettle.

Stem hispid, internodes thickened at top ; corolla
twice as long as the calyx ; its upper lip straight.

Stem square, a foot or more high, swelling below the joints,
bristly. Leaves ovate, serrate, hispid. Calyx hispid and
prickly. Upper lip of the corolla concave, extended, purple,

lower lip trifid, variegated. Naturalized in waste grounds.

July, August. Annual.

GALEOPSIS LADANUM. L. Red Hemp Nettle.

Stem hairy, internodes equal ; leaves lanceolate,
subserrate, hairy ; upper lip of the corolla obsoletely
creiiate.

Class XIV. Order I. 237

Smaller than the preceding. Stem branched and of uniform
thickness. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or serrate, marked
with deep veins. Calyx hairy with prickly teeth. Corolla
variable, red, white, or variegated. On Chelsea beach. July.
Annual.

243. BALLOTA.

BALLOTA NIGRA. L. Black Horehound.

Leaves ovate, undivided, serrate ; calyx dilated
above, subtrimcate, with spreading teeth.

Two or three feet high and universally pubescent. Leaves
ovate, a little cordate. Whorls axillary. Calyx infundibuli-
form, ten ribbed. Corolla purple or white. At Hull. July.
Perennial.

244. NEPETA.

NEPETA CATARIA. L* Catmint or Catnep.

Flowers spiked ; the whorls slightly peduncnlated.

Leaves on footstalks, heart shaped, tooth serrated. Sm.

This well known plant grows every where in dry soils,
about fences and buildings. Its name is derived from the great
partiality of cats for the odour of the plant. Stem two or three
feet high, square and downy. Leaves long-heart shaped, ser-
rate, pale underneath, covered with soft down. Calyx ribbed-
Corolla tubular, upper lip straight, lower lip with the middle
lobe spreading, crenate, elegantly dotted. July. Perennial.

245. BRACHYSTEMUM.
BRACHYSTEMUM VIRGINICUM. Mich. Virginia Thymr.

Stem erect, somewhat pubescent ; leaves lanceolate
or linear, entire, smooth ; heads somewhat fascicled.
Mich. abr.

Stjii. THTMUS VIKGINICUS. L.

An erect plant with fastigiate branches. Stem square, downy
at the angles. Leaves opposite, rigid, very narrow, rounded at
base, and tapering to a long, acute point. Under a magnifier
they appear covered with fine, black dots. Flowers in numer-

238 Class XIV. Order I.

ous small heads, mostly terminal. Calyxes downy. Corollas
white, dotted with purple. Taste like pennyroyal. By fences
and woods. July, August. Perennial.

246. PYCNANTHEMUM.

PYCNANTHEMUM INCANUM. Mich, Wild Basil.

Stem pubescent ; leaves petiolecl, oval, acuminate,
serrate, white-downy ; heads compound, terminal and
lateral ; bractes setaceous. Mich. abr.

>Syn. CLINOPODIUM INCANUM. L.

A white looking plant, covered with soft down. Stem one or
two feet high, covered with soft down, especially toward the
top. Leaves oval, pointed, with a few remote serratures on the
sides, soft and velvet-like, white underneath. Flowers on white,
branching footstalks, in lateral and terminal whorls or heads,
Bractes numerous, white, the inner ones setaceous. Corollas
projecting, pale, spotted with purple. Woods and mountains.
July, August. Perennial.

PYCNANTHEMUM ARISTATUM. Mich. Wild Basil.

Whitish ; leaves lance-oval, somewhat serrate, on
short petioles ; whorls and terminal head sessile ;
bractes linear, awned. Mich. abr.

Syn. NEPETA VIRGINICA. L.

Stem erect, a foot or more in hight, downy. Leaves opposite,
ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, dotted under a magnifier, the
upper ones hoary with white down. Each branch has one or
two downy, sessile whorls, and a terminal head. Bractes acu-
minated with a sort of awn. Flowers small. Both these species
have a strong, pungent taste, much like pennyroyal. Chelsea,
road side. July, August. Perennial.

247. VERBENA.

VERBENA HASTATA. L. Common blue J^ervetin.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, the lower
ones lobed ; spikes erect, filiform, panicled ; stamens
four.

Class XIV. Order I. 239

A tall, shewy plant, common by road sides in low ground,
three or four feet high. Leaves opposite, rough, sharply
serrate, tapering to a long point; the lower ones broader, with
commonly a lobe on each side at base, giving them somewhat
a hastate form. Spikes numerous, erect, slender. The flower-
ing commences at their base, and is long in reaching their sum-
mit. Flowers close, of a dark purplish hue, with four stamens.
July, September. Perennial.
VERBENA UKTICIFOLIA. L. Nettle leaved Vervain.

Leaves oval, serrate, acute, petioled ; spikes diverg-
ent, filiform, panicled ; stamens four.

Common among rubbish, about fences and buildings. Stem
erect, two or three feet in height. Leaves broad, oval or ovate,
rough, undivided. Panicles of long, very slender, flexile
spikes, diverging or divaricated, with distinct, somewhat remote
flowers, not imbricate like the last. Flowers small, white. A
weed of no beauty. July, August. Perennial.

248. CLINOPODIUM.
CLINOPODIUM VULGARE. JL. Wild Basil.

Whorls hispid ; bractes setaceous ; pedicels branch-
ed ; leaves obsoletely serrate.

Stem hairy, obtusely quadrangular. Leaves ovate, rather
obtuse, slightly serrate and hairy. Flowers in terminal and ax-
illary whorls with hairy stalks and narrow hairy involucres.
Calyx nerved, hairy ; corolla purplish. Woods, Windsor, Yt.
July. Perennial.

249. SCUTELLARIA.
SCUTELLARIA LATERiFLORA. L. Side flowering Scullcap.

Leaves smooth, rough on the keel ; racemes lateral,
leafy. L.

Stem square, branching. Leaves on petioles of considerable
length, ovate, acute, toothed, mostly smooth. Racemes on long,
axillary stalks. Flowers small, blue, numerous, interspersed
with small leaves. The singularity of this genus consists in the,
form of the calyx, which is furnished with a ridge on the upper
side, the part beyond this serving as. a lid. After the corolla

240 Class XIV. Order T.

falls this lid shuts down against the opposide side, so as perfect-
ly to inclose the seeds. By lateral pressure the lid opens, dis-
covering the four seeds within Meadows. July. Perennial.

SctJTELLAIUA GALERICULATA. L. Common ScullcCtp.

Leaves cordate-lanceolate, crenate, wrinkled ; flow-
ers axillary.

A foot high with a square, branching stem. Leaves slightly
petioled. Flowers larger than in the preceding, blue, project-
ing in pairs, one from each axil of the opposite leaves. Calyx
closed like the foregoing. Meadows. July.

250. PRUNELLA.

PRUNELLA VULCARIS. L. Self HeaL

Leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; upper
lip of the calyx truncated, three awned ; stem ascend-
ing.

Syn. PRUNELLA PENXSTL VANICA. 1st edit.

A handsome plant, native of meadows and moist pastures.
Stem nine or ten inches in height, hairy. Leaves opposite,
broad-lanceolate, slightly toothed, their nerves and petioles
haiiy, the upper pair close to the spike and sessile. Spike
short, ovate. Bractes reniform, ciliate, acuminate. Flowers
ringent, purplish. Calyx two lipped, the upper lip broad and
abrupt, with three straight, short bristles or awns ; the lower
lip ending tn two acute teeth. Upper lip of the corolla arched,
lower lip three lobed, the middle lobe fringed. July, August.
Perennial.

This plant agrees exactly with European specimens, and I
am now doubtful whether P. Pennsylvanica of Willdenow be any
more than a variety.

251. TRICHOSTEMA.

TRICHOSTEMA DICHOTOMA. L. Trichostema.

Stamens very long, exserted. L.

An annual plant, i^emarkable for its long, arching stamen?.
Stem round, somewhat four sided, hairy. Branches opposite,
subdivided in a brachiate manner, their last divisions commonly.

Class XIV. Order II. 241

though not always, dichotomous. Leaves oval-lanceolate, obtuse,
entire. Flowers numerous, terminal. Calyx swelling, its upper
lip of two short, acute teeth ; lower lip twice as long, three
toothed. Corolla purple, with two long, slender stamens pro-
jecting from one side and arching over to meet the other.
Seeds with an indented surface. In sandy pastures and hills.
August. Annual.

252. PHRYMA.

PHRYMA LEPTOSTACHYA. L* Lopseed.

Leaves ovate, toothed, petioled ; spikes terminal,
slender ; flowers opposite.

Remarkable for its slender spikes of reflexed fruit. Stem two
or three feet high. Leaves large, ovate, acute, largely toothed.
Spikes virgated, on long slender stalks. Flowers small, oppo-
site, nearly sessile, purplish. Upper lip of the calyx with three
very long, subulate teeth with the tips at length reflexed. In
fruit the calyx shuts up and bends backward into close contact
with the peduncle. Chelsea beach island. July. Perennial.

J1NG1OSPERM1J1.

253. LINN^A.

LlNN^A BOREALIS. LlMMEd.

Stem prostrate ; flowering branches erect, two flow-
ered ; leaves roundish, crenate.

Stem creeping, woody, with a brownish, pubescent bark, giv-
ing off roots and branches at regular intervals. Leaves opposite,
petioled, hairy with a glabrous appearance, suborbicular, acute
at base, with about five obtuse teeth Peduncles filiform, cov-
ered with very minute, glandular hairs, two flowered. Bractes
two, linear, opposite. Flowers very fragrant, drooping, with
two calyxes, one inferior, four leaved, two of the leaves mi-
nute ; the other superior, five parted. Corolla campanulate,
five cleft, red, tinged with white, the inside red and hairy.
Stamens shorter than the corolla. Style declined.

This interesting and delicate plant is common to the northern
parts of both hemispheres. Woods, Lynn. Often met with in
New Hampshire and Vermont. June.
31

242 Class XIV. Order It.

254. MELAMPYRUM.
MELAMPYRUM AMERICANUM. Mich. Cow- Wheat,

Leaves linear-lanceolate, the uppermost with a few
setaceous teeth at base ; flowers axillary.

Pretty common in woods. Stem erect, branching-, less than
a foot in height. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate, smooth,
entire, with a long obtuse point, the upper ones furnished
with several bristle-like teeth at base. Flowers axillary,
whitish, slender, the lower lip yellow on the inside. Capsules
flat, acute, pointing downward, containing four seeds. June,
July. Annual.

255. RHINANTHUS.
RHINANTHUS CRISTA GALLI. Yellow Rattle.

Upper lip of the corolla vaulted ; calyx smooth ;
leaves lanceolate, serrate.

About a foot high, branching and smooth. Leaves opposite,
cordate, lanceolate, acutely serrate, rough. Calyx large, inflat-
ed, compressed, nerved and reticulated, contracted at the mouth.
Corolla yellow, much longer than the calyx, the upper lip
curved, the lower three cleft. In meadows, at Plymouth, Mass.
abundant. J uly. Annual.

256. SCROPHULARIA.

SCROPHULARIA MARILANDACA. L. FigWOrt,

Leaves cordate, serrate, acute, rounded at base ;
stem obtuse-angled. L.

A tall, erect plant with flowers resembling capsules. Stem
square with bluntish corners, smooth except at the joints, where
there is a slight pubescence between the petioles. Leaves op-
posite, ovate-oblong, obtuse at base, tapering to an acute point,
serrate. Panicle erect, with opposite branches. Flowers small,
somewhat globular. Calyx teeth obtuse, appressed. Corolla
greenish outside, of a dark brown within, divided into five une-
qual, rounded segments, the shortest of which is reflexed. Sta-
mens declined. Style bending over the short segment of the

Class XIV. Order II. 243

corolla. Between the two upper segments is a small, internal
prominence which may be mistaken lor a fifth stamen, at the
base of which the honey is situated. Capsule globular, tipped
with a style. Chelsea beach island. August. Perennial.

257. ANTIRRHINUM.
ANTIRRHINUM LINARIA L. Toad Flax.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded ; stem erect ;
spikes terminal, sessile ; flowers imbricate. L.

The yellow spikes of this plant are very common by road-
sides, though it is not probable, that the species is indigenous.
Stem one or two feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves numerous,
narrow, and pointed, smooth. Branches numerous, axillary,
bearing tufts of leaves. Spike long, crowded with yellow flow-
ers, the corolla furnished with a long, hollow spur below. The
mouth is closed with a protuberant palate from the under lip,
and gapes open upon lateral pressure, a character which has
given the genus the name of Snap dragon. July, August.
Perennial.

ANTIRRHINUM CANADENSE. L. Canada Snap Dragon.

Leaves alternate, linear, remote, glabrous ; flowers
racemed ; stem simple; scions procumbent. Willd.

A slender, annual plant, seldom exceeding a foot in height.
Stem erect, smooth. Leaves small, scattered, erect, linear, ob-
tuse. Flowers in a loose, terminal raceme, small, blue. Upper
lip of the corolla retlexed, the lower much larger, spreading-,
with a white centre and three roundish, blue lobes. Spur fili-
form, acute. Some leafy, procumbent scions occasionally pro*
ceed from the root. Road sides. July, August.

258. BARTSIA.
BARTSIA PALLIDA. L. Pah Bartsia*

Leaves alternate, linear, undivided, the upper ones
lanceolate, the floral ones subovate, slightly toothed at
the end, all three nerved ; calyx teeth acute. Willd.

Stem ascending, furrowed, pubescent. Leaves alternate 3 scs-

244 ClassX.IV. Order II.

sile, lanceolate, three or five nerved, nearly smooth. Bractes
straw coloured, oblong-ovate, five nerved, with a tooth or two
at the end. Flowers straw coloured. Calyx two cleft, the
divisions emarginate. Corolla pubescent, its upper lip long and
tapering, entire ; lower lip short, three cleft. Style longer than
the stamens. On the barren summits of the White mountans.
August. Perennial. It also inhabits Siberia.

Subgenus, CASTILLEJA. Upper lip of the corolla very
long; anthers cohering.

BARTSIA COCCINEA. L. Painted Cup.

Leaves alternate, linear, cut-pinnatifid with linear
segments ; bractes dilated, mostly three cleft, longer
than the flowers ; calyx teeth obtuse.

Syn. EUCHROMA COCCINEA. Nutt.

Stem reddish, pubescent, angular. Leaves alternate, sessile,
pinnatifid with a few long, linear segments. Flowers in a ter-
minal spike. The bractes, which constitute the chief beauty of
this plant, are three or five cleft, the segments oblong, obtuse,
and of a bright scarlet colour at top. Calyx tubular, two cleft,
the segments truncate, slightly emarginate, yellowish, tipt with
scarlet. Corolla dull yellow, tubular, with two oblong lateral
pits at base ; its lower Up very short, curved, with three small
ovate lobes ; upper lip straight, somewhat truncate. Stamens
as long as the upper lip. Germ ovate, style filiform, projecting,
incurved ; stigma capitate. Wet meadows near Fresh pond.
June.

259. OROBANCHE.
OROBANCHE UNIFLORA. L. Single flowered Broomrape.

Scapes in pairs, naked, one flowered.

Syn. OROBANCHE BIFLORA. Nutt.

As the part of this plant which appears at sight is one flow-
ered, I have preferred retaining the Linnasan name. At the top
of the root is a short stem or caudex, sometimes nearly wanting
and sometimes several together, clothed with a few obtuse
scales, and producing each two scapes. These are simple, erect,
hairy, leafless. Calyx hairy, erect, one leafed, parted halfway

Class XIV. Order II. 245

down into five acute segments. Corolla tubular, striated, hairy,
incurvated, of a purplish white colour, its mouth divided into
five roundish segments, its tube furnished on the under side with
two yellow lines which are prominent and hairy within. Sta-
mens crossing. Germ oval, surrounded with a gland or flat
ring at base. St}'le straight ; stigma reflexed. Woods, Wal-
tham ; parasitic ? June, July.

Subgenus EPIFAGUS. Flowers polygamous, capsule open-
ing on one side.
OROBANCHE VIRGINIANA. L. Beech Drops.

Stem branching ; flowers alternate, remote ; corol-
las deciduous, four toothed.

Syn. EI J IFAGUS AMERICANUS. Nutt.

A parasitic plant, said only to be found attached to the roots
of the Beech tree. Root fleshy and scaly. Stem a foot high,
branched, leafless, with small ovate scales. Flowers alternate,
remote, small. The fertile corollas, according to Mr. Nuttall,
are deciduous in consequence of the obliquity and rapid enlarge-
ment of the germ ; the barren ones larger, white striped with
purple. In Beech woods, Maine. I have not seen it near Bos-
ton. August.

260. PEDICULARIS.
PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS. L. Lousewort.

Stem simple, spike somewhat leafy ; helmet of the
corolla with two setaceous teeth ; calyx truncated
downward. L.

Stem erect, under a foot in height, downy at top. Leaves
dark green, lanceolate, with crenate lobes, obtuse. Spike
terminal, short, crowded, leafy. Calyx cut off in an oblique
direction downward. Corolla yellowish, the upper lip forming
a long helmet, its point square, with a small, acute tooth on each
<ide ; lower lip three lobed. The flowers turn to the right, so
that the spike has a twisted appearance. Pastures. May.
Perennial.

246 Class XIV. Order II.

261. GERARD1A.

GERARDIA PLAVA. L. Yellow Gerardia.

Pubescent; stern nearly simple ; leaves sessile, lan-
ceolate, entire or toothed and cut ; flowers subsessile.

One of the most showy of our wild wood flowers. Stem
erect, one or two feet in height, pubescent. Leaves opposite,
the lower ones more or less pinnatifid and cut, the upper one*
lanceolate, entire or serrate, obtusely pointed. Spike terminal,
few flowered. Flowers opposite, trumpet shaped, large, yel-
low. Peduncles short, downy. Stamens somewhat woolly ;
anthers with two points at the base. Style slender, longer than
the stamens. The whole plant turns black in drying. Woods.
August. Perrennial.

GERAKDIA GLAUCA. Eddy. Tall Gerardia.

Glabrous ; stem panicled ; leaves petioled, pin-
natifid, paler beneath, the upper ones lanceolate ;
flowers pedicelled.

Syn. GERARDIA OUERCIFOLIA. Pursh.

A taller and handsomer plant than the last, which it greatly
resembles, so that it might pass for a cultivated variety. The
stem is smooth and more branched, leaves petioled and pinnati-
fid, flowers pedunculate. In other respects it resembles the last
species. Woods. August. Perennial.

GERARDIA PEDICULARIA. L. Bushy Gerardia.

Leaves oblong, twice serrate ; stem panicled,
calyxes crenate. L.

A tall, bushy plant, which would be one of the most orna-
mental, were not its flowers very perishable, and deciduous.
Stem erect, with numerous, opposite branches. Leaves pinnat-
ifid, with serrate lobes. Peduncles hairy. The structure of
the flowers is very elegant. The calyx ends in five spreading
leafets, indented on their margin. Corolla yellow, downy with-
out, trumpet shaped, with spreading lobes. Stamens crossing,
the two longer filaments with loose hairs on their inner side.

o

Anthers hairy, dependent, two lobed, the lobes ending in seta-
ceous points. Style longer than the stamens. The leaves and

Class XIV. Order II. 247

flowers turn black in drying. Dry woods. Very common at
Sweet Auburn, Cambridge. August. Perennial.

GERARDIA PURPUREA. L. Purple Gerardia.

Stem with many opposite branches ; leaves narrow-
linear ; flowers scattered, purple, sub-sessile. Mich.

An annual species, much smaller than the preceding. Stem
erect, smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, linear, entire,
roughish, curling when the plant droops. Flowers purple,
opposite, on very short peduncles. Calyx teeth acute and
separated by acute sinuses. Corolla purple, usually without
spots on the inside. Stamens woolly ; anthers sagittate. Com-
mon in pastures and road sides in moist ground. August.
Annual.

GERARDIA MARITIMA. JVutt. Salt Marsh Gerardia.

Leaves linear, fleshy ; calyx truncate, upper seg-
ments of the corolla fringed.

Syn. GERARDIA PURPUREA, /3. CRASSIFOLIA. Pursh.

Stem smooth, with opposite branches. Leaves linear-lance-
olate, obtuse, fleshy, veinless, dotted under a magnifier. Flow-
ers axillary and terminal on elevated peduncles. Calyx smooth,
its segments ending abruptly as if cut off. Corolla purple, dot-
ted inside toward the base, its two larger segments ciliate.
Stamens hairy ; anthers sagittate. Capsule globose. On salt
marshes. July, August. Perennial. Resembles G. purpurea,
but is smaller and more fleshy. The truncate calyx is an un-
failing mark of distinction.

GERARDIA TENUIFOLIA. Stalked Gerardia.

Branching, leaves linear, flowers axillary on stalks
longer than themselves.

Stem erect, smooth with opposite branches. Leaves linear,
entire, rough, curled in drying. Flowers opposite on long fil-
iform peduncles. Calyx teeth short, acute, separated by obtuse
shiuses. Corolla subcampanulate, purple, spotted inside. Sta-
mens woolly, anthers sagittate. Low grounds, Cambridgeport.
August, September, Annual. Resembles G. purpurea.

248 Class XIV. Order II.

262. MIMULUS.

MIMULUS RINGENS. L. Monkey Flower.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, sessile ;
peduncles longer than the flower. Willd.

A handsome plant, fond of wet soils, where it attains the
height of two feet and upward. Stem erect, smooth, angular.
Leaves opposite, closely sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute.
Peduncles axillary, quadrangular, curving upward. Calyx
tubular, with five acute angles and as many pointed teeth.
Corolla twice as long as the calyx, pale purple with the palate
yellow, upper lip reflexed at the sides, lower lip much larger,
irregularly three lobed. Lower stamens longer than the upper.
Style clavate ; stigma bifid, membranous. July, August.
Perennial.

263. CHELONE.

CHELONE GLABRA. L. Snake-Head.

Glabrous ; leaves oval or lanceolate, unequally ser-
rate ; flowers spiked. Mich.

Found in brooks and wet ground, where it forms bunches,
and rises two or three feet. Stem smooth, bluntly four corner-
ed. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, dark green and
polished above. Flowers in a terminal spike, a few only ex-
panding at once. Calyx nearly sessile, with five short, rounded
segments, calyculated with three similar scales at base. Corolla
large, white, inflated, contracted at the mouth, not unlike the
head of a serpent ; the lower lip in three small segments, with
two woolly stripes within. Filaments hairy below. Anthers
entangled together by a woolly covering. A short, smooth
rudiment of a fifth filament is found between the two upper
stamens. Style long, slender, curving downward. Roxbury,
Cambridge. August, September. Perennial.

Class XV. Order II. 249

Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA. Six stamens, four

long and two short.

Order I. S1L1CULOSA. Seeds in a silide.

264. DRABA. Silicle entire, oval-oblong, the valves
flat, parallel to the dissepiment.

265. LEPIDIU.M. Silicle elliptic, emarginate, the
valves carinate, but not margined.

266. THLAPSI. Silicle inversely heart shaped, the
valves carinate and margined.

267. BUNIAS. Silicle deciduous without opening,
somewhat four sided, two of its angles more acute.

Order II. SlUQUOSA. Seeds in a silique.

263. ARABIS. Silique compressed. Four nectarife-
rous glands like scales, reflected between the leaves of
the calyx.

269. RAPHANUS. Silique cylindrical, swelling at
the seeds, somewhat jointed.

270. CARDAMINE. Silique bursting elastically, the
valves revolute, and equal to the partition.

271. SISYMBRIUM. Silique cylindrical, opening
with nearly straight valves ; valves equalling the parti-
tion.

272. ERYSIMUM. Calyx closed ; stigma capitate ;
silique columnar, square.

273. SINAPIS. Calyx spreading; silique cylindri-
cal, with the partition longer than the valves.

274. DENTARIA. Silique opening elastically, the
valves revolute ; stigma emarginate ; calyx connivent.

275. CLEOME. Petals all ascending ; glands three,
oue at each sinus of the calyx except the lowest ; germ
stipitate ; silique one celled, two valved.

32

250 Class XV. Order L

TETRADYNAMIA.
SIL1CULOSA.

264. DRABA.
DRABA VERNA. L. Whitlow Grass.

Scape naked ; leaves oblong, acute, subserrate, hai-
ry ; petals bifid ; stigma sessile.

A small, very early, white flowering plant. Leaves all radi-
cal. Scape two or three inches high with a raceme of small
flowers. Calyx spreading; petals half cleft. Pod oval, flat.
Among the grass in fields, &,c. in the southern parts of the state-
Not seen near Boston. April, May.

265. LEPIDIUM.

LEPIDUM VIRGINICUM. L. Wild Cress or Peppergrass,

Radical leaves pinnatifid ; stem leaves linear-lanceo-
late, serrate ; flowers with four petals and two stamens ;
silicic lenticular. Mich abr.

Syn. THLASPI VIRGIN JANUM. Poir.

Frequent by road sides, flowering during' most of the summer
and autumn. Stem woody and branching, round, smooth. Branch-
es numerous, alternate. Leaves of the root pinnatifid, of the
stem lanceolate, glabrous, furnished with a remote tooth or two.
Racemes terminal, long, naked. Pedicels capillary. Flowers
very small, diandrous, white. Silicles llat, orbicular, with a
deep notch in the end. Taste like common Garden cress or
peppergrass.

266. THLASPI.

THLASPI BURSA PASTORIS. L. Common Shepherd's Purse.
Hairy, silicle inversely heart shaped, somewhat tri-
angular ; radical leaves pinnatifid. Sm.

Equally common with the last, in pastures and road sides, con-
tinuing to flower during most of the vegetating season. Stem
branching, round. Root leaves numerous, spreading, pinnatilld,
toothed, somewhat hairy. Stem leaves oblong, toothed, arrow

Class XV. Order II. 251

shaped at base, closely sessile. Flowers small, white. Silicic
smooth, inversely heart shaped, crowned with the short style.*
Annual.

267. BUNIAS.

*BUNIAS EDENTULA. Flor.Bost. 1st edit. American Sea Rocket.

Bunias foliis obovatis, sinuatis ; siliculis gla-
bris, articulis binis, monospermis, edentulis.

Leaves obovate, sinuate ; silicles with two smooth,
one seeded, toothless joints.

Syn. CAKILE AMERICANA. Nutt.

A fleshy, maritime plant, found on various parts of the sea
coast. Stem glabrous, flexuous, deeply and irregularly furrowed,
very much branched. Leaves fleshy, smooth, obovate, toothed
and sinuated, caducous. Branches axillary, leafy. Spikes or
racemes terminal. Flowers on short, fleshy peduncles. Calyx
of four erect, fleshy segments. Petals spreading, rounded at the
end. Stamens nearly equal, longer than the calyx. Stigma con-
cave. Silicles smooth, roundish, consisting of two one seeded
joints, the lower one somewhat globular, without teeth or promi-
nences, marked on each side with a longitudinal, depressed line,
sometimes abortive. Upper joint ovate, round, marked on each
side with an elevated line, terminating in a flat, emarginate, or
three toothed beak. Seeds facing different ways. The silicle
is drupaceous, and in drying becomes quadrangular. The plant
is succulent and heavy. Grows abundantly at Cape Ann. Found
also at South Boston. July. Annual.

SIL1QUOSA.

268. ARABIS.

ARABIS FALCATA. MX. Sickle Pod.

Leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed, sessile ; si-
liques pendulous, two edged, ialcate.

Stern two or three feet high, round, smooth. Leaves sessile,
mostly lanceolate with a few remote teeth ; the lower ones
sometimes sagittate and clasping. Raceme terminal. Flowers
very small, white. Pods long and curved, resembling a crooked

252 Class XV. Order II.

sword blade, articulated to a knob at the end' of the pedicel,
acute, flat, pendulous. Woods, Chelsea beach island. August.

ARABIS RHOMBOIDEA. Rhomboidal Arabis.

Leaves smooth, rhomboidal, repand, or obsoletely
toothed, the lower ones on long petioles ; root tuberous.

Root tuberous and farinaceous. The leaves which spring 1
from the root are generally heart shaped, the lower stem leaves
oblong or ovate, repand, obtuse, smooth ; the upper ones be-
coming quite narrow. Flowers white, in a terminal raceme.
Peduncles smooth, slender. Calyx of four erect, obtuse leaves.
Petals roundish, unguiculate. Anthers sagittate with microsco-
pic glands at the base of the filaments. -Wet Meadows, Roxbury.
May. Perennial.

269. RAPHANUS.

RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM. L. Wild Radish.

Pods round, jointed? smooth, of one cell. L.

A hardy weed, frequent in the gravel by road sides, but most
troublesome in cultivated fields. Stem branching, round, bristly,
glaucous. Leaves rough, lower ones lyrate, upper ones toothed.
Calyx bristly. Petals spreading, yellow, turning white as they
grow old, not unfrequently of a light blue. Pods erect, knobbed,
tapering, smooth, ending in a long beak. When dry, they are
striated, and abruptly contracted between the cells, which are
hard and somewhat bony. On cutting the pod across between the
seeds, it appears two celled. The seeds however are contained
between the laminae of the apparent partition.

270. CARDAMINE.
CARDAMINE ROTUNDIFOLIA ? MX. Round leaved Cardamine.

Leaves simple, suborbicuiate, entire ; stems simple,
weak, procumbent.

Caespitose. Stems ascending, branched. Leaves ovate, ob-
tuse, submucronated, smooth, on long petioles. Flowers fasci-
cled or corymbed. Calyx leaves oblong, obtuse, spreading. Pe-
tals oval, subacute. Filaments subulate, hollow above. Capsule
linear. -On the highest summit of the White mountains. July.

CtoXV. Order It. 253

CARDAMINE PENNSYLVANIA, JIuhl. American Water Cress.
Smooth, branching ; leaves pinnate, leafets round-
ish-oblong, obtuse, angular, toothed ; siliques erect.

Found in brooks and ponds, growing under water, except its
upper leaves and flowers. Leaves alternate, smooth, pinnate ;
leafets oblong, rounded at the end, with a few large teeth on
each side, the terminal leafet much exceeding the rest in size.
The leafets in the upper leaves are entire. Flowers small,
white. Pods narrow, erect, an inch or more in length.
Brighton.-^May.
CARDAMINE VIRGINICA ? L. Virginian Cress.

Smooth, erect ; leaves pinnate, leafets spatulate, ob-
tuse ; siliques erect.

Found on dry hills, much smaller than the preceding. Leafets
oblanceolate, lower ones obovate, some of them with a tooth ou
one side ; ciliate under a magnifier. Flowers white. May.

271. SISYMBRIUM.

SlSYfllBRlUM AMPHIBIUM. L. JLmpllilioUS Ci'CSS.

Siliques declined, oblong-ovate ; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate or pinnatirid, serrate ; petals larger than the

calyx.

Stem erect, furrowed, hairy when out of water. Leaves hairy
clasping at base, lyrate or pinnatifid, toothed. Flowers in ter-
minal racemes, small, yellow. Fruit oblong-oval, swelling, com-
pressed, obtuse at both ends, tipt with the style, supported by
slender, spreading pedicels. Ponds and wet places, the lower
leaves sometimes capillary. July. Perennial.

272. ERYSIMUM.

ERYSIMUM OFFICINALE. L. Hedge Mustard.

Pods pressed close to the main stalk ; leaves runci-

nate. L.

The whole plant is more or less hairy, and attains the height
of about two feet. Stem round ; branches given off at a large
angle, and curving. Leaves lyrate-runciuate. The fruitful
branches are long and slender, covered with close, sessile pod?.

254 Class XV. Order II.

and ending in yellow flowers. About rubbish and cultivated
ground. All summer. Annual.

2-73. SINAPIS.
SINAPIS NIGRA. L. Common Mustard.

Pods smooth, four cornered, pressed close to the
raceme ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth.
Sin.

Very common in cultivated and waste grounds; usually, re-
garded as a weed, though its seeds furnish the common table
mustard. Stem round, striated, smooth, three or four feet high,
branching. Leaves variously lobed and toothed, the lower ones
rough, upper ones smooth, deflexed, the highest narrow, small,
entire. Flowers numerous and showy. Calyx and corolla yel-
low. Pods erect, close to the stalk, quadrangular, ending in a
short beak. June, July. Annual.

274. DENTARIA.
DENTARIA LACINIATA. Willd. Toothwort.

Leaves three, three parted, the divisions linear-ob-
long, cut-toothed ; root moniliform.

Syn. DENTARIA CONCATENATE. MX.

Root formed of a sti'ing of tubers. Stem about a foot high,
giving off three leaves near together at its upper part. These
are deeply divided into three segments or leafets which are ob-
long, divergent, cut and toothed. Flowers large, purplish, in a
terminal raceme. Woods, Hampshire. June. Perennial.

275. CLEOME.
CLEOME DODECANDRA. L. Cleome.

Leaves ternate, elliptical ; flowers axillary, solitary,
dodecandrous.

A viscid, strong scented plant. Stem branching, pubescent
and glutinous. Leaves petioled, ternate ; leafets oblong-spatu-
late, smooth. Flowers racemed, white, with ten or a dozen
stamens. Pods lanceolate, turg'id, hairy and viscid, two valved
without a dissepiment. On the shores of lake Champlain, near
Burlington. July. Annual.

Class XVI. Order VIII. 255

Class XVI. MONADELPHIA. &amens
by their filaments into one parcel.

Order I. TRMJVDRM. Three stamens.

276. SISYRINCHIUM. Spathe two leaved ; petals
six, nearly equal ; capsule inferior, three celled.

Order V. DECANDRM. Ten stamens.

277. GERANIUM. Calyx five leaved ; petals five,
regular ; nectary five glands on the base of the longer
filaments ; fruit beaked, separating into five one seed-
ed capsules.

273. OXALIS. Calyx five leaved ; petals five, con-
nected at base ; capsules superior, five celled, five an-
gled, opening at the angles.

Order VIII. POLYANDRIA. Many stamens.

279. MALVA. Calyx double, the outermost two or
three leaved ; capsules numerous, one seeded, disposed
in a flat ring.

280. ALTILEA. Calyx double, the outermost from
six to nine cleft; capsules numerous, one seeded, in a
flat ring.

281. HIBISCUS. Calyx double, the outermost many
leaved ; capsule five celled, many seeded.

256 Class XVI. Order V.

MONADELPHIA.
TRIJUVDRM.

27G. SISYRINCHIUM.
SISYRINCHIUM ANCEPS. Blue eyed Grass.

Stem two edged, spathe longer than the flowers,
petals mucronated, germs glabrous.

Syn. SlSTRlNCHlUM GRAM1NEUM. Curt.

The small, delicate, blue flowers of this plant are not unfre-
quent among the grass in moist ground. Stem two edged, the
edges extending into a wide margin ; smooth, with one or two
branches, often a foot high. Leaves linear, grass like, sheathing
at base. Spathes swelling, pointed, the outermost inclosing
several others, each producing a flower. Peduncles filiform.
Flowers shorter than the spathe, purple. Germs smooth or a
little villous. Petals six, spreading, terminated by a point.
June, July. Perennial.

DECANURM.

277. GERANIUM.
GERANIUM MACULATUM. L. Spotted Geranium or CranesbilL

Peduncles two flowered ; stem forked, erect ; leaves
five parted and cut, the upper ones sessile. L.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. viii.

No family of plants is more extensively cultivated for orna-
ment than the Linnaean genus Geranium, since divided by L'He-
ritier into three genera, Erodium, Pelargonium, and Geranium.
It must be confessed that a great number of exotic species are
carefully propagated in green houses and parlours, which are
altogether inferior to the present very beautiful native. It is
very common about fences and the edges of woods, preferring a
soil that is somewhat moist. Stems erect, hairy, dividing by
forks, or more numerous branches, one or two feet high. Leaves
large, spreading, hairy, divided in a palmate manner into five or
seven lobes, which are variously cut and toothed at their ex-
tremities, the lower ones petioled, the upper ones nearly sessile.

Class XVI. Order V. 25?

As the 1 leaves grow old, they are usually marked with pale spots
about the sinuses. Peduncles long, hairy, supporting about two
flowers. Calyx five leaved, those edges, which are outermost
in the bud, hairy. Petals rounded, purple. Fruit ending in a
long beak, containing five awns, which spring out and scatter
the seeds when ripe. The root is perennial, very astringent,
and useful for its medicinal properties. May, June. Perennial.

GERANIUM ROBERTIANUM. _L. V Herb Robertt

Peduncles two flowered ; leaves somewhat pedate,
pinnatifid, five, angled ; calyx ten angled, capsules rug-
ged. Sm.

A branching plant, much smaller in its flowers and leaves thart
the preceding. Stem spreading, fragile, commonly of a reddish
cast. Leaves somewhat hairy, petioled, ternate or quinate, the
divi>ions mostly pinnatifid. Peduncles long, somewhat hairy,
with two terminal flowers. Calyx hairy. Petals rounded^ pale
purple. The whole plant has a peculiar, strong smell. Road
sides, Maiden. Flowering most of the summer and autumn.
Annual.
GERANIUM DISSECTUM. Willd. Wood Geranium.

Diffuse, pubescent, leaves opposite, five parted, the
lobes three cleft and cut ; peduncles two flowered,
elongated ; petals emarginate, as long as the awned
caylx ; beak hairy.

A delicate plant with small flowers. Stem a foot high, pubes^
cent. Leaves cut almost to the base into about five segments,
these again subdivided and variously cleft. Petioles hairy. Pe-
duncles axillaryj forked, with four minute linear bractes at the
bifurcation. Calyx hairy, awned. Petals short, pale red. Beak
hairy, a part of the hairs glandular. On Medlbrd hills, near the
Andover turnpike. ; June, July. Annual.

278. OXALIS.

OXALIS ACETOCELLA. L. Common Wood SorreL

Stemless ; scape one flowered, longer than the
leaves ; leaves ternate, broad-obeordate with rounded
33

258 Class XVI. Order V.

lobes ; styles as long as the inner stamens ; root den-
tate. Willd.

Root dentate, with truncated projections. Petioles semicylin*
drical. Peduncles roundish, pubescent, with two opposite, acute
bractes. Segments of the calyx oblong, acute. Petals oblong,
obliquely emarginate, white, striate, with purple, yellow at base.
Stamens alternately long and short. Styles equal to the longer
stamens. Woods. May, June. Perennial.

Not found about Boston, but very abundant in woods from fifty
to one hundred miles to the north and west. The American plant
has the petals oblong and unequally bilobate, a character which
might be considered specific, did not the European plant, as I find
from specimens, sometimes present the same figure.

OXALIS VIOLACEA. L. Violet Wood Sorrel.

Stemless ; scape umbelliferous, pedicels somewhat
pubescent; flowers nodding ; leaves ternate, smooth ;
tips of the calyx fleshy ; styles shorter than the outer
stamens.

A handsome species with red or purplish flowers. Leaves
inversely heart-shaped as in the other species. Brooklyn, Con-
necticut. May. Perennial.

OXALIS STRICTA. L. Upright Wood Sorrel

Peduncles umbelliferous ; stem branching, erect ;
leaves ternate, obcordate ; styles as long as the inner
stamens. L.

This plant is pretty common about the borders of fields and
cultivated grounds. Stem erect, varying greatly in height, ac-
cording to the soil in which the plant grows. Leaves ternate,
inversely heart shaped, very thin and delicate ; their common
petiole long and slender, without stipules. Peduncles axillary,
generally longer than the petioles, (in which respect the plant
differs from that of Willdenow,) supporting small, terminal
umbels of yellow flowers. Fruit beaked, erect. Flowers all
summer.

Class XVI. Order VIII. 259

POLYANDRM.

279. MALVA.

MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Round leaved Mallow.

Stem prostrate ; leaves roundish, heart shaped, ob-
tuse! v five lobed. Fruit stalks bent downward. L.

<j

Root fusiform. Stems lying upon the ground, branching.
Leaves roundish, somewhat reniform, crenate, with five or seven
imperfect Jobes. Petioles long, hairy. Stipules lanceolate,
ciliate. Flower stalks axillary, shorter than the petioles, seve-
ral together, hairy. Outer leaves of the calyx linear, inner ones
ovate. Petals purplish white, deeply emarginate. Fruit flat,
with numerous capsules forming its circumference, the stalks
commonly deflexed. In cultivated ground, about houses and side
walks. All summer.

280. ALTHAEA.

ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS. L,. Marsh Mallow.

Leaves down}', oblong, ovate, obtusely three lobed,
toothed. Willd.

This plant grows spontaneously on the marshes at South Bos-
ton, and is said to be found at other places on the sea coast. It
is probably not originally native, but imported from Europe.
Root perennial, long, white. Stem erect, firm, covered with
thick, woolly down. Leaves alternate, ovate, with three or
more imperfect lobes, toothed, exceedingly downy and velvet-
like to the touch. Flowers large, axillary and terminal. Calyx
downy. Petals light, purple, inversely heart shaped. The
whole plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage, and is
much used as a demulcent remedy. August, September. Pe-
rennial.

281. HIBISCUS.

HIBISCUS PALUSTRIS. L. Marsh Hibiscus.

Stem herbaceous, simple ; leaves ovate, somewhat

three lobed, downy underneath ; flowers axillary.
Willd.

260 Class XVII. Order III.

A tall, handsome plant. Stem erect, four or five feet high,
somewhat downy. Leaves ovate or three lobed, green above,
whitish and soft with down underneath, obtusely serrate, acumi-
nate. Flowers nearly as large as the hollyhock, shewy, pale
purple. The peduncles are long, axillary and sometimes con-
nected with the petioles, geniculated toward the top. Outer
segments of the calyx about twelve, downy, linear; inner seg-
ments five, half ovate. Petals very large. Found in Newton,
near the banks of Charles river. August. Perennial.

The bark is fibrous and very strong, and is capable of afford?
ing a tplerable substitute for hemp.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Stamens united

in two distinct sets.

Order II. HEXAJVDRM. Six stamens.

282. FUMARIA. Calyx two leaved ; corolla irreg-
ular, spurred at base ; filaments two, each with three
anthers ; capsule, one celled without valves, one
seeded.

283. CORYDALIS. Calyx two leaved ; corolla rin-
gent ; filaments two, membranous, each with three
antliers ; capsule siliquose, many seeded.

Order III. OCTAJVDRM. Eight stamens.

284. POLYGALA. Calyx five leaved, two of the
leaves wing shaped and, coloured ; corolla with a
cylindrical banner; legume inversely heart shaped,
two celled,

Class XVII. Order IV. 261

Order IV. DECAJVDRM. Ten stamens.

285. GENISTA. Calyx with the upper lip two
toothed, the lower three toothed ; banner oblong,
reflected back by the pistil and stamens ; stigma invo-
lute ; stamens all united.

286. LUPINUS. Stamens all united ; anthers alter-
nately rounded and oblong ; legume coriaceous, swell-
ing at the seeds.

287. CROTALARIA. Banner cordate, large ; keel
acuminate ; filaments connate, with a dorsal fissure ;
legume pedicelled, turgid.

288. PHASEOLUS. Keel with the stamens and
style spirally twisted.

289. LATHYRUS. Style flat, villous above, broader
upward ; two upper segments of the calyx shorter.

290. VICIA. Calyx with two teeth above and three
longer straight teeth below ; banner emarginate ; stig-
ma transversly bearded on the under side-

291. TRIFOLIUM. Legume hardly longer than the
calyx, falling off entire ; flowers more or less in heads.

292. LESPEDEZA. Calyx five parted ; keel of the
corolla obtuse ; legume lenticulae, unarmed, one
seeded.

293. HEDYSARUM. Calyx five cleft ; keel of the
corolla obtuse ; loment jointed, the joints compressed
and one seeded.

294. GLYCINE. Calyx two lipped ; keel of the
corolla turning back the banner at the tip ; legume
many seeded.

295. ROBINIA. Calyx four cleft, the upper segment
two parted ; banner roundish ; legume compressed 5
elongated.

262 Class XVII. Order II.

296. TJEPHROSIA. Caljx teeth subulate, subequal ;
stamens monadelphous ; legume compressed, cori-
aceous.

297. MEDICAGO. Legmr.e spiral, compressed, push-
ing the keel from the banner.

DIADELPHIA.

HEXAJVDRM.

282. FUMARIA.

FUMARIA OFFICINALIS. L. Common Fumitory.

Spikes loose ; capsules globose, emarginate ; stem
spreading ; leafcts wedge-lanceolate.

A small glaucous plant not uncommon about gardens and cul-
tivated grounds. Leaves twice pinnate, the leafets dilated up-
ward. Flowers rose coloured with crimson tips. Pod one
seeded. Flowers all summer. Probably introduced. Annual.

283. CORYDALIS.
CORYDALIS GLAUCA. PursJi. Glaucous Corydolis.

Stem erect, branching, leaves glaucous, those of the
stem biternate ; bractes minute ; nectary single ; sili-
ques linear, three times as long as their stalk.
Syn. FUMARIA SEMPER^/^EJ^S. L.

This delicate plant is found upon rocky hills in Roxbury and
Brookline, beginning to flower in the early part of May. The
whole plant has a smooth, glaucous appearance. Root fusiform.
Stem erect, hollow, minutely dotted with purple and green, and
covered with fine glaucous bloom. Leaves from the root and
stem, subdivided in a pinnate manner ; the leafets smooth, and
variously cut, often tipped with purple. Flowers in a panicle
or compound raceme, beautifully shaded with flesh colour and

Class XVII. Order II. 263

yellow. Calyx of two serrate, ovate, acuminate leaves. Corolla
placed transversely, its base a single rounded spur, its mouth
closed ad consisting of four lips, the t\vo lateral ones coher-
ing at their tips. Stamens in two bundles of three each. Germ
long, linear, curved upward. Siliques linear, slender. Bien-
nial.

CORYDALIS FUNGOSA. Pers. Climbing Corydalis.

Stem climbing ; leaves furnished wiih tendrils ;
racemes axillary ; corymbs nodding, corollas monope-
talous, bigibbous at base.
Syn. FUJ\MRIA FUWOOSA. Willd.

FuMARIA RECTA. MX.

Stem smooth, striated, climbing. Leaves decompound-pin-
nate, the segments twice ternate, the leafets obtusely three
lobed, smooth, paler beneath ; the partial petioles reflexed,
and serving the purpose of tendrils. Flowers in axillary racemes,
pale flesh coloured. Peduncles clavate. Calyx of two minute
deciduous leaves. Corolla flesh coloured, oblong ovate, com-
pressed, slightly hearted at base, fungus or cellular with two
internal cavities, tapering to a neck and ending in two cordate
lips, and two smaller lateral spatulate lips cohering at top, with
two bundles of three or four stamens each inside. Germ linear
with a bifid, four toothed, flabelliforrn stigma. Siliquc many
seeded. Brought to the Botanic garden from the State of Maine.
It flowers all summer, forming handsome festoons and bovvers.
Perennial.

CORYDALIS CUCULLARIA. Pers. Dutchman's Breeches.

Scape naked ; raceme simple, one sided ; nectaries
two, divaricate, as long as the corolla ; style included ;
root tuberous.

8yil. FffMARld CUCULLARIA. L.

A delicate, fine leaved plant. Root solid, being a collection
of small solid bulbs or tubers, of different sizes inclosed in a
common scaly sheath. Leaves radical, somewhat glaucous,
ternate, the divisions bipinnate, the last subdivisions linear-

264 Class XVII. Order III.

oblong. Flowers in a short, unilateral raceme, white with yel-
lowish tips. Calyx small, of two linear and two ovate leaves.
Nectaries two, obtuse, diverging sacs, longer than the peduncle;
united to form the corolla above. Petals or lips of the corolla
two, each giving rise to three stamens. Capsule narrow-ovate.
Woods; Jeffrey, New Hampshire. June. Perennial.

CORYDALIS FORMOSA. Ph. Red flowered CorydaliSi

Scape naked ; raceme nodding, many flowerd, nec-
taries two, short, incurved, style exserted ; root tuber-
ous.

An exceedingly beautiful plant, somewhat larger than the pre-
ceding. Leaves divided as in the foregoing species, very glaucous
underneath. Scape and peduncles of a fine purplish red. Corolla
rose coloured, somewhat resembling that of the last, but larger,
and with the nectaries very obtuse, and much shorter than the
peduncles. On the sides of Ascutney mountain, Vermont. Iri
Hanover, New Hampshire. July. Perennial,

OCTANDRIA.
284. POLYGALA.

POLYGALA SANGUINEA. L. CttduCOUS Polygald.

Stem branching at top; leaves alternate, linear;
spikes headed ; flowers beardless. Mich. abr.

The purple, or rose coloured heads of this plant are very ob-
servable in moist ground, during the months of August and
September. Stem erect, angular, its branches exceeding the
main stem in height. Leaves alternate, smooth, linear-lanceo-
late. Flowers in terminal, cylindrical heads. As these heads
increase at their summit, the lower flowers fall ofF, leaving a
raggfid or squarrous peduncle, on which Linnaeus founded his
specific character.
POLYGALA RUBELLA. MM. Bitter Poly gala*

Bigelovv, Medical Botany, PI. liv.

Stem simple, leaves linear-oblong, mucronate ;
flowers racemed, those of the stem winged, those o*
the root apterous*

Class XVII. Order III. 265

Root somewhat fusiform, perennial, branching. Stems numer-
ous, ascending, smooth, angular, eimple. Leaves scattered,
smooth ; the lower ones obovate, smaller ; the upper ones linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, mucronated, sessile. Flowers purple, short,
crested, in terminal racemes. Bractes small, ovate-lanceolate,
caducous. Wings of the calyx rhomboid-oval, obtuse, with a
slight middle nerve. Corolla small, closed, of three segments,
the middle one largest and crested by the division of its sides
and extremity. Anthers eight, forming a double row, the fila-
ments coalescing. Germ compressed, inversely heart shaped ;
style deflexed ; stigma bearded inside with a prominence below
it. Capsule inversely heart shaped, nearly smooth and invested
with the wings of the calyx. Seeds two, obovate, hairy, with a
transparent appendage or strophiole on the inside. From the
base of the stem proceed a number of prostrate shoots situated
upon, and sometimes nearly under the ground, bearing a row of
incomplete, fertile flowers. These flowers have a calyx without
wings, a minute corolla and stamens and a short style. The
germ and fruit precisely resemble those of the more perfect
flowers. Dry fields, Salem. June, July. Perennial.

The whole plant is strongly bitter and used in medicine.
POLYGALA SENEGA. Seneca Snake Root.

Bigelow, Medical Botany, Pl.xxx.

Stems erect, smooth, simple. Leaves alternate,
lanceolate, broadest at base. Flowers slightly crested.

The Polygala senega has a firm, hard, branching, perennial
root, consisting of a moderately solid wood, and a thick bark.
This root sends up a number of annual stems, which are simple,
smooth, occasionally tinged with red. The leaves are scattered,
nearly or quite sessile, lanceolate, with a subacute point, smooth,
paler underneath. Flowers white, in a close terminal spike.
The calyx, which in this genus is the most conspicuous part of
the flower, consists of five leafets, the two largest of which, or
wings, are roundish-ovate, white and slightly veined. Corolla
small, closed, having two obtuse, lateral segments, and a short
crested extremity. Capsules obcordate, invested by the per-
sistent calyx, compressed, two celled, two valved. Seeds two,
oblong-obovate, acute at one end, slightly hairy, curved, black-
34

266 Class XVII. Order III.

ish, with a longitudinal, bifid, white appendage on the concave
side. The spike opens gradually, so that the lower flowers are
in fruit while the upper ones are in blossom. On the banks of
Lake Champlain. July. Perennial.

The root of this species is extensively used in medicine.

POLTGALA CRUCIATA. L. Cross leaved Polygala.

Stem erect, branching, winged at the angles ; leaves
in fours, linear lanceolate ; heads spiked, sessile.

Stem short, with four membranous angles, and opposite
branches. Leaves in whorls of four, sessile, smooth, lanceolate,
very obtuse, slightly mucronated. Flowers in a terminal, oblong
head. The two longer leaves of the calyx heart shaped, acute,
purple. In low grounds, rare, flowering in the latter part of sum-
mer. Annual.

POLYGALA VERTICILLATA. L. Whorl haved Polygala,

Stem erect, branched ; leaves verticillate, linear ;
spikes pedunculatecl, linear ; flowers alternate, approx-
imate.

A very slender species. Stem erect, quadrangular, branched,
the branches usually exceeding the maia stem in height. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, in whorls of five or six. Spikes slender ; flow-
ers small, whitish, the lower one^ usually scattered. On dry
hills, Roxbury. July. Annual.

POLYGALA PAUCIFOLIA. WilhL Fringed Polygala,

Stem simple, erect, naked below ; leaves ovate,
acute, glabrous ; terminal flowers large, pencilled ;
radical flowers apterous.

A beautiful low plant with purple flowers, larger than in most
others of the genus. The leaves grow mostly at the top of the
stem, and immediately above them are three or four very hand-
some, crested, purple flowers. Calyx leaves five, the uppermost
gibbous at base and somewhat acute, the two next longer than the
corolla, narrow at base, wider and obtuse at top, the two re-
maining ones small, acute and white. Corolla purple, the middle
lobe white with a purple crest.

Class XVII. Order IV. 267

This plant likewise produces horizontal, radical shoots with
small greenish flowers like those in P. rubella, which see.
Woods, Brookline, rare. May. Perennial.

DECAJVDRM.

285. GENISTA.

GENISTA TINCTORIA. L. Wood Waxen. Dyers' Weed.

Leaves lanceolate, smooth ; branches round, striate,
erect, unarmed. Sm.

Root woody, tough, creeping extensively. Stem? or branches
numerous, erect or ascending, round, furrowed, smooth. Leaves
alternate, sessile, lanceolate, acute. Flowers on the upper part
of the branches, axillary, solitary, nearly sessile, bright yellow.
This plant has overrun the hills on the south side of Salem, so
as to give them, in the month of July, an uniformly yellow ap-
pearance at a distance. It was probably imported originally
from Europe. The whole plant is said to dye a fine yellow
colour.

286. LUPINUS.

LUPINUS PERENNIS. L. Common Lupine.

Calyxes alternate without appendages, upper lip
emarginate, lower entire. L.

This common garden flower grows wild very plentifully in
the woods at Watertown. Stems' erect, somewhat hairy. Leaves
digitate, consisting of about eight or ten lanceolate-wedge
shaped leaves, arranged like rays around the end of the petiole.
They are somewhat hairy and pale underneath. Flowers blue,
in a terminal spike or raceme. Perennial.

287. CROTALARIA.

CROTALAIUA SAGITTALIS. L. Rattle Pod.

Hairy, erect, branching; leaves simple, lanceolate;
stipules opposite, acuminate, decurrent ; racemes op-
posite to leaves, about three flowered ; corollas
smaller than the calyx.

268 Class XVII. Order IV.

A small, hairy plant with turgid pods. Stem from four to
eight inches high, branching. Leaves alternate, sessile, oblong
or lanceolate. Stipules opposite and decurrent, so that the pair
appear inversely sagittate. Calyx segments long, lanceolate,
acuminate, hairy. Corolla small, yellow. Legume shortly stip-
itate, oblong, inflated, few seeded. Dry grounds. Cambridge.
July. Annual.

288. PHASEOLUS.

PHASEOLUS TRILOBUS. MX. Three lobed Bean Vine.

Twining, pubescent, lower leafetc rhomboid-oval,
upper ones three lobed ; heads on long stalks; legumes
linear.

Stem twining, angular. Stipules oblong. Leaves ternate, the
leafets broad, ovate, entire, the upper ones, especially the ter-
minal one, three lobed. Peduncles longer and larger than the
petioles, with a head of flowers. Banner spreading, white
tinged with red ; wings small, whitish ; keel slightly twisted,
tipt with purple. Legumes linear. South Boston. July.
Annual.

289. LATHYRUS.

LATHYRUS MARITIMUS. Beach Pea.

L. caule compressor tetragono ; stipulis sagit-
tatis ; foliolis numerosis, subalternis, obovatis ;
pedunculis folio brevioribus, subseptemfloris.

Stem compressed, four angled ; stipules sagittate ;
leafets numerous, subalternate, obovate ; peduncles
shorter than the leaves, about seven flowered.

Syn. PISUM MARITIMUM. Pursh ?

This plant, which has very much the habit and aspect of a
pea, is only found on the borders of the beach and salt marsh,
whence it has been often taken for the Pisum maritimum of
Europe. It is, however, decidedly a Lathyrus. The whole
plant has a glaucous aspect. Stems rigid, compressed, four
angled. Stipules arrow shaped, meeting each other round the

Class \VU. Order IV. 269

stem, a little toothed at base. Petioles with a double channel
above, and ending in a branched tendril. Leafets about ten,
nearly oval, mucronated, reticulated with transparent veins.
Flov/ers large and shevvy. Racemes six to eight flowered with
a long, angular peduncle. Calyx ventricose, the two upper seg-
ments broadest and shortest. Banner reflexed, obcordate, purple.
Wings paler, with a large tooth above. Keel also pale and
toothed above. Stamens united into a tube. Germ oblong-
lanceolate, compressed. Style ascending, flat, never carinated,
pubescent above for about half its upper side. Legumes oblong,
subfalcated, turgid. Seeds globular, as large as pepper, turning
dark when dry. Beach, Dorchester, Chelsea. May, July.
Perennial.

LATHYRUS TALUSTRIS. L. Marsh Lathyrus.

Stem winged ; stipules semisagittate, lanceolate ;

leafets six, lanceolate ; peduncles about three flowered.

Stem slender, broadly winged, supported by the tall meadow
grass among which it grows. Leaves pinnate, the leafets oblong-
lanceolate, acute or slightly obtuse and mucronated, the common
petiole ending in a branched tendril. Peduncles much longer
than the leaves, with a few drooping, purple flowers. Wings of
the corolla with a tooth at base. Wet meadows, South Boston,
Brighton. June. Perennial.

290. VICIA.

VICIA CRACCA. L. Tufted Vetch.

Peduncles many flowered ; flowers imbricate, leaf-
ets lanceolate, pubescent ; stipules semisagittate, mostly
entire.

Stem square, slender, somewhat downy. Leaves of many
pairs, the leafets often alternate, linear lanceolate, mucronate,
downy or villous, the petiole terminating in a branched tendril.
Peduncles about twenty flowered ; the flowers purple ; forming
long, crowded, recurved, unilateral racemes. In fences &x. Cam-
bridge, Maiden. July. Perennial.

270 Class XVII. Order IV.

VICIA SATIVA. L. Common Vetch.

Flowers two, subsessile ; stipules toothed, marked
with a spot ; leafets oblong-ovate, retuse, mucronated ;
legumes erect, roundish, glabrous.

Stem slender, quadrangular. Petioles bearing five or six
pairs of lanceelote, truncated, mucronate leafets. Stipules
semisagittate, toothed, with a remarkable scar an the outside.
Flowers two or three, axillary, purple. Calyx prismatic with
five long teeth. Banner straight, keel very short. Legume
rough, compressed. About cultivated grounds, probably intro-
duced. June. Annual.

VICIA PUSILLA. Willd. Slender Vetch*

Peduncles solitary, capillary, one flowered. Stipules
semisagittate, entire; leafets about six, linear lanceo-
late, obtuse ; legumes small, oblong, toothed.

A small and very slender species. Stem square, supported by
the tendrils at the ends of the petioles. Leafets small, linear,
very obtuse. Flowers very small, whitish, solitary, on slender,
axillary peduncles. Legumes oblong, with four or five roundish
seeds. About fences, South Boston. July. Annual.

291. TRIFOLIUM.
TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE. L. Field Trefoil.

Heads very hairy, cylindrical ; teeth of the calyx
bristle shaped, longer than the corolla ; leafets narrow-
obovate. Sm.

This annual species of trefoil is exceedingly common in
roads and dry fields, flourishing in the most barren and gravelty
soils. Stem erect, round, hairy, branching. Leaves on short
footstalks, consisting of three narrow, inversely ovate, hairy
leafets. The flowers grow in long, cylindrical heads, or
spikes ; the calyx teeth ending in feathery hairs, which project
beyond the corolla, give the heads a downy and grayish appear-
ance. Pod very small, one seeded. July. August.

Class XVII. Order IV. 271

TRIFOLIFM REPENS. L. White Clover, or Honeysuckle.

Heads like umbels ; legumes four seeded ; stems
creeping. L.

Common in pastures, flowering from May to September.
Root perennial. Stems spreading, leafy, smooth. Leaves on
long petioles; leafets roundish, acute at their base, finely ser-
rate, commonly marked with a white, semicircular spot. Flow-
ers white, in a dense umbel, resembling a head ; corollas per-
sistent, enclosing the pod, which contains three or four seeds.
White clover increases rapidly, and resists drought. Cattle are
very fond of it, and it forms one of the best materials for feed in
pastures.

TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS. L. Yellow Clover.

Spikes oval, imbricate ; banner furrowed, reflexed,
persistent ; stem procumbent, leafets obovate.

Stem spreading. Leafets smooth, obovate, denticulate. Heads
of flowers solitary, axillary, pedunculated, roundish or oval.
Calyx hairy ; corolla yellow, turning dull with age. Dry fields,
Waltham. July. Annual.

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE. L. Red Clover. Honeysuckle.

Spikes dense ; stems ascending ; corollas unequal ;
four of the calyx teeth equal; stipules awned. Sm.

Stem oblique, somewhat branching, hairy toward the top.
Leafets ovate, with usually a white spot on the upper side, some-
what hairy underneath. Stipules broad, membranous, ribbed,
ending in a point or awn. Flowers red, in large ovate spikes
resembling heads, somewhat sweet scented. Calyx of five seg-
ments, the lowest longest. Banner of the corolla longer than
the wings and keel. The excellence of red clover for hay is
well known. It is extensively cultivated here, alone, or in combi-
nation with herds grass, (Phleum pratense.) In its wild state it
grows every where, and flowers from May to September. Pe-
rennial.

Subgenus MELILOTUS. Legumes longer than the calyx;
flowers raceined.

272 Class XVII. Order IV.

TRIFOHUM OFFICINALE. jL. Melilot.

Legumes in racemes, naked, two seeded, wrinkled,
acute, stem erect. L.

Syn. MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS. Pursh.

Stem upright, furrowed, two feet high. Leafets oblong or
lance-obovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes axillary and terminal,
on footstalks, many flowered. Flowers nodding, mostly to one
side, yellow. Calyx and pedicels hairy. Pods pendulous, oval,
tapering at both ends, hairy. This trefoil in drying exhales an
agreeable scent, similar to the sweet scented vernal grass.
Horses are said to be very fond of it. June, July. It grows in
great plenty on the borders of the marsh at South Boston, where
it was probably inti'oduced from Europe. Flowers sometimes
white.

292. LESPEDEZA.
LESPEDEZA CAPITATA. MX. Shrubby Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, lance-oblong, obtuse, silky beneath ;
stipules subulate ; racemes axillary, ovate, shorter than
the leaves ; legumes hairy, shorter than the calyx.

Syn. HEDTSARUM FRUTESCENS. Willd.

A slender, whitish, woody plant, found in dry woods at Brigh-
ton and elsewhere. Stems erect, covered with soft hair, very
leafy. Leaves on very short petioles ; leafets oblong, blunt,
mucronated, their upper surface smooth, under surface covered
with siken down, especially the edges and midrib. Racemes
ovate, hardly so long as the leaves, but projecting beyond them
on axillary footstalks. Calyx leaves long, lanceolate, pointed,
hairy enclosing the pods. September.
LESPEDEZA POLYSTACHYA. MX. Hairy Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, round-elliptic ; stipules subulate ;
racemes axillary, oblong, longer than the leaves ; le-
gumes hairy. Willd.

Syn. HEDTSARVM HIRTUM. Willd.

More frequent in woods than the last ; resembling it in colour
and habit. Stems simple, shrub like, whitish, hairy, two or

Class XVII. Order IV. 273

three feet high. Leaves on very short, scattered stalks ; leafets
ova!, ohtuse, whitish and hairy underneath. Racemes ovate,
exceeding 1 the leaves, on hairy stalks which considerably exceed
their own length. Calyx shorter than in the last species, about
equal to the corolla, or to the pods, which are ovate, hairy, and
pointed. September.

LESPEDEZA SESSILIFLORA. MX. Reticulated Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, linear, hairy underneath ; racemes
axillary; legumes ovate, reticulated, longer than the
calyx. Willd.

Syn. HEDTSARUM RETICULATUM. Willd.

Stem erect, slightly pubescent. Petioles slender, somewhat
hairy. Leafets small, oblqng, obtuse at both ends, mucronated,
pubescent underneath. Flowers small, violet coloured, in axilla-
ry bunches. Pods ovate or obovate, acute, reticulated with
prominent lines. Woods. August.

LESPEDEZA VIOLACEA. Pers. Violet Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, elliptical, obtuse ; racemes umbel-
led, as long as the petiole ; flowers in pairs ; legumes
rhomboidal, reticulated, glabrous. Willd.

Syn. HEDTSARUM VIOLACEUM. Willd.

Stem erect. Leafets small, oval, mucronated, nearly smooth.
Flowers numerous, violet coloured, growing mostly in pairs,
forming racemes which are somewhat umbellcd. Pods one seed-
ed, flat, smooth, rhomboidal. Woods. Brighton. August.

LESPEDEZA DIVERGENS. Pers. Spreading Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, oblong, obtuse ; racemes longer than
the petiole ; flowers in pairs ; legumes ovate, reticulat-
ed, glabrous. Willd.

Syn. HEDTSARUM DIVERGENS. Muhl.

Stem erect, nearly smooth. Leafets narrow, oblong, obtuse

at both ends. Flowers violet coloured, in axillary racemes, the

uppermost of which are somewhat longer than the petioles of

the leaves, the lower ones short, and few flowered. The plant

35

274 C7<mXVlI. Order IV.

has many axillary branches with small leaves and flowers. Pods
oval, acute, flat, one seeded. Woods. August.

LESPEDEZA PROSTRATA. J\luhl. Trailing Lespedeza.

Prostrate ; leaves ternate, leafets roundish-elliptical ;
racemes axillary ; legumes ovate, acute.

Syn. LESPEDEZA PROCUMBENS. Pursh.

-Stem prostrate, covered with whitish hair. Petioles, veins
and edges of the leaves hairy. Leafets varying from oblong to
orbicular. Racemes axillary, capitate, the lower ones nearly
Sessile, the upper ones on long capillary stalks. Woods. Rox-
bury. August.

Characters drawn from the length of the peduncles are obvi-
ously fallacious.

293. HEDYSARUM.

HEDYSARUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Mich. Round leaved Hedy-

sarum.

Stem prostrate, hairy ; petioles hairy ; stipules round-
heart shaped, reflexed ; leaves ternate, orbicular, hairy
on both sides ; racemes few flowered ; joints of the
loment subrhomboidal. Mich.

Stem trailing, moderately hairy. Leaves on hairy stalks,
leafets round, pale underneath, ciliate at the lower edge, with a
few fine hairs on both surfaces, from one to two inches in diam-
eter. Stipules of the leafets small, lanceolate ; of the leaves
ovate, acuminate, bent backward ; both hairy. Racemes axilla-
ry and terminal, few flowered. Peduncles longer than the pe-
tioles, nearly smooth. Flowers purple. Corolla twice as long
as the calyx. Loments with five or six subrhomboidal joints,
hispid and cohesive. Woods. Waltham. August.
HEDYSARUM HUMIFUSUM. Muhl. Running Hedysarum.

Stem prostrate, subglabrous ; leaves ternate, leafets
ovate, slightly hairy, racemes elongated ; joints of the
loment subrhomboidal.

A cospecies with the last, but altogether a smoother plant,
with its leafets oval or ovate and subacute. Racemes panicled,

Class XVII. Order IV. 275

elongated, many flowered. Loments much as in the last.
Woods, Wnltham. August.

HEDYSARUM NUDIFLORUM. L. Naked flowering Hedysarum.
Leaves ternate, roundish -ovate, acuminate; scape
panicled, smooth, radical ; joints of the loment round-
ish-triangular, somewhat smooth. Willd.

This is a remarkable species. The flower stalk stands by it-
self, and seems to constitute a distinct, leafless plant. On pulliug
it out of the ground, the root is found to be connected with a
leafy stem, which is frequently at some distance from the scape.
Leaves at the top of the stem on long stalks, nearly smooth,
whitish underneath, ovate, with a short point. Scape smooth,
slender, longer shan the stem. Flowers purple, in a panicle or
raceme, on capillary stalks Woods. August.

HEDYSARUM ACUMINATUM. Mich. Pointed Hedysarum.

Erect, simple, leafy at top ; leaves ternate, oval,
long-acuminate, the odd one round-rhomboidal ; pani-
cle terminal, on a very long peduncle. Mich.

A larger plant than the last, which it resembles in habit.
Leaves on long stalks from the top of the stem, green above,
paler underneath ; the side leafets ovate, the terminal one larger,
broad, roundish, three inches in diameter; all ending in a long
point. Panicle very long, proceeding from the top of the stem
above the leaves. Peduncles nearly glabrous, with slender, re-
mote branches. Flowers purple. Loments of two or three
slightly connected joints. These are large, triangular, rounded
in front, and hollowed out at top, their two posterior angles
very acute, the anterior obtuse. On the Concord turnpike, near
Fresh pond. July, August.

HEDYSARUM CANADENSE. L. Canadian Hedysarum.

Leaves ternate, oblong-lanceolate ; stipules filiform ;
flowers racemed ; joints of the loment obtusely trian-
gular, hispid. Willd.

A tall, handsome species, flowering in July. Stem erect,
striate, hairy. Leaves ternate. Leafets long and narrow, broad-

276 Class XVII. Order IV.

est at base, gradually tapering- to the point, which is not very-
acute. Racemes from the top of the stem and axils of the upper
leaves. Pods hairy, consisting of four or five joints, which are
imperfectly triangular, their sides curved, and their angles ob-
tuse. Woods. Perennial.

HEDYSARUM PANICULATUM. L. Panided Hedysarum.

Erect, glabrous ; leaves ternate, oblong lanceolate ;
stipules subulate ; panicle terminal ; joints of the lo-
ment rhomboidal.

Stem erect, striate, smooth. Leaves smooth ; leafets linear-
oblong, tapering to a point, about three inches long. Joints of
the loment about five, imperfectly rhomboidal. Dry woods.
Sudbury. Julj r .

HEDYSARUM CUSPIDATUM ? Willd. Large Hedysarum.

Erect, smooth ; leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, acumi-
nate ; joints of the loment rhomboid-triangular.

Stem four or five feet high, roundish, smooth. Leaves ternate ;
leafets large, smooth, ovate, acuminate. Stipules of the leaves
ovate, with a very long point ; those of the leafets subulate.
Flowers large, purple, in racemes terminating the stem and
branches. Loments larger than in any of the other species, long,
pendulous, composed of about half a dozen diamond-shaped
joints. Both the loments and peduncles are rendered adhesive
by a covering of minute hooks. Woods, Oak island, Chelsea.
July. Perennial.

294. GLYCINE.

Subgenus APIOS. Germs with a cylindrical sheath at
base.

GLYCINE MONOICA. L. Pea Vine.

Leaves ternate, naked ; stems hairy ; fertile flowers
without petals. L.

Syn. AMPHICARPA MONOICA. Nutt.

A very delicate wood vine, twining upon the bushes, and flow-
ering in July and August. Stem slender, covered with minute
hairs pointing backward. Leaves in threes, ovate, acute, smooth,

Class XVII. Order IV. 277

asd very thin. Flowers in small, axillary, pendulous racemes,
with the calyx and corolla nearly white. Legumes short, Cat-
tish, pointed. Annual.

GLYCINE APIOS. L. Tuberous Glycine. Ground JVutt.

Leaves pinnate, with seven ovate-lanceolate leafets ;
racemes shorter than the leaves ; stem herbaceous,
twining. Wild.

Syn. Jlpios TUBEROSA. Pursh.

Not unfrequent in moist woods and thickets. Root tuberous,
consisting of fleshy oval knobs, tapering at the ends, arranged at
certain distances , like beads, on a principal running root. Stems
round, twining. Leaves pinnate, consisting of live or seven
ovate, acuminate, smooth leafets. Flowers in axillary racemes,
blackish purple, crowded, and not inelegant in their appearance.
July, August. Perennial.

295. ROBINIA.

ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA. L. Locust Tree.

Leases pinnate with one odd leafet ; stipules prick-
ly ; racemes pendulous ; calyx-teeth unarmed ; le-
gumes smooth.

Leaves pinnate, smooth, Leafets numerous on short petioles,
oblong-oval, minutely mucronated, smooth both sides. Stipules
of the leafets minute, linear, passing in front of the petioles.
Flowers in long, pendulous racemes. Calyx ventricose, green
and purple, four toothed or cleft, the upper segment notched.
Corolla white. Sides of the banner reflexed. Keel of two dis-
tinct, cohering petals. Legume broad and flat, with a few kid-
ney shaped seeds. I have observed that in this species, together
with R. viscosa and R. hispida, the keel of the flower consists of
two distinct petals, inserted by separate claws, slightly cohering
at tip and sometimes on a part of their under side ; as takes
place in Ulex, Spartium, &c.

The Locust tree, exceedingly value*! for the hardness and du-
rability of its timber, is not, 1 believe, found native in the New-
England states, though abundantly naturalized near habitations
and roads. June.

278 Class XVII. Order IV.

296. TEPHROSIA.
TEPHROSIA VIRGINICA. Tephrosia.

Erect, villous ; leafets numerous, oblong, acuminate ;
raceme terminal, short ; calyx woolly ; legumes retro-
falcate, villous.

Syn. GALEGA VIRGINICA. L.

The root of this plant is very long, slender and tough, whence
it has acquired the name of catgut. The whole plant is cover-
ed with a pale green down. Stem a foot high, round. Leaves
alternate, pinnate, with from eight to twelve pair of oblong,
mucronate leafets and an odd one. Flowers very beautiful in a
short terminal raceme. Calyx hairy, red, with very acute seg-
ments. Banner of the corolla whitish yellow, downy ; wings
red. keel whitish and red. Stamens in two sets. Stigma beard-
ed inside. Pods linear, crooked backward. A very handsome
plant, growing in bunches in the driest sandy woods. June, Ju-
ly. Perennial.

297. MEDICAGO.
MEDICAGO LUPULINA. L. Nonesuch.

Spikes ovate ; pods kidney shaped, veiny, rugged,
single seeded, stems procumbent. Sin.

Occurs frequently by road sides, in pastures, &c. Stems
spreading, angular, leafy. Leaves resembling clover, but small-
er. Leafets obovate, finely toothed. Spikes or heads ovate, of
yellow flowers. The pods are black and rugged, with an evi-
dent spiral or cockle like structure, which characterizes the
genus. When cultivated it is said to form a valuable grass,
especially for sheep. In its wild state, however, its size is
rather insignificant. Flowers all summer. Biennial.

Class XVIII. Order IV. 279

Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Stamens united
in more than two sets.

Order IV. POLYANDRM. Many stamens.

298. HYPERICUM. Calyx five parted, inferior ; pe-
tals five ; styles one, three, or five ; capsules many
seeded.

POLYADELPHIA.
POLYJlNDRlA.

298. HYPERICUM.
HYPERICUM ASCYROIDES. Willd. Giant Hypericum.

Flowers with five styles, terminal ; stem erect, four
sided, branching ; leaves sessile, oblong, acute, gla-
brous ; styles as long as the stamens.

Syn. HTPERICUM MACROCARPUM. MX.

A large flowering species. Stem two or three feet high.
Leaves obiong ovate, dotted with minute, pellucid points, only
visible with a strong magnifier. Segments of the calyx ovate ;
petals yellow, nearly an inch long. Stamens very numerous.
Capsules nearly as large as nutmegs, ovate, five valved. Seeds
oblong, very numerous. At Burlington, Vermont. July. Pe-
rennial.

HYPERICUM PERFORATUM. L. Common St. John's Wort.

Flowers with three styles ; stem two edged ; leaves
obtuse, with pellucid dots ; calyx leaves lanceolate. Sm.

A hardy and vry common weed in pastures and dry soils.
Stems numerous, erect, round, with a slight, prominent line on
each side, brachiate. Leaves opposite, oblong-oval, entire, paler
beneath, covered with small, transparent dots, which when held

280 Class XVIII. Order IV.

against the light appear like perforations. Flowers numerous,
terminal, bright yellow. Petals oval ; stamens numerous ; styles
three. July, August. Perennial.

HYPERICUM CORYMBOSUM. Will A. Spotted St. John's Wort.

Flowers with three styles, dotted ; stem erect,
branching ; leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, dot-
ted with black ; corymbs terminal, brachiate, crowded ;
calyx segments lanceolate.
Syn. HTPERICUM MACULATUM. MX.

Somewhat smaller than the preceding, but with larger leaves.
Flowers smaller, pale yellow. Damp woods, Clelsea beach
island. July. Perennial.

HYPERICUM CANADENSE. L. Canada St. John's Wort.

Flowers with three styles, axillary, pedunculated.
solitary ; leaves sessile, linear, narrowed at base ; stem
herbaceous, square, dichotomous above. Willd.

A small species, generally frequenting a soil which is some-
what moist. Stem round, with four prominent lines, formed by
the decurrcnt base of the leaves. Lower branches opposite,
upper ones in forks. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with transparent
dots. Flowers axillary and terminal, small, yellow, on short
pedicels. Capsules of a brownish colour, twice as long as the
calyx. July, August. Annual.

HYPERICUM PARVIFLORUM. Li. Small flowered St. John's Wort.
Flowers with three styles ; stem four sided, erect,
branching, glabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub-
cordate, sessile ; panicles dichotomously corymbose ;
petals shorter than the calyx.

Grows in the same situations with the last, and is somewhat
shorter with larger leaves. Flowers small, yellow. Cambridge-
port. July, August. Annual ?

Sulgenus ELODEA. Petals uitli nectarifaroits daws.
Glands letwe.cn the divided stamens.

Class XIX. Order I. 281

HYPERICUM VIRGINICUM. L. Virginian St. John's Wort.
Flowers with three styles, enneandrous, terminal ;
leaves elliptical, obtuse, somewhat heart shaped,
clasping ; stem herbaceous, compressed. Willd.

This plant has much larger leaves than the preceding- spe-
cies. They are opposite, oblong, smooth, entire, heart-shaped
at base, closely sessile or clasping, very obtuse, paler on the
under side. Flowers in terminal bunches, their colour partak-
ing of a mixture of yellow and purple. Stamens nine united in
three parcels. In low ground. August. Perennial.

Class XIX. SYNGENESIA. Anthers united

into a cylinder ; flowers compound.

Order I. JEQUAL1S. All the florets with sta-

mens and pistils, and all fertile.

A. Semifloscular, all the florets ligulate.

299. CICHORIUM. Receptacle chaffy ; calyx in-
vested with scales ; seeds surrounded with numerous
short teeth.

300. APARGIA. Receptacle naked ; calyx imbri-
cate ; down feathery, sessile.

301. LEONTODON. Receptacle naked; calyx im-
bricate, with flaccid scales ; down simple, pedicelled.

302. PRENANTHES. Receptacle naked ; down sim-
ple ; calyx invested with scales ; florets few, in one
row.

303. LACTUCA. Receptacle naked ; down simple,
pedicelled ; calyx imbricate, cylindrical, scarious at the
margin.

36

282 Class XIX. Order I.

304. HIERACIUM. Receptacle naked, dotted ; down
simple, sessile ; calyx imbricate, ovate.

305. KRIGIA. Receptacle naked ; down of five
membranous leaves, alternating with five bristles ;
calyx simple, many leaved.

306. SONCHUS. Receptacle naked ; clown simple,
sessile ; calyx imbricate, swelling at the base.

B. Flowers in heads.

307. ARCTIUM. Receptacle chaffy ; down bristly
and chaffy ; corolla floscular ; calyx globular with
hooks on the top of the scales.

308. CNICUS. Receptacle villous ; down feath-
ery ; corolla floscular ; calyx swelling, with spinous
scales.

309. ONOPORDON. Receptacle cellular ; down ca-
pillary ; corolla floscular ; calyx swelling with spinous
scales.

310. LIATRIS. Receptacle naked ; down feath-
ery, coloured ; calyx oblong, imbricated.

311. VERNONIA. Receptacle naked ; down double,
the outer chaffy, inner capillary ; corolla floscular ;
calyx ovate, imbricate.

C. Florets tubular.

312. BIDENS. Receptacle chaffy, flat ; seeds angu-
lar ; clown consisting of awns prickly backward ;
calyx nearly equal, invested with leaves.

313. MIKANIA. Receptacle naked ; down simple;
calyx four or six leaved, and four or six flowered.

314. EUPATORIUM. Receptacle naked ; down sim-
ple or rough ; calyx imbricate, oblong ; style longer
than the corolla, cloven half way down.

Class XIX. Order II. 283

Order II. SUPERFLUA. Florets of the disc
with stamens and pistils, those oj the ray with pistils only ; all
fertile.

315. ARTEMISIA. Receptacle mostly naked ; down
none ; ray none ; calyx imbricated with roundish con-
nivent scales.

316. CONYZA. Receptacle naked ; down simple or
rough ; calyx imbricate, roundish ; florets of the
margin three cleft.

317. GNAPHALIUM. Receptacle naked ; down feath-
ery or rough ; calyx with scarious, coloured scales ;
florets of the margin subulate.

D. Flowers radiate.

318. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle naked; down
none ; calyx hemispherical, imbricate, with the scales
dilated, and membranous at the margin.

319. INULA. Receptacle naked ; down simple ;
calyx imbricate ; rays numerous ; anthers with two
bristles at base.

320. ERIGERON. Receptacle naked ; down simple ;
florets of the margin very numerous and narrow,

linear.

321. SOLIDAGO. Receptacle naked, pitted; down
simple ; florets of the margin from five to ten, remote ;
calyx imbricate, closed.

322. SENEGIO. Receptacle naked ; down simple ;
calyx invested with scales, many leaved, equal ; the
scales dead at their tips.

323. ASTER. Receptacle naked ; down simple ;
calyx imbricate, with the lower scales spreading :
florets of the margin commonly more than ten.

284 Class XIX. Order III.

324. ANTHEMIS. Receptacle chaffy; seeds crowned
with a slight border ; calyx hemispherical ; florets of
the ray more than five, oblong.

325. ACHILLEA. Receptacle chaffy ; down none ;
calyx ovate, imbricate, unequal ; florets of the ray
from five to ten, inversely heart shaped or roundish.

Order III. FRUSTRANEA. Florets of the centre,
with stamens and pistils, fertile ; those of the ray with pistils
only, barren.

326. HELIANTHUS. Receptacle chaffy ; seeds crown-
ed with two lanceolate, chaffy scales ; calyx imbricate,
somewhat squarrous.

327. COREOPSIS. Receptacle chaffy ; seeds com-
pressed, emarginate, with two unarmed arms ; calyx
double, each many leaved.

328. RUDBECKIA. Receptacle conical, paleaceous ;
down with a four toothed margin ; calyx with a double
row of scales.

329. CENTAUREA. Receptacle bristle ; down hairy ;
rays funnel-shaped, irregular ; calyx various.

Order IV. JVESESSARM. Florets of the centre
with stamens and pistils, barren ; those of the ray with pistils
only, fertile.

330. IVA. Receptacle hairy ; seeds naked, obtuse ;
down none ; calyx three leaved 5 florets of the ray
five.

Class XIX. Order I. 285

SYNGENESIA.

JEQUALIS.

299. C1CHORIUM.

CICHORIUM INTYBUS. L. Succory.

Flowers in pairs, sessile ; leaves runcinate.

The large, blue flowers of this elegant plant are extremely
common in pastures and road sides every where in the vicinity
of Boston. Stem two or three feet high, strong, angular, bristly
Leaves roughish, the radical ones runcinate, those of the stem
heart shaped, acuminate, and sessile. Flowers mostly in pairs,
sessile upon the sides of the stem. Calyx leaves erect, rough
on the back, reflexed as they grew old. Florets of the corolla
ligulate, ending in about five minute teeth. From July to Sep
tember. Perennial.

300. APARGIA.

APARGIA AUTUMNALIS. Wdld. Autumnal HaivJcweed

Scape branching, peduncles scaly ; leaves lanceolate,
tooth-pinnatifid, smoothish. L.

Syn. LEONTODON AUTUMNALE. L.

HEDrPNOIS AUTUMNALIS. Sm.

This plant, probably an emigrant from Europe, has over-
run the vicinity of this place, and grows in almost every kind of
soil. It begins flowering in June and July, and is nearly the
last plant that yields to the frosts of November, Root abrupt.
Leaves all radical, spreading, lanceolate, more or less toothed
and pinnatifid, according to the soil in which they grow, usually
curving to one side. Scape spreading, bending upwards, fur-
rowed, branching into a few peduncles, which are furnished
with scattered, remote scales, and are hollow, like many others
of the class, with a minute tuft, like cotton or cobweb, at the
base of their cavity within. Flowers yellow, resembling those
of the dandelion. The scales on the stalks and calyx are less
numerous than in the European variety.

236 Class XIX. Order I.

301. LEONTODON.

LEONTODON TARAXACUM. L. Dandelion.

Outer scales of the calyx reflexed ; leaves runcinate,
toothed, smooth.

The leaves of this very common plant are usually cited as ex-
amples of the runcinate form. The supposed resemblance to a
lion's teeth will appear sufficiently obvious, to those who are
fond of tracing etymologies, in any of its names leontodon, dens
leonis, dent de lion, dandelion. The stalks or scapes are simple,
hollow, smooth, and round. Flowers single, of a bright yellow.
Calyx: leaves entire, the outermost bent backwards. Florets
ligulate, numerous. Down of the seeds on a pedicel. Peren-
nial.

302. PRENANTHES.
PRENANTHES ALBA. L. White flowering Prenanthes.

Calyxes many flowered ; leaves angular-hastate,
toothed ; flowers nodding ; racemes panicled. Wllld.

A tall, smooth, lactescent plant, flowering in August and Sep-
tember. The large, radical leaves are conspicuous much ear-
lier in the season. They are more or less triangular or halberd
shaped, and lobed or toothed. The leaves of the stem are more
regularly ovate and toothed, the upper ones lanceolate. The
stem is commonly of a dark reddish colour, three or four feet
high. Flowers panicled, drooping ; calyx white, containing tea
or a dozen florets, surrounded with a dull reddish down. Woods,
low land, &c. Perennial. The root is intensely bitter.

Variety /3. nana. From four to fifteen inches high. Leaves
successively three parted, hastate, ovate and lanceolate ; in the
smallest plants all simple. Racemes panicled or simple. Calyx
ten or twelve flowered. On the upper region of the White
mountains August. Mr. Little.

No genus is more prone to vary than this. It is highly proba-
ble that many of the species described by Pursh are only varie-
ties.

Class JLIX. Order I. 287

203. LACTUCA.

LACTUCA ELONGATA. MuhL Tall Lettuce.

Leaves smooth, the lower ones runcinate, clasping ;
the upper ones lanceolate, sessile ; flowers panicled.

This plant, I am informed, sometimes appears in great abun-
dance on grounds which are newly burnt over, and on this ac-
count it has received the name of Fire weed in some parts of the
interior. The whole plant is lactescent. Stem erect, four or
five feet high. Lower leaves long, spreading, runcinate, clasp-
ing the stem. Upper leaves sessile. The stem terminates in a
large, spreading panicle of yellow flowers, which remain ex-
panded but a short time. July, August.

Variety (3. linearis. When the top of the plant is destroyed
by accident, young branches shoot up with entire linear leaves,
appearing like a different species.

* LACTUCA INTEGRIFOLIA. Arrow leaved Lettuce.

L. foliis sagittalis, integris, inermibus, ampkxicau-
libns ; floribus paniculatis.

Leaves sagittate, entire, unarmed, clasping ; flowers
panicled.

Stem three or four feet high, round, smooth, striated, Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, sagittate at base, entire, the lower ones a lit-
tle eroded, pale underneath, the middle rib smooth. Panicle
more compact than in L. elongata. Calyx cylindric-urceolate,
the scales tipt with brown. Corolla yellow.

The uniformly entire leaves of this plant sufficiently distin-
guish it from L. elongata, from which it may nevertheless be
possibly descended. Road sides. July. Biennial.

* LACTUCA SANGUINEA. Wood Lettuce.

L. foliis amplexicaulibus, runcinatis, subtus glands,
carina jilamentosa ; floribus paniculatis.

Leaves clasping, runcinate, glaucous underneath,
with the midrib filamentous ; flowers panicled.

Stem erect, smooth, two or three feet high, mostly of a dark
reddish purple colour. Leaves all clasping, runcinate, the lobes

288 Class XIX. Order I.

somewhat toothed, glaucous underneath, smooth, with the mid-
rib filamentous or hairy. Flowers panicled with short, acumi-
nate bractes. Calyx dark purple, cylindrical, tapering upwards,
imbricated, the inner scales scarious upon the margin ; ligules
of the corolla crimson ; down stipitate ; seeds oblong oval, black-
ish, with a middle rib and dilated margin. In dry woods. July,
August. Biennial ?

Lactescent like the other species. The filaments on the
back of the leaf are sometimes wanting, but generally present.

304. H1ERACIUM.

HIERACIUM VENOSUM. L. f^einy leaved Hawkweed.

Scape naked, branching ; calyx smooth ; leaves
obovate, somewhat acute, entire, ciliate, their veins
coloured. Willd.

A singular and beautiful plant, found upon dry hills and pas-
tures. Leaves radical, spreading on the ground, narrow-obovate,
elegantly variegated with dark red veins and dots, downy under-
neath, somewhat ciliate, tapering into a short, hairy petiole.
Scape erect, slender, one or two feet high, of a dark brown
colour, smooth, commonly naked, but sometimes furnished with
a small leaf or two. Flowers panicled, on very slender stalks,
yellow. June, July. Perennial.

HIERACIUM MARIANUM. Rough Hawkweed.

Stem erect, villous ; leaves elliptic-obovate, with
stiff bristles, villous on the midrib, the lower ones
slightly toothed ; peduncles and calyx downy.

Syn. HIERACIUM SCABRUM. MX.

Stem two feet high, very rough. Flowers yellow, in a small
irregular panicle at top, the stalks and calyx hispid with glandu-
lar hairs. Borders of woods. August. Perennial.

HIERACIUM KALMII. L. Kalm's Hawkweed.

Stem erect, many flowered ; leaves lanceolate, tooth-
ed ; peduncles downy. L.

Stem erect, tall, nearly smooth, downy at top. Leaves alter-
nate, subsessile, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, with acute, diverg-

Class XIX. Order I. 289

ing teeth. Flower stalks axillary and terminal, round, covered
with down. Flowers erect, yellow. Calyx somewhat downy,
with linear-lanceolate scales. Borders of fields. August. Pe-
rennial.

HIERACIUM PANICULATUM. Willd. Pdnicled Haivkweed.

Smoothish ; stem erect, leafy, panided, whitish-
downy below ; pedicels capillary ; leaves lanceolate,
naked, toothed, membranous.

Found in damp, shady woods. Stem slender, a foot high.
Leaves thin, sessile, lanceolate, slightly toothed, paler beneath.
Panicle much branched, its branches elongated and very slender.
Flowers numerous, small, yellow. Walt ham. August. Peren-
nial?

305. KRIGIA.

KRIGIA VIRGINICA. Willd.

Scape one flowered ; leaves lanceolate, lyrate,
smooth.

Syn. HrosERis VIRGINICA. L.

One of the smallest compound flowers. The first leaves are
generally elliptical or lanceolate. The rest are pinnatifid or ly-
rate, with scattered, irregular segments. Scapes erect, long
and slender, a little striated, smooth, with a few, fine, scattered
hairs. Flowers small, solitary. Calyx composed of a simple
row of smooth leafets. Corolla yellow. Seeds oblong, blackish,
crowned with a border of five short, roundish, membranous
scales, separated by bristles several times their length. On
sandy hills and road sides, flowering in June and July. Annual.

306. SONCHUS.

SONCHUS OLERACEUS. L. Common Sow-Thistle.

Peduncles downy ; calyx smooth ; leaves runcinate,
toothed. Sm.

Appears late in the season, in every species of waste ground
and rubbish. Stem erect, three feet high, round, smooth, brit-
tle, hollow. Leaves smooth, toothed and lobed in a runcinate
manner, clasping the stem, their lobes bordered with teeth or
37

290 Class XIX. Order I.

spines. Peduncles axillary and terminal, covered with a white,
line, deciduous down. Calyx smooth, swelling out at base. Co-
rolla yellow. Flowers about half the size of the dandelion.
Down fine and smooth. September. Annual.

* SONCHUS SPINULOSUS. Prickly Sea Sonchus.

S. foliis amplexicaulibus, oblongis, undulatis spinu-
losis ; floribus subumbellatis.

Leaves clasping, oblong, waved, prickly ; flowers
somewhat umbelled.

Stem smooth, few angled, two feet high. Leaves smooth, ob-
long, heart shaped at base, the lobes curling backward and clasp-
ing the stem, the edges waved, acutely toothed, the teeth end-
ing in short spines. Flower somewhat umbelled, small, yellow.
Peduncles smooth, sometimes furnished with very few glandular
hairs. Calyx swelling at base, smooth, its scales acuminate and
nppressed. -Salt marshes. August. Annual.

SONCHUS ACUMINATUS. Willd. Blue Sonchus.

Peduncles somewhat scaly ; flowers panicled ; low-
er leaves runcinate, upper ones ovate, acuminate, pe-
tioled, toothed in the middle.

This plant differs from the species before described, in having
blue flowers. These are rather small and numerous. Low
grounds, rare. August. Biennial.

307. ARCTIUM.

ARCTIUM LAPPA. L. Burdock.

Leaves heart shaped, unarmed, petioled. L.

No plant is better known than this. Its very large, heart-
shaped, wavy leaves cover the ground for some extent around it.
The stem, which rises three or four feet, is branching, rounc 1 ,
furrowed, and rough. Flowers numerous, terminal, purple.
This plant intrudes itself on every one's acquaintance by the
sharp, firm hooks at the end of the calyx scales, which attach
themselves to the clothes, and serve as a remarkable mechanism
for dispersing the seeds. Common in waste and cultivated
ground. July, August. Perennial.

Class XIX. Order I. 291

308. CNICUS.

CNICUS ARVI:NSIS. Willd. Canada Thistle.

Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, spinous ; stem panicled ;
calyx ovate, its spines minute ; down feathery. Sm.

Syn. CARDUUS ARYENSIS. Sm.
SERRATULA ARVENSIS. L.

This species is easily distinguished from the rest of our this-
tles by its small flowers, and its thornless calyx scales. It com-
monly forms beds by its perennial, creeping 1 roots, and is exceed-
ingly difficult to extirpate. The stems are two or three feet
high, smooth, many flowered. Leaves alternate, sessile, pinnati-
fid, with numerous lobes, and very thorn}'. Flowers terminal,
purple ; the scales of the calyx ending in a short, weak bristle,
rather than a spine. This plant seems to have come to us from
the westward, where it is exceedingly troublesome. The name
of Cursed thistle has been given it in England. July.

* CNICUS GLUTINOSUS. Glutinous Thistle.

C.foliis pinnatifidis, laciniis divaricatis ; calyce ova-
to, squamis muticis, glutinosis.

Leaves pinnatifid with divaricate segments ; calyx
ovate with unarmed glutinous scales.

Stem from four to six feet high, branching, more or less downy.
Leaves sessile, somewhat clasping, more or less downy, pinnati-
fid ; the segments subdivided, divaricating, spinous. Flowers
small, deep purple, on slender stalks or branches. Calyx ovate ;
the scales appressed, glutinous on the back, of a brownish colour,
connected by a white web, so as to appear speckled, ending in a
short, softish point, which is longest in the uppermost. In damp,
rich soils. August, September. Biennial.

It is one of the handsomest of the genus. Nearly allied to
Cirsium muticum of Michaux, but appears to differ in its leaves
and its ovule glutinous calyx.

CNICUS HORRIDULUS. Yellow Thistle.

Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acutely cut, thorny ; in-
volucre many leaved, one flowered.

292 Class XIX. Order I.

Stem fleshy, hollow, covered with long, fine wool. Leaves
clasping-, pinnatifid, woolly and hairy, their lobes rather short,
ending in short rigid spines. Flowers large, axillary and termi-
nal, invested at base by an involucre of linear leafets, which are
edged with short, firm thorns. Calyx oblong, its scales loosely
erect, mucronated, ending in spines and connected by a web.
Florets yellowish white. Anthers reddish. Low fields &c.
Biennial.

CNICUS LANCEOLATUS. Willd. Spear Thistle.

Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid ; the segments
divaricate ; calyx ovate, villous ; stem hairy. Sm.

Sytl. C-ARDUUS LANCEOLjlTUS. L.

Very common by road sides and in waste ground, usually three
or four feet in height. Stem upright, furrowed, hairy, and
winged by the decurrent base of the leaves. Leaves white and
woolly underneath, pinnatifid, half the lobes divaricated, tipt
with long and very acute spines. Flowers terminal, purple,
numerous, above the middle size. Calyx ovate, contracted to
a small neck, its scales tipt with sharp, ascending spines, and
connected with a downy web. Receptacle hairy. Seed down
feathery. Flowers from June to September. Biennial.

CNICUS DISCOLOR. Willd. Tall Thistle.

Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, hairy, downy underneath ;
the segments two lobed, divaricate, spiuous ; calyx
globular, pubescent, with ovate, appressed scales, the
spines spreading.

A very slender, erect thistle, five or six feet high. Leaves
whitish-downy underneath ; flowers small, purple. About thick-
ets. August. Biennial.

CNICUS PUMILUS. Nutt. Pasture Thistle.

Stem hairy ; leaves green on both sides, clasping,
oblong-lanceolate and pinnatifid, the segments irregu-
larly lobed, ciliated and spinous ; calyx round-ovate,
naked ; scales spinous.

Very common in dry pastures and by road sides. Stem thick,

Class XIX. Order I. 293

about a foot in height, with a few very large purple flowers.
August. Biennial.

309. ONOPORDON.
ONOP